This document discusses waste water characterization and treatment needs in India. It provides the following key points:
- Only about 26% of the 22,900 MLD of wastewater generated in India is treated before discharge, with the rest being released untreated.
- The main goals of wastewater treatment are to prevent groundwater, soil and marine pollution, and protect public health. Proper treatment also allows for wastewater reuse.
- Wastewater contains pathogens, hazardous materials, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause eutrophication if released untreated into the environment.
- Wastewater is characterized based on its physical, chemical and biological properties like temperature, odor,
Tertiary treatment involves additional wastewater treatment processes beyond secondary treatment to further improve water quality before discharge or reuse. It typically includes nutrient removal through nitrification/denitrification or phosphorus precipitation, disinfection through UV, ozone, or chlorine, and filtration through sand filters, membrane filters, or activated carbon to remove remaining solids and chemicals. The goal of tertiary treatment is to remove nearly all organic and inorganic compounds to produce very high quality effluent suitable for sensitive reuse applications or discharge into the environment. Common tertiary treatment processes include nutrient removal, disinfection, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and sand or activated carbon filtration.
what is waste water? why waste water is treated? how waste water is treated? waste water treatment processes. what is reverse osmosis? how ro works? process of reverse osmosis. adventage & disadventage of reverse osmosis.
The document discusses the activated sludge process for treating wastewater. It begins with an overview that activated sludge involves aerating wastewater in tanks containing microorganisms that break down organic matter. The microorganisms are separated from the treated water, with some returned to the aeration tank and excess removed. It then provides details on the key components of activated sludge plants, including aeration tanks, clarifiers, recycled sludge, and wasted sludge. Various process parameters are defined that are important for monitoring and controlling the activated sludge process.
Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is a process used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater before it is discharged into surface or ground water.To control eutrophication in receiving water bodies, biological nutrient removal (BNR) of nitrogen and phosphorus has been widely used in wastewater treatment practice, both for the upgrade of existing wastewater treatment facilities and the design of new facilities.
The document discusses various methods for removing nitrogen from wastewater, including biological, chemical, and physicochemical approaches. Biologically, nitrification and denitrification can convert nitrogenous wastes to nitrogen gas. Chemically, methods like breakpoint chlorination and struvite precipitation are used. Physicochemically, ammonia stripping releases nitrogen gas from wastewater. The preferred approach is nitrogen removal via nitrification and denitrification during secondary wastewater treatment using activated sludge or other suspended growth systems.
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
The document discusses trickling filters, which are used in sewage treatment to remove suspended solids and dissolved organic loads from wastewater. Trickling filters use microbial populations attached to a filter media to break down organic matter. They consist of a rotating arm that sprays wastewater over a rock or plastic media, with wastewater collected below for further treatment. Trickling filters can be designed as low or high rate systems, with high rate filters having greater organic loading, hydraulic loading, and recirculation ratios compared to low rate filters. Operational issues include ponding, odors, and fly nuisance that can occur if the filters become anaerobic or clogged.
Tertiary treatment involves additional wastewater treatment processes beyond secondary treatment to further improve water quality before discharge or reuse. It typically includes nutrient removal through nitrification/denitrification or phosphorus precipitation, disinfection through UV, ozone, or chlorine, and filtration through sand filters, membrane filters, or activated carbon to remove remaining solids and chemicals. The goal of tertiary treatment is to remove nearly all organic and inorganic compounds to produce very high quality effluent suitable for sensitive reuse applications or discharge into the environment. Common tertiary treatment processes include nutrient removal, disinfection, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and sand or activated carbon filtration.
what is waste water? why waste water is treated? how waste water is treated? waste water treatment processes. what is reverse osmosis? how ro works? process of reverse osmosis. adventage & disadventage of reverse osmosis.
The document discusses the activated sludge process for treating wastewater. It begins with an overview that activated sludge involves aerating wastewater in tanks containing microorganisms that break down organic matter. The microorganisms are separated from the treated water, with some returned to the aeration tank and excess removed. It then provides details on the key components of activated sludge plants, including aeration tanks, clarifiers, recycled sludge, and wasted sludge. Various process parameters are defined that are important for monitoring and controlling the activated sludge process.
Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is a process used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater before it is discharged into surface or ground water.To control eutrophication in receiving water bodies, biological nutrient removal (BNR) of nitrogen and phosphorus has been widely used in wastewater treatment practice, both for the upgrade of existing wastewater treatment facilities and the design of new facilities.
The document discusses various methods for removing nitrogen from wastewater, including biological, chemical, and physicochemical approaches. Biologically, nitrification and denitrification can convert nitrogenous wastes to nitrogen gas. Chemically, methods like breakpoint chlorination and struvite precipitation are used. Physicochemically, ammonia stripping releases nitrogen gas from wastewater. The preferred approach is nitrogen removal via nitrification and denitrification during secondary wastewater treatment using activated sludge or other suspended growth systems.
