The document summarizes wastewater treatment processes. The objectives are to reduce organic content, remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and remove pathogenic microbes. Primary treatment involves physical separation processes. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic content like BOD. Tertiary treatment provides further nutrient removal and disinfection. Sludge generated is also treated. Pathogen removal effectiveness varies by treatment process. Land application of sludge and biosolids has requirements to protect public health.
The document discusses effluents from the textile industry. It provides details on the various processes in textile manufacturing that generate effluent, the types of pollutants produced at each stage, and typical characteristics of textile industry effluent. The summary is:
Textile manufacturing involves several wet processing steps that use large amounts of water and generate highly polluted effluent. Effluent from preparatory, dyeing, printing, and finishing stages contributes to high levels of BOD, COD, suspended solids, and color. Effective treatment is needed to remove pollutants before the effluent is discharged.
This document provides an overview of municipal and domestic wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the key microbial processes involved, including biodegradation, bioconversion, and removal/separation processes. Common treatment steps like primary settling, biological treatment, clarification and disinfection are outlined. Specific examples of wastewater treatment plants and processes, such as activated sludge reactors and anaerobic digestion, are also described. The document raises questions around optimizing microbial functions in wastewater treatment and recovering resources from wastewater.
The document summarizes various waste water treatment processes. It discusses primary treatment which involves removing large solids through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge tanks, and lagoons to break down organic matter. Anaerobic digesters are also used. Finally, disinfection through chlorination, UV, or ozonation is discussed to remove pathogens before effluent is discharged or reused.
This document discusses the process of sewage treatment. It begins by defining sewage and its characteristics such as being mostly water with small amounts of waste matter. It then outlines the various steps of sewage treatment including preliminary treatment using screens and grit chambers, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove solids, and secondary treatment using activated sludge processes with microorganisms to reduce organic content before final treatments like anaerobic digestion and chlorination. Flow diagrams and tables with treatment details are provided.
The document discusses various methods for treating wastewater, including removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. It describes the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification for removing nitrogen. Nitrification converts ammonia to nitrates while denitrification converts nitrates to nitrogen gas. Phosphorus can be removed through chemical precipitation or biological removal by certain bacteria. Heavy metals are removed using physico-chemical methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
The biological wastewater treatment processes reproduce the natural purification processes that occur in water bodies. They involve microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, and worms that convert organic matter into inert products. Understanding the microbiology is essential for optimizing treatment system design and operation. Historically, design was empirical but incorporating biology has increased understanding, efficiency, and reduced costs. The main groups of microorganisms involved and their roles are discussed.
This lecture note describes the process of Effluent Treatment (ET). Emphasis is give to the biological aspects of ET. Free to reuse, remix, modify and share for non-commercial and commercial purposes.
The document discusses effluents from the textile industry. It provides details on the various processes in textile manufacturing that generate effluent, the types of pollutants produced at each stage, and typical characteristics of textile industry effluent. The summary is:
Textile manufacturing involves several wet processing steps that use large amounts of water and generate highly polluted effluent. Effluent from preparatory, dyeing, printing, and finishing stages contributes to high levels of BOD, COD, suspended solids, and color. Effective treatment is needed to remove pollutants before the effluent is discharged.
This document provides an overview of municipal and domestic wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the key microbial processes involved, including biodegradation, bioconversion, and removal/separation processes. Common treatment steps like primary settling, biological treatment, clarification and disinfection are outlined. Specific examples of wastewater treatment plants and processes, such as activated sludge reactors and anaerobic digestion, are also described. The document raises questions around optimizing microbial functions in wastewater treatment and recovering resources from wastewater.
The document summarizes various waste water treatment processes. It discusses primary treatment which involves removing large solids through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge tanks, and lagoons to break down organic matter. Anaerobic digesters are also used. Finally, disinfection through chlorination, UV, or ozonation is discussed to remove pathogens before effluent is discharged or reused.
This document discusses the process of sewage treatment. It begins by defining sewage and its characteristics such as being mostly water with small amounts of waste matter. It then outlines the various steps of sewage treatment including preliminary treatment using screens and grit chambers, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove solids, and secondary treatment using activated sludge processes with microorganisms to reduce organic content before final treatments like anaerobic digestion and chlorination. Flow diagrams and tables with treatment details are provided.
The document discusses various methods for treating wastewater, including removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. It describes the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification for removing nitrogen. Nitrification converts ammonia to nitrates while denitrification converts nitrates to nitrogen gas. Phosphorus can be removed through chemical precipitation or biological removal by certain bacteria. Heavy metals are removed using physico-chemical methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
The biological wastewater treatment processes reproduce the natural purification processes that occur in water bodies. They involve microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, and worms that convert organic matter into inert products. Understanding the microbiology is essential for optimizing treatment system design and operation. Historically, design was empirical but incorporating biology has increased understanding, efficiency, and reduced costs. The main groups of microorganisms involved and their roles are discussed.
