It is an acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific virus of the group myxovirus.
One of the top five causes of vaccine-preventable deaths in the world
Easy to prevent – the vaccine costs less than US$1 and gives life-long immunity
Found in every part of the world – measles outbreaks have taken place on every continent and in all climates
One of the most contagious diseases – 90% of those exposed to the measles virus will catch it if they do not have immunity
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
The word cohort is derived from the Latin "cohorts," meaning an enclosure, company, or crowd.
Taken in English from 17c. as a living prefix meaning "together, mutually, in common,“
In Roman times, a cohort was a 300—600 infantry body.
Group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined time period.
Age [Birth cohort]
Occupation exposure cohort
Exposure to drugs or vaccine
Pregnancy cohort
Insured person cohort
Marriage cohort
The term “Demography” is the statistical and mathematical study of the human population's size, composition, and spatial distribution and of changes over time in these aspects through the operation of five fertility processes: mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility.
Usually, the demographic data are drawn from various sources such as:
National censuses,
Civil registration systems,
and sample surveys.
A cross-sectional study is a descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population.
It measures
the prevalence of health outcomes(also called prevalence study)
or determinants of health,
or both,
In a population at a point in time or over a short period.
When the investigator draws a sample out of the study population of interest and examines all the subjects to detect
those having the disease/outcome
and those not having this disease/outcome of interest.
At the same time, finds out whether or not they have the presence of
the suspected cause (exposure)
(or give a History of such exposure in the past),
is called the Cross-sectional analytic study.
Sampling is selecting observations (a sample) to provide an adequate description and inferences of the population.
Sample:
A is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005)
The sampling frame
A list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population.
Agriculture is one of the occupations most exposed to various hazards. It is also associated with the highest rate of adverse health outcomes each year worldwide . Agricultural workers have been shown to be exposed to a variety of chemical hazards, such as pesticides and other chemical substances . Farm work may also expose workers to strenuous physical exercise and an extreme environment (i.e., low temperatures). Furthermore, during their daily activities, agricultural workers operate various types of vehicles, machinery, and equipment , which can result in excessive exposures to noise and vibration . It has been suggested that these occupational exposures increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to the harmful effects of biomechanical and physical factors.
Workers may be exposed to various types of occupational hazards at the same time, potentially increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes.
Epidemiology & Control Measures of Mumps.pptxAB Rajar
Mumps is best known for the puffy cheeks and tender, swollen jaw that it causes. This is a result of swollen salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides, often referred to as parotitis. Other symptoms that might begin a few days before parotitis include: Fever. Headache.
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also known as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a software package used for the analysis of statistical data. Although the name of SPSS reflects its original use in the field of social sciences, its use has since expanded into other data markets.
The second major type of observational epidemiology
The subject of interest is individual
The object is testing of hypothesis:
Two distinct type
Case-Control Study
Cohort Study
These studies determine the statistical association between RF & diseases and if yes the strength of the association
Also c/d “retrospective studies”
First approach to test causal hypothesis
Also c/d “retrospective studies”
First approach to test causal hypothesis
Use two group cases & control
Has three distinct features
Both exposure & outcome (disease) occurred before the start of the study
The study proceeds backward from effect to cause
It uses a control or comparison group to support or refute an inference
Introduction to Descriptive Epidemiology.pptxAB Rajar
Descriptive Epidemiology is a branch of observation epidemiology, which particularly study about disease frequency and pattern by time, place, and person.
It deals with the distribution and determinants of the factors related to health or disease in the concerned population.
It measures the magnitudes of the disease or other health-related disorder in the form of incidence and prevalence
Epidemiology includes assessment of the distribution (including describing demographic characteristics of an affected population), determinants (including a study of possible risk factors), and the application to control health problems (such as closing a restaurant).
These lectures will help the students in understanding of basic principles, concepts, and definitions of the subject.
School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals with medical inspection of school children and their health protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere.
Nature recycles the earth's water supply through a process known as the water cycle or hydrologic cycle.
Snake bite is an injury caused by a bite from a snake, often resulting in puncture wounds inflicted by the animal’s fangs & some times resulting in envenomation
Personal hygiene is defined as the principle of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body.
Maintaining a high level of personal hygiene will help to increase self esteem and confidence.
Family; It is a group of people emotionally involved and related either by blood, marriage or adoption; responsible for the reproduction and rearing of children, & living together.
Air plays a vital role in our lives.
It is our immediate environment and performs following Functions:
Supply oxygen for living
Supply CO2 to plants
Helps in smelling
Helps in listening.
Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an:
Abnormal growth of cells
Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs
The eventually death of the affected patient if the tumor has
Progressed beyond the stage when it can be successful
removed
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
1. EPIDEMIOLOGY & CONTROL
MEASURES OF MEASLES
Professor Dr. AB Rajar, MBBS, Dip-Diab, MPH, Ph.D. CPHE
Director of Research and Innovative Center
[IBN-E-SINA UNIVERSITY]
2. ● After one hour lecture the students will be
able to understand the:
○ Define measles and mention key facts
○ Describe the importance of the agent,
host, and environmental factors of
measles.
○ Describe the preventive and control
measures for measles.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
3. ● Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, in
2018, there were more than 140 000 measles deaths globally,
mostly among children under the age of five.
● Measles vaccination resulted in a 73% drop in measles deaths
between 2000 and 2018 worldwide
● In 2018, about 86% of the world's children received one dose of
the measles vaccine by their first birthday through routine health
services – up from 72% in 2000.