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
The document discusses trickling filters, which are used in sewage treatment to remove suspended solids and dissolved organic loads from wastewater. Trickling filters use microbial populations attached to a filter media to break down organic matter. They consist of a rotating arm that sprays wastewater over a rock or plastic media, with wastewater collected below for further treatment. Trickling filters can be designed as low or high rate systems, with high rate filters having greater organic loading, hydraulic loading, and recirculation ratios compared to low rate filters. Operational issues include ponding, odors, and fly nuisance that can occur if the filters become anaerobic or clogged.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
The document discusses the design and operation of domestic wastewater treatment plants. It covers the objectives of wastewater treatment and describes the major unit processes involved, including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove settleable solids, secondary biological treatment using activated sludge to reduce organic matter, and advanced treatment methods to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The key operational parameters for activated sludge treatment like solids retention time and oxygen requirements are also summarized.
The document describes the activated sludge process, which is the most common suspended growth process for municipal wastewater treatment. The process involves introducing air or oxygen into a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms to develop biological flocs that reduce organic content. Wastewater and microbes form mixed liquor that undergoes aeration and settling, with clarified effluent discharged and excess sludge wasted or returned. Common activated sludge process types include plug flow, complete mix, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Design considerations include wastewater characteristics, effluent quality goals, and sludge production.
This document discusses sludge processing and disposal. It defines sludge as organic matter that settles in sedimentation tanks during wastewater treatment. Left untreated, sludge decomposition causes foul odors and pollution. The document outlines various sludge treatment processes including thickening to reduce moisture, anaerobic and aerobic digestion to reduce volume and pathogens, and dewatering through methods like drying beds and centrifugation. The main objectives of sludge treatment are digesting organic matter, destroying pathogens, and achieving safe and odor-free disposal, such as through incineration, application to agricultural land, or ocean disposal.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes different types of sludge treatment processes. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Aerobic digestion occurs in the presence of oxygen and is used for secondary sludge. Anaerobic digestion occurs without oxygen and reduces sludge volume by 1/3 by converting it to gases, acids and alcohols. The document also describes factors affecting digestion like temperature and pH, types of sludge digestors like standard rate and high rate digestors, gas production from sludge, and moisture content of raw and treated sludge.
First presentation of my whole life, That's i want to share with you people. I think this presentation (SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT) may fulfill your requirement.
Actually when my teacher told me about our assignment I was felling nervous because I've never done this type of thing. when she asked one of my classmate to upload his PPT in class common email-ID, then I felt very bad !!!! not on their success but because I COULDN'T. At that time i promised to myself and with the co-ordination of my group member MR. AYUSH GOVIL, MISS. VERSHA DABAS, MISS KRITI SINGHAL and myself RISHAW KUMAR (TIWARI). And finally i got not only me, we winzzzzz.
thanx to,
Dr. TANNU ALLEN (our prof.)
and special thanx to my group member and my classmate. and you guys also.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
Nitrification is the biological process where ammonia is converted to nitrite then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Phosphates can be removed from wastewater through chemical precipitation, post precipitation of the final effluent, or co-precipitation during secondary biological treatment. Denitrification is the process where nitrates are biologically converted back to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria under anaerobic conditions using an organic carbon source.
The document summarizes treatment methods for waste from the pulp and paper industry. It describes the various sources and characteristics of effluents from pulp and paper production. It then outlines the typical treatment scheme, including screening to remove solids, sedimentation to settle out particles, biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and tertiary treatments like ozonation or membrane filtration to remove additional contaminants. The goal is to reduce COD, BOD, color, and other pollutants before releasing the treated water.
This document discusses different biological unit processes used in waste water treatment. Aerobic processes, like trickling filtration and activated sludge, use microorganisms to break down dissolved organic matter in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic processes, like sludge digestion, occur without oxygen. Trickling filtration involves waste water flowing over a bed of media to form a microbial film. Activated sludge suspends microbes in air-injected mixed liquor. Sludge digestion breaks down sludge in the absence of oxygen.
Paper and pulp industry waste and its managementmuhammadsaeed297
The document discusses wastes generated from the paper and pulp industry and their treatment. It outlines that paper production generates large amounts of wastewater containing fibers, carbohydrates, and other materials. Treatment involves preliminary screening, primary physical processes like sedimentation and flotation, secondary biological treatments using aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and tertiary chemical or membrane processes. The goal is to recycle wastewater and solids while minimizing hazardous wastes sent to landfills.
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Waste stabilization ponds are designed to treat wastewater biologically. There are three main types: anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds with upper aerobic and lower anaerobic conditions, and maturation ponds. Factors like BOD removal, pathogen removal, temperature, and detention time control the biological processes. Decomposition occurs through aerobic and anaerobic processes. Facultative ponds combine aerobic and anaerobic zones and various design methods consider factors like BOD loading per unit area, empirical relationships, and recommendations from organizations like CPHERI in India.
Secondary wastewater treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste in sewage. There are three main processes: (1) Trickling filters use aerobic bacteria and media to treat sewage as it passes through a bed. (2) Rotating biological contractors have discs coated with microbes that remove organic matter as the discs rotate in wastewater. (3) Activated sludge treatment agitates and aerates a mixture of wastewater and microbes to remove 85% of organic waste over 6-8 hours before solids are removed. Tertiary treatment then uses chlorine or UV light to disinfect the treated water before release.