This lecture note describes the process of Effluent Treatment (ET). Emphasis is give to the biological aspects of ET. Free to reuse, remix, modify and share for non-commercial and commercial purposes.
Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment -Theoretical and Legal AspectsJelena Rozova
This document provides an overview of wastewater and drinking water treatment from both a theoretical and legal perspective. It discusses key definitions and requirements related to wastewater collection, treatment according to the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, and sludge treatment and disposal according to the Sewage Sludge Directive. It also outlines the standards for drinking water quality established by the Drinking Water Directive and typical treatment steps. Finally, it addresses some frequently asked questions about topics like modernizing treatment infrastructure, alternative treatment options, and combined sewer systems.
This document provides information on the characteristics of wastewater and sewage. It defines key terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, and discusses the necessity of sewage treatment. It describes the composition of sewage, including water, pathogens, organic particles, and inorganic particles. It also covers the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sewage. The physical characteristics discussed are color, odor, temperature and turbidity. The chemical characteristics covered include solids, pH, nitrogen content, BOD, COD and population equivalent. The document also discusses the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of sewage and the BOD test and curve.
Biological treatment is an important process for wastewater treatment that utilizes microorganisms to break down organic impurities. The most common biological treatment process is activated sludge, which uses aerobic bacteria in an aeration tank to degrade wastewater. Trickling filters and oxidation ponds are alternative biological processes that are often used for smaller treatment systems. Trickling filters use a media like rock or plastic that bacteria grow on to treat wastewater as it trickles through. Oxidation ponds rely on algae and bacteria in large open ponds to break down organic matter through natural aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Wastewater treatment uses microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoa to break down organic contaminants. There are three main approaches - fixed film systems where microbes grow on substrates, suspended growth systems where microbes are suspended in wastewater, and membrane bioreactors which improve on conventional activated sludge using a membrane to filter treated water. Common biological wastewater treatment methods include activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands. Advanced technologies are being developed that combine membrane separation with microbial processes to provide more effective wastewater treatment and reuse of resources.
Treatment of industrial waste water biological remediation of cyanidesArvind Kumar
This document discusses the treatment of industrial waste water containing cyanides through biological remediation. It provides background information on cyanides, their classification, toxicity, sources in industrial waste streams, and standards for cyanide levels in water. It then summarizes two treatment methods studied - adsorption of cyanides onto activated carbon and their biodegradation by microorganisms. The pathways and various microbes capable of biodegrading cyanides through specific enzymatic reactions are also outlined.
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. It provides details on various tests used to analyze sewage characteristics, such as tests for pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen content, BOD, COD, and turbidity. It also describes the types of microorganisms commonly found in sewage like bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. The document outlines procedures for sampling sewage and different treatment methods like dilution and natural land treatment.
Introduction to Water Treatment Engineeringyel_a_yong
This document provides an overview of water treatment engineering. It discusses the objectives of water treatment, which are to supply clean and safe drinking water. It outlines the typical stages in a water treatment system, including intake, aeration/air stripping, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. The document also discusses some of the 21st century challenges facing water treatment, such as disinfection byproducts, emerging pathogens, and trace contaminants. Coursework is graded through assignments, tests, and a final exam.
This document summarizes pharmaceutical waste water treatment technologies. It begins with an overview of the types of waste generated from pharmaceutical industries and their environmental impacts. It then discusses various treatment parameters and processes used to treat this waste water, including:
1) Biological treatments like aerobic and anaerobic processes using activated sludge or membrane bioreactors.
2) Advanced treatments for recovery like membrane technologies, activated carbon, and membrane distillation.
3) Advanced oxidation processes like ozonation, Fenton's reaction, photocatalysis, and electrochemical oxidation.
4) Hybrid technologies that combine different treatment steps are effective for chemical synthesis and fermentation waste streams.
This presentation provides an overview of domestic wastewater treatment. It discusses preliminary treatment including screening and grit removal. Primary treatment involves settling suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Sludge is treated through thickening, stabilization via aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and ultimate disposal. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed through additional processes.
waste water generation has become a big issue all over the world. Therefore understanding sewage treatment principles is necessary to plan a waste water treatment plant and resource recovery. This presentation discusses, what is waste water, composition of waste water and major functional units of a treatment plant
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, which are classified as physical, chemical, and biological. Physically, sewage varies in color, odor, temperature, turbidity, and solids content. Chemically, important parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Biologically, sewage contains various microorganisms including bacteria that facilitate decomposition, and which can be pathogenic. Understanding sewage characteristics is essential for efficiently designing sewage treatment systems.
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
This document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs) which are used to treat industrial wastewater. It outlines the various sources of industrial wastewater and explains the need for ETPs to clean the effluent for reuse, reduce freshwater usage, and meet environmental standards. The document then describes the different treatment levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge, trickling filters, and oxidation ponds to remove biodegradable organic matter. After treatment, the effluent can be discharged while the sludge may be used as fertilizer or incinerated. ETPs help industries reuse water, cut costs, and protect the environment from pollution.