● During 2000- 2018, measles vaccination prevented an estimated
23.2 million deaths making the measles vaccine one of the best
buys in public health.
KEY FACTS
5. One of the top five causes of vaccine-
preventable deaths in the world
Easy to prevent – the vaccine costs less than
US$1 and gives life-long immunity
Found in every part of the world – measles
outbreaks have taken place on every
continent and in all climates
One of the most contagious diseases – 90%
of those exposed to the measles virus will
catch it if they do not have immunity
INTRODUCTION
6. Definition:
It is an acute highly infectious
disease of childhood caused by a
specific virus of the group
myxovirus.
MEASLES
7. AGENT FACTORS:
Agent: RNA Paramyxovirus.
Source of Infection: A case of measles.
Infective Material: Secretions of the nose, throat
& respiratory of a case of measles during the
prodromal period & the early stages of the rash.
Period of Communicability: 4 days before & 5
days after the appearance of the rash
EPIDEMIOLOGY
10. HOST FACTORS:
Age:
1=B/W 6 months & 3 years of age in developing countries.
2= Over 5yrs in developed countries.
Sex: incidence is equal.
Immunity: No age is immune, however, one attack confers
lifelong immunity.
Nutrition: Measles tend to be very severe in the malnourished
child.
Time: The measles virus can spread during any season but is
most prevalent from January to April.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
11. MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Direct: From person to person by droplet infection &
droplet nuclei.
Indirect: Through articles freshly soiled with nasal &
throat secretions.
Portal of Entry: Respiratory tract.
Incubation Period:
● It varies from 10-14 days, in most cases, it is 10-11
days.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
14. PRODROMAL STAGE:
● Characterized by Fever, Redness of the eye, Lacrimation,
Photophobia, Vomiting, and Diarrhea.
KOPLICK’S SPOTS:(Pathognomonic sign of measles)
a. It occurs a day or 2 before the appearance of the rash.
b. It appears on the buccal mucosa opposite the first &
second upper molars.
c. They are small, bluish-white spots on a red base smaller
than the head of the pin.
CLINICAL FEATURES
16. ERUPTIVE STAGE:
This phase is characterized by a typical, dusky-red,
macular or maculopapular rash, which begins behind
the ears, spreads rapidly in a few hours over the face
& neck, extends down the body taking 2 to 3 days to
progress to the lower extremities.
In absence of complications disappear in another 3 to
4 days in the same order of appearance leaving a
brownish discoloration that may persist for 2 months
or more.
CLINICAL FEATURES
21. ● Isolation for 7 days after the onset of rash
● No specific antiviral treatment.
● Suppurative care: good nutrition, adequate fluid
intake, and treatment of dehydration.
● Antibiotics: to treat eye and ear infections, and
pneumonia
TREATMENT
22. ● All children diagnosed with measles should
receive two doses of vitamin A supplements,
given 24 hours apart.
● Vitamin A can help prevent eye damage and
blindness.
● Vitamin A supplements reduce the deaths from
measles by 50%.
TREATMENT
25. CONTROL OF PATIENTS & CONTACTS:
● Notification to the health authorities.
● Isolation for 7 days after the appearance of the rash
& for 14 days from school for contacts.
● Disinfection of the articles soiled by discharges.
● Immunization of contacts.
● Investigations of contacts under 3 years of age.
● Investigations of the source of infection.
CONTROL & PREVENTION
26. PREVENTION OF MEASLES:
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION:(Vaccination)
● A live attenuated virus freeze-dried vaccine s/c at left
deltoid in 0.5cc, according to the EPI schedule.
● Immunity:
It develops 11-12 days after vaccination & appears to
be of long duration probably for life.
● Contacts:
Susceptible individuals over the age of 9-12 months may
be protected against measles provided that the vaccine
is given within 3 days of exposure.
CONTROL & PREVENTION
28. ● LIVE VIRUS VACCINE
● Freeze-dried (lyophilized) and used with diluent
● Store vaccine at 2°-8° C (but can be frozen)
● Protect from light at all times
● Efficacy:
85% at 9months (EPI schedule)
95% at 12-15months
● Duration of immunity: lifelong
MEASLES VACCINE
29. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION:
● It can be done by the administration of Immunoglobulin
(human) early in the incubation period at 0.25ml/kg
body wt.
● It should be given within 3-4 days of exposure.
● Live measles vaccine should be given 8-12 wks., later of
passive immunization.
MEASLES VACCINE
30. Q-1 Measles virus is transmitted through airborne droplets and
is one of the leading causes of respiratory infections mostly
seen in children of developing countries.
● Which of the following statements is not correct about
the epidemiologic features of measles?
a. More than one serotype of the virus has been identified
b. Humans are the only reservoir
c. Infection confers lifelong immunity
d. Infection can be transmitted from the mother to the
fetus
31. Q-2 The symptoms of the measles virus infection develop
within 2 to 5 days, the most common is skin rashes.
• Which of the following are not the other
symptoms related to measles?
a) Red and watery eyes
b) Runny nose
c) High-grade fever
d) Enlarged salivary glands
32. Q-3 Each of the following statements about the measles
vaccine is correct, EXCEPT?
a. The vaccine was first introduced in 1963
b. It is available only in a monovalent form
c. The vaccine can be introduced to the child as
early as 12 months of age
d. The vaccine contains live, attenuated virus