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
Constructed wetlands are a low-cost option for wastewater treatment that uses natural processes to remove pollutants. There are three main types: surface flow wetlands with exposed water, and horizontal and vertical subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below ground. Wetlands are effective at removing organic matter, solids, nutrients, and pathogens through sedimentation, filtration, microbial action, and plant uptake. They provide benefits like wildlife habitat and require little energy or maintenance compared to mechanical treatment systems. Literature shows that wetlands can achieve high removal rates of 70% or more for BOD, TSS, and bacteria while lowering costs and nutrients for water reuse.
The document discusses the definition and types of pollution. It defines pollution as an undesirable change in the environment that harms human or ecosystem health. It then summarizes the main sources and types of pollution, including air, water, soil, and waste pollution. The document also discusses waste generation processes and the waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle. It provides examples of point and non-point pollution sources. The majority of the document then focuses on defining and describing various forms of water pollution in more detail, including physical, chemical, and biological indicators and impacts.
Potable water is water that is safe for drinking after treatment or filtration. It meets established drinking water standards. Non-potable water from untreated sources like lakes and rivers may contain harmful contaminants and microorganisms. Water quality depends on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. It can be affected by various sources of pollution like industrial discharge, agricultural and urban runoff. Various tests are done to check water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, heavy metals, microorganisms and more. Standards are set by agencies depending on intended water use. Home water purification methods include distillation, boiling, and filtration.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
The document discusses the design and operation of domestic wastewater treatment plants. It covers the objectives of wastewater treatment and describes the major unit processes involved, including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove settleable solids, secondary biological treatment using activated sludge to reduce organic matter, and advanced treatment methods to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The key operational parameters for activated sludge treatment like solids retention time and oxygen requirements are also summarized.
The document describes the activated sludge process, which is the most common suspended growth process for municipal wastewater treatment. The process involves introducing air or oxygen into a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms to develop biological flocs that reduce organic content. Wastewater and microbes form mixed liquor that undergoes aeration and settling, with clarified effluent discharged and excess sludge wasted or returned. Common activated sludge process types include plug flow, complete mix, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Design considerations include wastewater characteristics, effluent quality goals, and sludge production.
This document discusses sludge processing and disposal. It defines sludge as organic matter that settles in sedimentation tanks during wastewater treatment. Left untreated, sludge decomposition causes foul odors and pollution. The document outlines various sludge treatment processes including thickening to reduce moisture, anaerobic and aerobic digestion to reduce volume and pathogens, and dewatering through methods like drying beds and centrifugation. The main objectives of sludge treatment are digesting organic matter, destroying pathogens, and achieving safe and odor-free disposal, such as through incineration, application to agricultural land, or ocean disposal.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes different types of sludge treatment processes. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Aerobic digestion occurs in the presence of oxygen and is used for secondary sludge. Anaerobic digestion occurs without oxygen and reduces sludge volume by 1/3 by converting it to gases, acids and alcohols. The document also describes factors affecting digestion like temperature and pH, types of sludge digestors like standard rate and high rate digestors, gas production from sludge, and moisture content of raw and treated sludge.
First presentation of my whole life, That's i want to share with you people. I think this presentation (SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT) may fulfill your requirement.
Actually when my teacher told me about our assignment I was felling nervous because I've never done this type of thing. when she asked one of my classmate to upload his PPT in class common email-ID, then I felt very bad !!!! not on their success but because I COULDN'T. At that time i promised to myself and with the co-ordination of my group member MR. AYUSH GOVIL, MISS. VERSHA DABAS, MISS KRITI SINGHAL and myself RISHAW KUMAR (TIWARI). And finally i got not only me, we winzzzzz.
thanx to,
Dr. TANNU ALLEN (our prof.)
and special thanx to my group member and my classmate. and you guys also.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
Nitrification is the biological process where ammonia is converted to nitrite then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Phosphates can be removed from wastewater through chemical precipitation, post precipitation of the final effluent, or co-precipitation during secondary biological treatment. Denitrification is the process where nitrates are biologically converted back to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria under anaerobic conditions using an organic carbon source.
The document summarizes treatment methods for waste from the pulp and paper industry. It describes the various sources and characteristics of effluents from pulp and paper production. It then outlines the typical treatment scheme, including screening to remove solids, sedimentation to settle out particles, biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and tertiary treatments like ozonation or membrane filtration to remove additional contaminants. The goal is to reduce COD, BOD, color, and other pollutants before releasing the treated water.
This document discusses different biological unit processes used in waste water treatment. Aerobic processes, like trickling filtration and activated sludge, use microorganisms to break down dissolved organic matter in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic processes, like sludge digestion, occur without oxygen. Trickling filtration involves waste water flowing over a bed of media to form a microbial film. Activated sludge suspends microbes in air-injected mixed liquor. Sludge digestion breaks down sludge in the absence of oxygen.