The document discusses the major contaminants found in wastewater and their appropriate treatment methods. The contaminants include suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, refractory organics, heavy metals, and dissolved inorganic solids. Treatment methods are classified as physical, chemical, or biological unit operations/processes. Physical processes involve forces like screening and sedimentation. Chemical processes use additions of chemicals through precipitation or disinfection. Biological treatments use microorganisms to break down organics in processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Each contaminant has one or more treatment methods recommended based on their removal via physical, chemical, or biological means.
CH-2 Activated sludge treatment for wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies and their evaluation, Theory of activated sludge process (ASP), extended aeration systems, trickling filters (TF), aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds, oxidation
ditches, sequential batch reactor, rotating biological contactor, etc., Mass balancing in ASP and TF and their design.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
This document provides an introduction and overview of industrial wastewater treatment. It discusses how industries use water for manufacturing and processing purposes, which becomes wastewater that must be treated before discharge to prevent environmental pollution. The document then outlines some key contaminants found in wastewater and characteristics of industrial wastewater. It describes common wastewater treatment methods including physical, mechanical, chemical and biological processes and provides details on specific unit operations like screening, sedimentation, flotation and biological treatment methods.
Design of Preliminary Wastewater Treatment for Devils Backbone BrewerySydney Lynn
The document outlines a preliminary design for a wastewater treatment system for Devils Backbone Brewery. The system would utilize a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and anaerobic digester to treat the brewery's high-strength side-stream waste and reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels. The design aims to reduce BOD to acceptable levels for the local wastewater treatment plant while generating biogas from waste biomass to fuel boilers on-site. Key components include a primary settling tank, CSTR, secondary settling tank, anaerobic digester, gas storage tanks, and potential heat exchanger. The design provides sample calculations and considers safety, economic, and sustainability factors.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. The objectives of wastewater treatment are to reduce organic content, remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and remove pathogenic microbes. It describes the different types of contaminants found in wastewater and the various treatment processes used, including primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves screening and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses biological and chemical processes like activated sludge to further reduce organic content. Tertiary treatment can include additional steps like filtration, disinfection, and nutrient removal. The byproduct of treatment is sludge, which also requires processing and disposal.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. It defines wastewater as liquid waste from industrial and sewage sources. The treatment process converts wastewater into effluent that can be safely returned to the water cycle or reused. The objectives of wastewater treatment are to reduce organic content, nutrients, and pathogens. The treatment process involves primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary stages using various physical, biological, and chemical methods to clean the water. These include sedimentation, activated sludge, trickling filters, and oxidation ponds. The goal is to remove contaminants before discharging or reusing the treated effluent.
Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment -Theoretical and Legal AspectsJelena Rozova
This document provides an overview of wastewater and drinking water treatment from both a theoretical and legal perspective. It discusses key definitions and requirements related to wastewater collection, treatment according to the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, and sludge treatment and disposal according to the Sewage Sludge Directive. It also outlines the standards for drinking water quality established by the Drinking Water Directive and typical treatment steps. Finally, it addresses some frequently asked questions about topics like modernizing treatment infrastructure, alternative treatment options, and combined sewer systems.
This document provides information on the characteristics of wastewater and sewage. It defines key terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, and discusses the necessity of sewage treatment. It describes the composition of sewage, including water, pathogens, organic particles, and inorganic particles. It also covers the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sewage. The physical characteristics discussed are color, odor, temperature and turbidity. The chemical characteristics covered include solids, pH, nitrogen content, BOD, COD and population equivalent. The document also discusses the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of sewage and the BOD test and curve.
Biological treatment is an important process for wastewater treatment that utilizes microorganisms to break down organic impurities. The most common biological treatment process is activated sludge, which uses aerobic bacteria in an aeration tank to degrade wastewater. Trickling filters and oxidation ponds are alternative biological processes that are often used for smaller treatment systems. Trickling filters use a media like rock or plastic that bacteria grow on to treat wastewater as it trickles through. Oxidation ponds rely on algae and bacteria in large open ponds to break down organic matter through natural aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Wastewater treatment uses microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoa to break down organic contaminants. There are three main approaches - fixed film systems where microbes grow on substrates, suspended growth systems where microbes are suspended in wastewater, and membrane bioreactors which improve on conventional activated sludge using a membrane to filter treated water. Common biological wastewater treatment methods include activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands. Advanced technologies are being developed that combine membrane separation with microbial processes to provide more effective wastewater treatment and reuse of resources.
Treatment of industrial waste water biological remediation of cyanidesArvind Kumar
This document discusses the treatment of industrial waste water containing cyanides through biological remediation. It provides background information on cyanides, their classification, toxicity, sources in industrial waste streams, and standards for cyanide levels in water. It then summarizes two treatment methods studied - adsorption of cyanides onto activated carbon and their biodegradation by microorganisms. The pathways and various microbes capable of biodegrading cyanides through specific enzymatic reactions are also outlined.