Paper and pulp industry waste and its managementmuhammadsaeed297
The document discusses wastes generated from the paper and pulp industry and their treatment. It outlines that paper production generates large amounts of wastewater containing fibers, carbohydrates, and other materials. Treatment involves preliminary screening, primary physical processes like sedimentation and flotation, secondary biological treatments using aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and tertiary chemical or membrane processes. The goal is to recycle wastewater and solids while minimizing hazardous wastes sent to landfills.
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Waste stabilization ponds are designed to treat wastewater biologically. There are three main types: anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds with upper aerobic and lower anaerobic conditions, and maturation ponds. Factors like BOD removal, pathogen removal, temperature, and detention time control the biological processes. Decomposition occurs through aerobic and anaerobic processes. Facultative ponds combine aerobic and anaerobic zones and various design methods consider factors like BOD loading per unit area, empirical relationships, and recommendations from organizations like CPHERI in India.
Secondary wastewater treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste in sewage. There are three main processes: (1) Trickling filters use aerobic bacteria and media to treat sewage as it passes through a bed. (2) Rotating biological contractors have discs coated with microbes that remove organic matter as the discs rotate in wastewater. (3) Activated sludge treatment agitates and aerates a mixture of wastewater and microbes to remove 85% of organic waste over 6-8 hours before solids are removed. Tertiary treatment then uses chlorine or UV light to disinfect the treated water before release.
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
Constructed wetlands are a low-cost option for wastewater treatment that uses natural processes to remove pollutants. There are three main types: surface flow wetlands with exposed water, and horizontal and vertical subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below ground. Wetlands are effective at removing organic matter, solids, nutrients, and pathogens through sedimentation, filtration, microbial action, and plant uptake. They provide benefits like wildlife habitat and require little energy or maintenance compared to mechanical treatment systems. Literature shows that wetlands can achieve high removal rates of 70% or more for BOD, TSS, and bacteria while lowering costs and nutrients for water reuse.
The document discusses the definition and types of pollution. It defines pollution as an undesirable change in the environment that harms human or ecosystem health. It then summarizes the main sources and types of pollution, including air, water, soil, and waste pollution. The document also discusses waste generation processes and the waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle. It provides examples of point and non-point pollution sources. The majority of the document then focuses on defining and describing various forms of water pollution in more detail, including physical, chemical, and biological indicators and impacts.
Potable water is water that is safe for drinking after treatment or filtration. It meets established drinking water standards. Non-potable water from untreated sources like lakes and rivers may contain harmful contaminants and microorganisms. Water quality depends on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. It can be affected by various sources of pollution like industrial discharge, agricultural and urban runoff. Various tests are done to check water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, heavy metals, microorganisms and more. Standards are set by agencies depending on intended water use. Home water purification methods include distillation, boiling, and filtration.
Wastewater from domestic, industrial, and agricultural sources can pollute the environment if not properly treated. It contains organic matter, pathogens, nutrients, and other pollutants that can deplete oxygen in water bodies and threaten human and ecological health. The document outlines various wastewater characteristics and treatment processes like primary sedimentation, activated sludge process, trickling filters, and waste stabilization ponds that remove pollutants through physical, chemical, and biological means to produce effluent that meets quality standards for discharge or reuse. Proper wastewater treatment is important to protect water resources and public health.
Water pollution can originate from point sources like industries or non-point sources like agriculture. Pollutants are classified by their source, nature, concentration, and form. Water quality is assessed using physical, chemical, and biological parameters within standards set by organizations. Increased nutrients can cause eutrophication, lowering dissolved oxygen and harming aquatic life. Various pollutants like pathogens and toxins negatively impact ecosystems and human health. Control requires treatment, reducing runoff and discharges, reuse, and public education.
The document discusses key concepts in water and wastewater engineering. It defines water and wastewater, compares their characteristics, and outlines the importance of wastewater treatment. It also defines common terms used in wastewater treatment and describes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze wastewater quality.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
This document discusses various topics related to water pollution and water quality. It addresses the following key points:
1. Water pollution can come from a variety of sources including dissolved gases, agricultural and industrial wastes, sewage, and subsurface geology.
2. Polluted water can pose biological hazards like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths that can cause diseases. It can also cause other health issues due to chemical imbalances.
3. Water quality is determined by assessing physical, chemical, bacteriological, and radiological characteristics. This includes measuring turbidity, odor, taste, dissolved oxygen, microbiological indicators like E. coli, and radioactive elements.
4. Biochemical oxygen
The document discusses various water quality parameters including water pollution, water quality standards, and important requirements of water for domestic use. It defines total solids as the total of all solids in a water sample, including total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids. It also discusses how total solids are measured by weighing the solids present in a known water sample volume before and after drying to evaporate the water. The document provides classifications of impurities based on size and nature, and describes several common methods for analyzing water quality parameters.
Water is essential for life but limited on Earth. It is important to recycle and purify water to ensure a sustainable supply for human use. Various physical, chemical, and biological processes can be used to purify water through processes like filtration, sedimentation, chlorination, and the use of lagoons and reactors to break down organic pollutants using microorganisms. Proper treatment is needed to remove contaminants and pathogens to provide safe drinking water.
This document provides an overview of water pollution and water quality parameters. It defines water pollution and describes various water sources. It then discusses key water quality parameters including physical parameters like turbidity, taste and odor, temperature; chemical parameters like pH, hardness, metals, BOD and COD; and biological parameters like pathogens. The document also covers water quality monitoring and control policies in Malaysia. It concludes with discussing effects of pollutants on the environment and humans and principles of water treatment.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Pollutants are physical, chemical, or biological substances that are present in amounts harmful to living organisms. The major classifications of pollutants are:
- Physical (suspended solids, thermal, noise, radiation)
- Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, organic compounds)
- Biological (pathogens, bacteria, viruses)
2. The major sources of surface water pollution are:
- Industrial effluents
- Agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides
- Sewage from municipal drains
- Oil spills
- Thermal pollution from power plants
- Solid waste disposal
- Acid mine drainage
3. Eut
This document discusses hardness of water. It defines hardness as being caused by calcium and magnesium ions which can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent. It describes common methods to determine water hardness, including soap titration and EDTA methods. Hardness is expressed in units of calcium carbonate equivalent by multiplying the weight of ions by their molecular weights.
This document discusses various aspects of water pollution including its definition, sources, parameters used to measure it, and methods for controlling it. Water pollution is defined as contamination that makes water harmful to living organisms. It can originate from point sources like pipes or non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Key parameters for assessing water quality include physical factors like turbidity, chemical measurements like pH levels, and biological indicators like E. coli. The document also covers topics like eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, and steps individuals can take to reduce pollution like proper waste disposal and water conservation.
Water pollution and Marine pollution - for students.pptxMonalPatel21
Water pollution can occur when foreign substances make water unsuitable for use by altering its physical, chemical, or biological characteristics. It can be caused by sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and other sources. Effects include increased algal growth that reduces dissolved oxygen levels, contamination by toxic chemicals harmful to organisms and humans, and spread of waterborne diseases. Various treatment methods and regulations aim to control water pollution at its sources and minimize its impacts.
This document discusses water quality parameters and waste water treatment. It outlines various physical, chemical, and biological parameters used to assess water quality, including turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, and pathogens. It then describes the main steps of waste water treatment, including primary treatment to remove solids, secondary biological treatment to reduce organic matter using aerobic bacteria, tertiary treatment for additional nutrient removal, and disinfection. The goal of waste water treatment is to remove impurities and break down pollutants before effluent is returned to waterways.
This document discusses sources of water, importance of safe water, qualities of safe water, international standards for drinking water quality, and acceptability variables for physical characteristics and inorganic/chemical components. It also covers water purification methods, hardness of water treatment, chlorination process, prevention of waterborne diseases, water examination, and government action plans for water sanitation and supply.
The document discusses water pollution from the textile industry. It notes that textile production requires large amounts of water, especially for wet processing like dyeing and printing. This wastewater contains various pollutants like dyes, chemicals, and suspended solids. If discharged untreated, it can harm the environment and human health. The document then examines the specific processes that generate different types of wastewater and the pollutants they contain. It also discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs) that use various biological, chemical, and physical processes to treat wastewater before discharge or reuse. Properly designed ETPs can reduce pollutants to meet regulatory standards, though complete color removal remains a challenge.
The document discusses key topics in environmental engineering related to water and waste water quality and treatment. It covers water quality standards including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. It also discusses sewerage system design, primary and secondary waste water treatment, and effluent discharge standards. Additionally, it covers air pollution sources and controls, as well as characteristics of municipal solid wastes including collection, transportation, and management through reuse, recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal.
This document discusses water pollution and treatment. It begins by providing background on water sources and usage. It then discusses various types of water pollution including biological, chemical, and physical pollutants. Major sources of water pollution are described such as uncontrolled development, agriculture, mining, and industrial/domestic waste. Common disease-causing agents in water are discussed. The document then outlines goals and methods for water treatment including clarification, filtration, and disinfection techniques. Both drinking water and wastewater treatment processes are summarized.
Similar to 8. WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS.ppt (20)
Biogas digesters are mostly designed and constructed using bricks, cement, metals, and reinforced concrete, while in some cases, the dome of the gas holder is made up of fiberglass. These biogas digesters encounter some challenges such as leakages at the edges of the brick structure after a short period of operation
TYPES OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS
Fixed dome biogas plants : This is a dome shaped with immovable gas holder and a displacement pit. ...
Floating drum biogas plants : This consists of underground digesters and movable gas holders. ...
Balloon plants : This consist of a rubber bag or balloon and it combines the digester and gas holder.
Factors affecting Biogas Production: There are several factors such as biogas potential of feedstock, inoculums, nature of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), C:N ratio, volatile fatty acids (VFA), inhibitory substances, etc.
This document provides an overview of biomass and biogas technology. It defines biomass as plant or animal material that contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and is produced in India at around 550 million tons annually. Biomass can come from various sources like agro-residues, energy crops, wood, and food or animal waste. Biomass is used for energy production through direct combustion or anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. The overview of biogas technology explains that it is a process of anaerobic fermentation by bacteria to break down organic materials in the absence of air, producing methane, carbon dioxide and other gases.