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. It provides details on various tests used to analyze sewage characteristics, such as tests for pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen content, BOD, COD, and turbidity. It also describes the types of microorganisms commonly found in sewage like bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. The document outlines procedures for sampling sewage and different treatment methods like dilution and natural land treatment.
Introduction to Water Treatment Engineeringyel_a_yong
This document provides an overview of water treatment engineering. It discusses the objectives of water treatment, which are to supply clean and safe drinking water. It outlines the typical stages in a water treatment system, including intake, aeration/air stripping, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. The document also discusses some of the 21st century challenges facing water treatment, such as disinfection byproducts, emerging pathogens, and trace contaminants. Coursework is graded through assignments, tests, and a final exam.
This document summarizes pharmaceutical waste water treatment technologies. It begins with an overview of the types of waste generated from pharmaceutical industries and their environmental impacts. It then discusses various treatment parameters and processes used to treat this waste water, including:
1) Biological treatments like aerobic and anaerobic processes using activated sludge or membrane bioreactors.
2) Advanced treatments for recovery like membrane technologies, activated carbon, and membrane distillation.
3) Advanced oxidation processes like ozonation, Fenton's reaction, photocatalysis, and electrochemical oxidation.
4) Hybrid technologies that combine different treatment steps are effective for chemical synthesis and fermentation waste streams.
This presentation provides an overview of domestic wastewater treatment. It discusses preliminary treatment including screening and grit removal. Primary treatment involves settling suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Sludge is treated through thickening, stabilization via aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and ultimate disposal. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed through additional processes.
waste water generation has become a big issue all over the world. Therefore understanding sewage treatment principles is necessary to plan a waste water treatment plant and resource recovery. This presentation discusses, what is waste water, composition of waste water and major functional units of a treatment plant
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, which are classified as physical, chemical, and biological. Physically, sewage varies in color, odor, temperature, turbidity, and solids content. Chemically, important parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Biologically, sewage contains various microorganisms including bacteria that facilitate decomposition, and which can be pathogenic. Understanding sewage characteristics is essential for efficiently designing sewage treatment systems.
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
This document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs) which are used to treat industrial wastewater. It outlines the various sources of industrial wastewater and explains the need for ETPs to clean the effluent for reuse, reduce freshwater usage, and meet environmental standards. The document then describes the different treatment levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge, trickling filters, and oxidation ponds to remove biodegradable organic matter. After treatment, the effluent can be discharged while the sludge may be used as fertilizer or incinerated. ETPs help industries reuse water, cut costs, and protect the environment from pollution.
The document discusses the major contaminants found in wastewater and their appropriate treatment methods. The contaminants include suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, refractory organics, heavy metals, and dissolved inorganic solids. Treatment methods are classified as physical, chemical, or biological unit operations/processes. Physical processes involve forces like screening and sedimentation. Chemical processes use additions of chemicals through precipitation or disinfection. Biological treatments use microorganisms to break down organics in processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Each contaminant has one or more treatment methods recommended based on their removal via physical, chemical, or biological means.
CH-2 Activated sludge treatment for wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies and their evaluation, Theory of activated sludge process (ASP), extended aeration systems, trickling filters (TF), aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds, oxidation
ditches, sequential batch reactor, rotating biological contactor, etc., Mass balancing in ASP and TF and their design.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
This document provides an introduction and overview of industrial wastewater treatment. It discusses how industries use water for manufacturing and processing purposes, which becomes wastewater that must be treated before discharge to prevent environmental pollution. The document then outlines some key contaminants found in wastewater and characteristics of industrial wastewater. It describes common wastewater treatment methods including physical, mechanical, chemical and biological processes and provides details on specific unit operations like screening, sedimentation, flotation and biological treatment methods.
Design of Preliminary Wastewater Treatment for Devils Backbone BrewerySydney Lynn
The document outlines a preliminary design for a wastewater treatment system for Devils Backbone Brewery. The system would utilize a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and anaerobic digester to treat the brewery's high-strength side-stream waste and reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels. The design aims to reduce BOD to acceptable levels for the local wastewater treatment plant while generating biogas from waste biomass to fuel boilers on-site. Key components include a primary settling tank, CSTR, secondary settling tank, anaerobic digester, gas storage tanks, and potential heat exchanger. The design provides sample calculations and considers safety, economic, and sustainability factors.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. The objectives of wastewater treatment are to reduce organic content, remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and remove pathogenic microbes. It describes the different types of contaminants found in wastewater and the various treatment processes used, including primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves screening and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses biological and chemical processes like activated sludge to further reduce organic content. Tertiary treatment can include additional steps like filtration, disinfection, and nutrient removal. The byproduct of treatment is sludge, which also requires processing and disposal.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. It defines wastewater as liquid waste from industrial and sewage sources. The treatment process converts wastewater into effluent that can be safely returned to the water cycle or reused. The objectives of wastewater treatment are to reduce organic content, nutrients, and pathogens. The treatment process involves primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary stages using various physical, biological, and chemical methods to clean the water. These include sedimentation, activated sludge, trickling filters, and oxidation ponds. The goal is to remove contaminants before discharging or reusing the treated effluent.