Biodegradation and biodegradability of substrateRENERGISTICS
The predominant difference between the two is that one process is naturally-occurring and one is human-driven. Biodegradable material is capable of decomposing without an oxygen source (anaerobically) into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass, but the timeline is not very specifically defined.
The GC produces a graph called a chromatogram, which shows peaks: the size of a peak indicates the amount of each component reaching the detector. The number of peaks shows different compounds present in the sample. The position of each peak shows the retention time for each compound
Elemental CHNSO (CHNOS) analysis for determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen content in petroleum products, biofuels, and more. CHNSO (CHNOS) elemental analyses from Intertek is available for a wide range of products and materials.
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which changes in physical and chemical properties of materials are measured as a function of increasing temperature (with constant heating rate), or as a function of time (with constant temperature and/or constant mass loss).
Many of the reagents used in science are in the form of solutions which need to be purchased or prepared. For many purposes, the exact value of concentration is not critical; in other cases, the concentration of the solution and its method of preparation must be as accurate as possible.
The document provides a checklist for ensuring laboratory safety. It includes sections on general housekeeping, fire safety, chemical handling, ventilation, electrical safety, and safety devices. The checklist covers proper storage and labeling of chemicals and gases, use of protective equipment, maintenance of emergency equipment like eyewash stations and showers, availability of safety plans and procedures, and other best practices for maintaining a safe laboratory environment.
Working in a laboratory usually involves working with various chemical, physical, and biological hazards. Because the hazards vary from laboratory to laboratory, employers must address the hazards specific to their laboratories. Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources. They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the health care settings.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
Cogeneration is a system that produces heat and electricity simultaneously in a single plant, powered by just one primary energy source, thereby guaranteeing a better energy yield than would be possible to achieve from two separate production sources.
Lignocellulosic biomass can be thermally converted into biofuels by various technologies. One of such most effective and lucrative technology is pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass convert it into bio-oil, bio-char and pyrolysis gas, these all have high energy content and potential in them. Two main types of processes for production of bio-oils from biomass are flash pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Flash pyrolysis involves the rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds by heat in the absence of oxygen, which results in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, and gaseous products.
Pyrolysis is the heating of an organic material, such as biomass, in the absence of oxygen. Biomass pyrolysis is usually conducted at or above 500 °C, providing enough heat to deconstruct the strong bio-polymers mentioned above
24. PRODUCER GAS CLEANING METHODS.pptxRENERGISTICS
Producer gas should be cleaned from particulate and tar components using a series of gas cleaning system, such as scrubber, elutriator, and heat exchanger. The scrubber is functioning to take the particulate matters and heavy tars (primary tars) which may condense at temperature more than 200 °C out from producer gas.
Gasifiers are generally classified according to the fluidization regime in the gasifier; moving bed, fluidized bed, and entrained flow. This chapter provides examples of each type of gasifier. The Lurgi gasifier is the oldest gasifier technology that is still widely used in commercial practice.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. • Part of the water supply to the community or to the industry which has been used for
different purposes and has been mixed with solids either suspended or dissolved
• Wastewater is 99.9% water and 0.1% solids. The main task in treating the wastewater
is simply to remove most or all of this 0.1% of solids
WASTEWATER
3. WASTE WATER SCENARIO IN
INDIA
As per the latest estimate out of 22,900 MLD of wastewater
generated in the country, only about 5900 MLD (26%) is treated
before letting out, the rest i.e., 17000 MLD is disposed of
untreated
Twenty seven cities have only primary treatment facilities and
forty-nine have primary and secondary treatment facilities
The level of treatment available in cities with existing treatment
plant varies from 2.5 to 89% of the sewage generated
4. Source: Status of sewage in
India 2020 Central Pollution
Control Board
5. NEED FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
To prevent groundwater pollution
To prevent sea shore and soil contamination
To prevent marine life
Protection of public health
To reuse the treated effluent
• For agriculture
• For groundwater recharge
• For industrial recycle
Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of wastewater
6. PROTECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH
Wastewater contains pathogenic microorganisms lead to dangerous diseases to humans
and animals
Hazardous matter such as heavy metals that are toxic produces odorous gases and bad
smell
PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
Raw Wastewater leads to septic conditions in the environment and consequently leads to
the deterioration of surface and groundwater quality and pollutes the soil
Raw wastewater is rich with nitrogen and phosphorus (N, P) and leads to the phenomena
of EUTROPHICATION
EUTROPHICATION is the growth of huge amounts of algae and other aquatic plants
leading to the deterioration of the water quality
Raw wastewater is rich with organic matter which consumes oxygen in aquatic
environment
Raw wastewater may contains toxic gases and volatile organic matter
8. EUTROPHICATION
Algal development on the surface of a moist soil supplied with an excess of P and N may be regarded as
‘eutrophication process on a micro scale’
9. CLASSIFICATION OF
WASTE WATER
Category of Waste Water COD concentration (mg/l)
Low strength Up to 750
Medium strength 750 - 3000
High strength 3000 – 10000
Very high strength > 10000
10. Type of Wastewater Source of wastewater
Gray water Washing water from the kitchen, bathroom, laundry
(without faeces and urine)
Black water Water from flush toilet (faeces and urine with flush
water)
Yellow water Urine from separated toilets and urinals
Brown water Black water without urine or yellow water
TYPES OF WASTEWATER FROM
HOUSEHOLD
15. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -
SOLIDS
Solids are classified into three main types
• Total Solids (TS): All the matter that remains as residue upon
evaporation at 103 to 105ºC
• Settleable solids: Settleable solids are measured as mg/L, which
is an approximate measure of the sludge that can be removed
by primary sedimentation
• Suspended solids (SS) and Filterable solids (FS)
16. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -
ODOUR
Odor is produced by gas production due to the decomposition of organic matter
or by substances added to the wastewater.