Wastewater treatment involves a multi-stage process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can be safely returned to the water cycle. Wastewater comes from residential, commercial, and industrial sources and contains organic materials, nutrients, and pathogens. The treatment process begins with primary treatment which uses physical separation processes like screening and sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological and chemical processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic content. Finally, effluent is disinfected before being released back into streams or reused. Sludge from the process is treated and disposed of through methods like land application or incineration.
This document summarizes wastewater treatment. It defines wastewater as liquid waste from sewage and industry. Wastewater treatment involves converting wastewater into effluent that can be safely returned to the water cycle or reused. The treatment process typically involves primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary stages to reduce contaminants, remove pathogens, and decrease organic materials and nutrients. The primary goals of wastewater treatment are to protect public health and the environment.
This document provides an overview of the sewage treatment process. It begins with an introduction to sewage treatment and its importance. It then describes the various stages of treatment - preliminary (screening), primary (settling), secondary (trickling filters or activated sludge), tertiary (additional filtration), and solids processing (digestion or composting). The final effluent is disinfected before discharge while solids are disposed of in landfills. The document outlines the key objectives, processes, and equipment used at each treatment stage.
An effluent treatment plant uses physical, chemical, and biological processes to alter wastewater properties and remove toxins, producing effluent that can be safely discharged or reused. Common treatment steps include pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove sludge and oils, secondary biological treatment using microbes, tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants, and disinfection to reduce pathogens before discharge. The document provides an overview of an effluent treatment plant's purpose and various treatment processes.
Sewage and liquid waste management involves treating sewage through various stages. Sewage first undergoes pre-treatment which includes screening to remove large debris and grit removal to allow sand and gravel to settle. It then undergoes primary treatment which uses sedimentation to remove 50-70% of solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic material using oxygen and bacteria. The treated effluent undergoes disinfection before being disposed of safely while sludge is digested and disposed of through methods like land application or sea disposal. Various treatment stages aim to purify sewage to acceptable standards before disposal.
The document discusses waste water treatment. It defines sewage and its classes. Sewage contains domestic and industrial waste waters. Treatment is necessary to prevent hazards and pollution. Methods include single dwelling unit treatment with septic tanks and municipal treatment processes. The municipal process involves primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological methods like activated sludge to reduce organic compounds, and sludge processing. Activated sludge treatment uses aeration of sewage to form flocs to oxidize organic matter. The sludge is further treated through anaerobic digestion or composting.
The document summarizes the process of wastewater treatment. It describes how wastewater is collected from residences, commercial, and industrial sources and undergoes primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary treatment stages to remove contaminants before being returned safely to the environment or reused. The primary stages involve physical separation processes like screening and sedimentation. Secondary biological treatment uses activated sludge or trickling filters to reduce organic matter with microbes. The treated effluent is then typically disinfected before discharge or reuse while sludge is processed further.
The document summarizes the process of wastewater treatment. It begins with defining wastewater and then outlines the main stages of treatment including primary (removing solids and debris), secondary (biological and chemical treatment using activated sludge or trickling filters), and sludge treatment. The overall goal is to reduce contaminants like organic materials, nutrients, and pathogens before discharging or reusing the treated water.
Sewage is wastewater. Sewage is polluted water which includes all harmful liquid, solid or gaseous substances introduced into waters or soil that may lead to a contamination of surface or underground waters
The document discusses treatment processes for textile effluent. It begins by outlining the various pollutants found in textile effluent, including organic matter, inorganic matter, dissolved solids, suspended solids, dyes, chemicals, and metal toxicants. It then describes the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of effluent treatment which involve removing solids, organic matter, and additional pollutants. Specific treatment methods discussed include screening, sedimentation, equalization, neutralization, coagulation, biological processes like aerated lagoons and activated sludge, and tertiary processes like evaporation, reverse osmosis, and chemical precipitation. The document concludes with standards for treated effluent
For Environment Protection against harmful emisison and aquatic life, It is necessary to implement the standard in order to control the Chemcial Oxygen demand, Biological oxygen demand, Total suspended solid, Total dissolved solid, Oil & Greece Etc.
The document summarizes wastewater treatment processes. It discusses that wastewater undergoes preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages to remove contaminants. This includes physical screening and grit removal, sedimentation to remove settleable solids, biological treatment using bacteria to break down organic matter, and disinfection before discharge. Sludge is also treated through anaerobic digestion, composting, and dewatering. The goal is to make wastewater suitable for release back into the environment while treating sludge for off-site use.