Detection of odor: Odor is measured by special instruments such as the Portable
H2S meter which is used for measuring the concentration of hydrogen sulfide.
17. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -
TEMPERATURE
• Temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of water supply.
• Depending on the geographic location the mean annual temperature varies in the
range of 10 to 21ºC with an average of 16ºC
IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE
• Affects chemical reactions during the wastewater treatment process. Affects
aquatic life (Fish).
• Oxygen solubility is less in worm water than cold water.
• Optimum temperature for bacterial activity is in the range of 25ºC to 35ºC
• Aerobic digestion and nitrification stop when the temperature rises to 50ºC.
When the temperature drops to about 15ºC, methane producing bacteria become
in active.
• Nitrifying bacteria stop activity at about 5ºC.
18. DENSITY
• Almost the same density of water when the wastewater doesn't include significant
amount of industrial waste.
COLOUR
• Fresh waste water light brownish gray.
• With time dark gray
• More time black (septic).
• Some times pink due to algae or due to industrial colors.
TURBIDITY
• It's a measure of the light –transmitting properties of water
19. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
WASTEWATER
• Points of concern regarding the chemical characteristics of wastewater are
- Organic matter
- Measurements of organic matter
- Inorganic matter
- Gases
– pH
Organic matter (CaHbOc)
• Organic mater is derived from animals and plants and man activities.
• They constitute proteins (40-60%), carbohydrates (25-50%), fats, oils and grease
(10%).
20. MEASUREMENTS OF ORGANIC
MATTER
Many parameters have been used to measure the concentration of organic matter in
wastewater. The following are the most common used methods
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
• BOD5 is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter
• It is determined by measuring the dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms
during the biochemical oxidation of organic matter in 5 days at 20ºC
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
• It is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter
• It is determined by measuring the dissolved oxygen used during the chemical
oxidation of organic matter in 3 hours
21. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)
• This method measures the organic carbon existing in the wastewater by injecting
a sample of the WW in special device in which the carbon is oxidized to carbon
dioxide then carbon dioxide is measured and used to quantify the amount of
organic matter in the waste water
• This method is only used for small concentration of organic matter
THEORETICAL OXYGEN (THOD)
• If the chemical formula of the organic matter existing in the WW is known the
ThOD may be computed as the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize the organic
carbon to carbon dioxide and other end products
22. INORGANIC MATTER
CHLORIDES
• High concentrations indicate that the water body has been used for waste disposal.
• It affects the biological process in high concentrations.
NITROGEN
• TKN = Total Kjeldahl nitrogen = Organic Nitrogen + ammonia Nitrogen (120 mg/l).
PHOSPHORUS
• Municipal waste contains (4-15 mg/l).
SULFUR
• Sulfate exists in waste and necessary for synthesis of proteins
• Organic matter + SO4
-2 S-2 + H2O + CO2
• S-2 + 2H+ H2S
23. TOXIC INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Copper, lead, silver, chromium, arsenic and boron
HEAVY METALS
• Nickels, Mn, Lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron and mercury
GASES
• Main gases of concern in wastewater treatment:N2, O2, CO2, H2S, NH3 and CH4
pH
• The hydrogen-ion concentration is an important parameter in both natural waters and
wastewaters
• It is a very important factor in the biological and chemical wastewater treatment
• Water and wastewater can be classified as neutral, alkaline or acidic according to the
following ranges
• PH = 7 neutral
• PH > 7 Alkaline
• PH < 7 Acidic
24. Main groups of Microorganisms: The main microorganisms of concern in wastewater
treatment are Bacteria, fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Viruses, and pathogenic microorganisms
groups
Bacteria:
Types: Spheroid, rod curved rod, spiral, filamentous. Some
important bacteria:
Pseudomonas: reduce NO3to N2 so it is very important in
biological nitrate removal in treatment works.
Zoogloea: helps through its slime production in the formation of
flocs in the aeration tanks.
Sphaerotilus natuns: Causes sludge bulking in the aeration tanks.
Bdellovibrio: destroy pathogens in biological treatment.
Acinetobacter: Store large amounts of phosphate under aerobic
conditions and release it under an – anaerobic condition so, they
are useful in phosphate removal.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
25. Nitrosomonas: transform NH4 into NO2
-
Nitrobacter: transform NO2
- to NO3
-
Coliform bacteria:-The most common type is E-Coli or Echerichia Coli,
(indicator for the presence of pathogens).
E-Coli is measured in (No/100mL)
Fungi
•Important in decomposing organic matter to simple forms.
Algae
• Cause eutrophication phenomena. (negative effect)
• Useful in oxidation ponds. (positive effect)
• Cause taste and problems when decayed. (negative effect)
Protozoa
•Feed on bacteria so they help in the purification of treated waste water.
•Some of them are pathogenic.
26. Viruses
• Viruses are a major hazard to public health.
• Some viruses can live as long as 41 days in water and wastewater at 20ºC.
• They cause lot of dangerous diseases.
Pathogenic organisms
• The main categories of pathogens are: Bacteria, Viruses, protozoa, helminthes
27. MAIN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF WASTE WATER
Parameters Description
Temperature
(40 - 45ºC)
•Slightly higher than in the drinking water
•Variations according to the seasons in the year (more stable than the air
temperature)
•Influences Microbial activity
•Influences solubility of gases
•Influences viscosity of the liquid
Colour
(300 TCU )
Fresh sewage : Slightly grey
Septic sewage : Dark grey or black
Odour Fresh sewage : oily odour, relatively unpleasant
Septic sewage : Foul odour due to hydrogen sulphide gas and other
decomposition by-products
Industrial waste water : Characteristic odour
Turbidity
(300 NTU )
•Caused by a great variety of suspended solids
•Fresher or more concentrated sewage : generally greater turbidity
28. MAIN CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
WASTE WATER
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
Total Solids Organic and Inorganic, Suspended and Dissolved, Settleable
Suspended
(100 mg/l)
Part of organic and inorganic solids that are non filterable
Fixed Mineral compounds not oxidisable by heat, which are part of the suspended
solids
Volatile Organic compounds oxidisable by heat, which are part of the suspended solids
Dissolved
(2100 mg/l)
Part of organic and inorganic solids that are filterable.
Normally considered having a dimension less than 10-3 μm.
Fixed Mineral compounds of the dissolved solids
Volatile Organic compounds of the dissolved solids
Settleable Part of organic and inorganic solids that settle in 1 hour in an ‘Imhoff’ cone.
Approximate indication of the settling in a sedimentation tank.
29. Organic matter Heterogeneous mixture of various organic compounds. Main Components : Proteins,
carbohydrates and lipids.
Indirect
Determination
BOD 5 (50 mg/l)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Measured at 5 days and 20ºC. Associated with the
biodegradable fraction of carbonaceous organic compounds. Measure of the oxygen
consumed after 5 days by the microorganisms in the biochemical stabilization of the
organic matter.
COD
(250 mg/l)
Chemical Oxygen demand. Represents the quantity of oxygen required to chemically
stabilize the carbonaceous organic matter. Uses strong oxidizing agent under acidic
conditions.
Ultimate BOD Ultimate Biochemical oxygen demand. Represents the total oxygen consumed at the end of
several days, by the microorganisms in the biochemical stabilisation of the organic matter.
Total Nitrogen Total Nitrogen includes organic Nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite. It is an essential
nutrient for the microorganisms growth in the biological waste water treatment. Organic
nitrogen and ammonia together are called Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) - 100 mg/l
Organic Nitrogen Nitrogen in the form of proteins, amino acids and urea.
Ammonia (50 mg/l) Produced in the first stage of the decomposition of organic nitrogen.
Nitrite (2 mg/l) Intermediate stage in the oxidation of ammonia. Practically absent in raw sewage.
Nitrate (10 mg/l as
NO3)
Final stage in the oxidation of ammonia. Practically absent in raw sewage.
30. Total Phosphorus
(10 mg/l)
Total phosphorus exists in organic and inorganic forms. It is an essential nutrient
in biological waste water treatment.
Organic
Phosphorus
Combined with organic matter
Inorganic
Phosphorus
Orthophosphates and Poly phosphates
pH
(5.5 - 9)
Indicator of the acidic or alkaline conditions of the waste water. A solution is
neutral at pH 7. Biological oxidation process normally tends to reduce the pH.
Chlorides
(1000 mg/l)
Originating from the drinking water, Human and Industrial wastes.
Oils and Grease
(10 mg/l)
Fraction of organic matter which is soluble in hexane. In domestic sewage the
sources are oils and fats used in foods.
31. DISCHARGE LIMITS
Parameter Standards
Biochemical Oxygen demand 1[3 days at
27ºC] mg/l max.
30
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l, max. 250
Suspended solids mg/l, Max. 100
pH Value 5.5 to 9.0
Temperature shall not exceed 5ºC above the receiving water
temperature
Oil and grease mg/l Max. 10
Total residual chlorine mg/l Max. 1
Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/l Max. 50
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as NH3) mg/l,
Max.
100
Bio-assay test 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent
Colour can be measured spectrophotometrically or using a visual comparator. In both cases, the standard unit of measurement is the Hazen unit (HU). (True colour is often quoted as True Colour Units, or TCU; however, the numerical values are identical.)
Turbidity is usually measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)
Values given in red indicates the maximum permissible limit