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, QUALITY STANDARDS FO...JYOTI DEVENDRA
This document discusses sources and effects of water pollution on human health. It outlines various sources of water pollution including sewage, industrial waste, pesticides, fertilizers and others. It describes the waste water treatment process including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. The secondary treatment involves biological processes like activated sludge process, trickling filters and anaerobic digestion to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and disinfects the water. The document provides information on water quality standards and processing steps to treat domestic and industrial waste water.
Wastewater treatment involves multiple processes to remove contaminants from water and make it suitable for discharge. It begins with preliminary treatment to remove large solids through coarse screening and grit removal. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove settleable solids. Secondary treatment uses bacteria and protozoa to break down organic matter biologically. Tertiary treatment provides disinfection and additional nutrient removal. Sludge treatment involves anaerobic digestion to reduce solids volume, composting, and dewatering the sludge for use as fertilizer.
Industrial effluents and Wastewater TreatmentIbrahimAslam2
The document discusses industrial effluents and wastewater treatment. It describes various types of industrial effluents from industries like food, chemicals, iron and steel. Offshore drilling is also discussed along with its effects like drilling fluids and oil spills. Wastewater treatment methods include primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, chemical and biological processes. Sludge processing through anaerobic digestion and dewatering is also summarized. Proper wastewater treatment is important for reducing industrial pollution.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
22MT32 Recycling of water and chemicals in textile processing.pptxNikithaa12
This document discusses recycling of water and chemicals in textile processing. It describes how textile wastewater contains various dyes and chemicals that make treatment challenging. The main pollutants are from dyeing and finishing processes, which use many organic compounds. Treatment involves primary processes like screening, sedimentation, and neutralization to remove solids. Secondary biological treatment uses methods like activated sludge or oxidation ponds. Tertiary processes like oxidation, ion exchange and membranes further purify the water. The document examines the treatment stages and pollutants from different textile industry processes in detail.
The document describes new techniques for wastewater management, including filtration methods like media, membrane, and hybrid filtration systems. It also discusses disinfection systems using chlorine, ozone or UV radiation. The techniques aim to remove solid matter through various physical, chemical and biological processes like sedimentation, filtration, and the use of bacteria. Treated water and sludge can then be disposed of safely.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
21 chapter 24-wastewater (1)
1. Chapter 24 - Wastewater Treatment
Objectives of WWT
Reduce organic content (reduction of BOD)
Removal/reduction of nutrients i.e., N,P
Removal/inactivation of pathogenic microbes
2. What is Wastewater?
Dairy and industrial waste
– slaughterhouse waste, dairy waste, tannery wastewater, etc.
Domestic waste:
– human and animal excreta and waters used for washing, bathing,
and cooking.
100-500 g wet weight of feces and 1-1.3 L of urine/capita/day
15-20 g BOD/day is contributed by each person
3. Wastewater Contaminants
Suspended solids
Priority pollutants: metalloids (As, Se) and metals (Cd, Hg), benzene
compounds, and chlorinated compounds
Microorganisms: pathogenic and nonpathogenic
Organics: refractory and biodegradable
Nutrients:
– Phosphorus
– Nitrogen (ammonia, nitrites, nitrates)
4. The amount of organic carbon present determines:
the amount of O2 needed for biological treatment
the size of waste treatment facility needed
the efficiency of the treatment process
biochemical oxygen demand
total organic carbon
chemical oxygen demand
Objective 1 - Reduce organic content (reduction of BOD)
There are three methods to determine carbon present:
5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Definition: The amount of dissolved oxygen utilized by microbes for
the biochemical oxidation of organic (carbonaceous BOD) and
inorganic (autotrophic or nitrogenous BOD)
The BOD test was developed in 1930’s. This is a five day test that
measures the amount of O2 consumed in a wastewater sample by a
mixed population of heterotrophic bacteria in the dark at 20o
C
BOD of wastewater is typically 110-440 mg/L and must be reduced
to 20 mg/L for discharge
6. BOD = Di – Df
P
where:
Di = initial dissolved O2 concentration
Df = final or 5-day dissolved O2 concentration
P = volumetric fraction of wastewater
Example: 5 ml wastewater is added to a 300 ml BOD flask
P = 5 = 0.0167 Di = 8 mg/L Df = 2 mg/L
300
BOD = 8 – 2 = 359 mg/L
0.0167
Oxidation is usually 60-70% complete after 5 days
7. Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
TOC is measured using a TOC analyzer. The sample is combusted
and organic carbon quantified using infrared detection.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
COD is measured following digestion at high temperature with
strong oxidant such as chromic acid, or sulfuric acid/potassium
dichromate. The chromate ion reacts with the COD producing a
color that is measured.
If COD >> than BOD what does this mean?
8. Wastewater treatment
Primary treatment
– Sedimentation and screening of large debris
Secondary treatment
– Biological and chemical treatment
Tertiary treatment
– Further chemical treatment
9. Primary treatment (physical)
• Metal grating
- Large debris
• Short retention time
- Settling out of sand and gravel
• Primary settling tank
- Approximately half suspended solids sediment. The
sedimented material is called primary sludge
10. Secondary Treatment
Biological treatment
– activated sludge
– trickling filter
– oxidation ponds
A disinfection step is usually included at the end of the biological
treatment
– chlorination
Objective is to reduce BOD, odors and pathogens
11. Activated sludge process – most common
Primary wastewater mixed with bacteria-rich (activated) sludge
and air or oxygen is pumped into the mixture
Promotes bacterial growth and decomposition of organic matter
Last step is a settling tank where sludge settles out and then the
treated wastewater moves on for tertiary treatment
Some settled sludge is used to inoculate incoming primary
effluent
BOD removal is approximately 85%
Microbial removal by activated sludge
80-99% removal of bacteria (sunlight, temperature, antagonistic
microorganisms, predation by ciliated protozoans, competition
from other bacteria, adsorption to sludge solids)
90-99% removal of viruses (mostly through solids settling, but
also bacterial antiviral products and predation)
12. • Trickling filters are beds of stones or corrugated plastic. The
primary wastewater is sprayed over the filter and microbes
decompose organic material aerobically.
• Low pathogen removal
- Bacteria, 20-90%
- Viruses, 50-90%
- Giardia cysts, 70-90%
Secondary treatment – Trickling filters
13. Stabilization or oxidation ponds
Oxidation ponds are a few meters deep, and up to a hectare in size.
They are low cost with retention times of 1 to 4 weeks.
Types: Aerobic, Aerated, Anaerobic
Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem
Pathogen removal:
- Bacteria, 90-99%
- Virus, 90-99%
- Protozoa, 67-99%
Mechanisms include the long detention time (natural die-off),
high pH (10-10.5) generated by photosynthesis, predation,
sunlight, temperature
Stabilization ponds are the preferred wastewater treatment
process in developing countries due to low cost, low
maintenance. This is balanced by larger land requirement.
14. Tertiary treatmentTertiary treatment
Tertiary treatment involves a series of additional steps to furtherTertiary treatment involves a series of additional steps to further
reduce organics, turbidity, N, P, metals and pathogens. This isreduce organics, turbidity, N, P, metals and pathogens. This is
for wastewater that may impact recreational areas, will be usedfor wastewater that may impact recreational areas, will be used
for irrigation, or will be used for drinking water.for irrigation, or will be used for drinking water.
Physicochemical processPhysicochemical process
CoagulationCoagulation
FiltrationFiltration
Activated carbon adsorption of organicsActivated carbon adsorption of organics
DisinfectionDisinfection
16. – Removal of flocculated matterRemoval of flocculated matter
Organic matterOrganic matter
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
Mineral colloidsMineral colloids
– Most common is halogens: chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, bromine, or iodineMost common is halogens: chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, bromine, or iodine
– Ozone is more expensive but does not leave toxic residualsOzone is more expensive but does not leave toxic residuals
– Metals: copper and silver have been used for disinfection of swimming pool and hot tub water.Metals: copper and silver have been used for disinfection of swimming pool and hot tub water.
– Ultraviolet is also more expensive and does not leave toxic residuals.Ultraviolet is also more expensive and does not leave toxic residuals.
Filtration
Disinfection
17. Pathogen Removal During Sewage TreatmentPathogen Removal During Sewage Treatment
Type of sewage
treatment
Removal range for
various microbes
Primary 5-40%
Septic tanks 25-75%
Trickling filters 18-99%
Activated sludge 25-99%
Anaerobic digestion 25-92%
Waste stabilization ponds 60-99
Tertiary (flocculation,
sand filtration, etc.)
93-99.99%
18. Sludge is generated during primary and secondary treatment. Processing ofSludge is generated during primary and secondary treatment. Processing of
sludge has three major goals:sludge has three major goals:
– Reduce water contentReduce water content
– Reduce odorsReduce odors
– Reduce pathogensReduce pathogens
The other product left after wastewater treatment is sludge
Sludge treatment is the most costly operation of wastewaterSludge treatment is the most costly operation of wastewater
treatmenttreatment
– 7 million tons/day (USA)7 million tons/day (USA)
Primary sludgePrimary sludge
– 3 to 8% solids3 to 8% solids
SecondarySecondary
– 0.5 to 2% solids0.5 to 2% solids
19. SludgeSludge Treatment ProcessesProcesses
Thickening (water removal)
Digestion (pathogen inactivation and odor control)
Conditioning (improved dewatering with
alum and high temp, 175-230o
C)
Dewatering (pathogen inactivation and odor control)
Incineration (volume and weight reduction)
Final disposal
20. Discharge of Wastewater and Sludge?
Sludge
– landfarming
– landfill
– incineration
– ocean
Wastewater
– Bodies of water: oceans, lakes, etc.
– Land application
– Constructed wetlands
21. Wastewater Treatment Alternatives
Septic tanks
– raw domestic wastewater
Constructed wetland systems
– wastewater effluent
Composting
– Municipal solid waste
– sludge
22. Septic Tanks
Underground tanks where solids are separated from incoming wastewater.
Some biological digestion of the waste organic matter occurs under anaerobic
conditions. Also involves a leachfield.
Rural areas – septic tanks serve approx. 25% of U.S. pop.
Constructed Wetlands
Used for further treatment of wastewater effluent, mine drainage, pulp
mill effluent, etc.
Three types
– aquatic ponds
– surface flow
– subsurface flow
Composting
Organic component of solid waste is biologically decomposed under
controlled aerobic conditions
End product: humus-like product useful as fertilizer
This is one common method of sludge treatment
23. Land application of sludge must meet:
• pathogen reduction requirements (class A or B sludge)
• vector reduction requirements (reduction of volatile solids)
• metal loading limits
• testing requirements (for the above)
Amount of Sludge applied
(Metric Tons/Year) Frequency of testing
0 to 290 Once per year
290 to 1500 Once per quarter
1500 to 15,000 Once per 60 days
15,000 or more Once per month
24. Two Alternatives for Meeting Class "A" Pathogen Requirements
Alternative 1: Thermally treated biosolids
Biosolids must be subject to one of four (4) time-temperature regimes:
example: 7 percent solid or greater biosolids must be heated to 50 degrees
Celsius of higher for 20 minutes or longer.
Alternative 2: Biosolids treated in a high pH-high temperature process
Biosolids must meet specific pH, temperature, and air-drying requirements.
Biosolid pH > 12 (measured at 25 C) for 72 hours or longer
Biosolids temp. > 52 C for at least 12 hours during the period that the pH > 12
Biosolids must be air dried to over 50 percent solids after the 72 hour period of
elevated pH
All pathogen requirements must be met.
All Class A biosolids have specific pathogen requirements
(can be applied to lawns and home gardens)
• Fecal coliform densities must be less than 1,000 most probable number
(MPN) per gram of total dry solids, or
• Salmonella sp. bacteria must be less than 3 MPN per 4 grams of total dry
solids.
25. Pathogen requirements for Class B biosolids:
fecal coliform density < 2,000,000 MPN/g total solids
There are specific site restrictions for land applied Class B biosolids
Crops that Touch Biosolids
Food crops that have harvested parts that touch the mixture of soil and biosolids and
are totally above the soil surface, cannot be harvested for 14 months after biosolid
application.
Crops Embedded in the Soil
Food crops that have harvested parts growing in the soil where biosolids were
applied and left on the surface for 4 months or longer before being incorporated into
the soil, cannot be harvested for 20 months after biosolid application.
Food crops that have harvested parts growing in the soil where biosolids were
applied and left on the surface less than 4 months before being incorporated into the
soil, cannot be harvested for 38 months after biosolid application.
Feed Crops, Fiber Crops, and Food Crops that Do Not Touch the Soil
Food crops that do not touch the soil/biosolids mixture, feed and fiber crops cannot
be harvested for 39 days after biosolid application.
26. Animal Grazing
Animals cannot graze on land treated with biosolids for at least 30 days after
application of biosolids.
Turf Growing
Unless specified by the permitting authority, turf grown with a biosolids treatment
cannot be harvested for 1 year after biosolid application when being use on a
lawn or other area with a high potential for public access.
Public Access
Public access to land with a high potential for expose to the public is restricted
for 1 year from the application of biosolids.
Public access to land with a low potential for expose to the public is restricted for
30 days from the application of biosolids.
27. Two alternatives for meeting Class "B" pathogen requirements
Alternative 1: Monitoring Indicator Organisms
Testing for fecal coliforms is used as an indicator for all pathogens and is done
prior to the biosolids use or disposal.
Less than 2 million MPN or CFU/gram of dry biosolid is required to qualify as a
Class B biosolid. EPA suggests that seven test samples be taken over a 2 week
period because the testing procedures lack precision and the biosolids lack
uniformity. Multiple samples should ensure a representable sampling of the
biosolids.
28. Alternative 2: Biosolids Treated with a PSRP
Biosolids must be treated by one of the following 5 Processes to Significantly Reduce
Pathogens (PSRP).
Aerobic Digestion: Biosolids are kept under aerobic conditions for a specific time
ranging between 40 days at 20 C and 60 days at 15 C.
Air Drying: Biosolids are air dried on pads (sand or paved) for a minimum of 3
months, with at least 2 months having ambient average daily temperature > 0 C.
Anaerobic Digestion: Biosolids are kept under anaerobic conditions for a specified
time and under a specific temperature ranging between 15 days at 35-55 C and 60
days at 20 C.
Composting: Using any of three methods of composting (in-vessel, static aerated
pile, or windrowed), the temperature is raised to 40 C or higher and maintained for 5
days, 4 hours of which, the temperature of the pile must rise above 55 C.
Lime Stabilization: Enough lime is added to the biosolids to raise the pH of the
biosolids to 12 after 2 hours of contact.