Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
This report discusses the potential contribution that energy derived from the tides and waves can make to overall energy supply in a sustainable way. It covers the topics of wide range like how tides and waves are formed; functions of the possible and popular power generation systems especially tidal barrages,turbines, oscillating water columns and wave farms. Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy are also briefly discussed. Some cost data’s used give us brief insight into the economic prospects of the tidal and wave energy. By turning to potential along the Indian coastline, we found that India do have a huge potential of tidal and wave energy, though it has started very late. Government
initiatives and extensive research focused on the mentioned relevant opportunities will surely change the energy scenario.
Photovoltaic Power Conversion systems
Solar constant:
Pyranometer:
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Construction of Solar Cell
I-V curve and PV curve of solar cell
Efficiency of Solar Panel
Effect of Dust On Performance Of Solar PV Panel
Effect of temperature on solar power panel efficiency
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
This report discusses the potential contribution that energy derived from the tides and waves can make to overall energy supply in a sustainable way. It covers the topics of wide range like how tides and waves are formed; functions of the possible and popular power generation systems especially tidal barrages,turbines, oscillating water columns and wave farms. Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy are also briefly discussed. Some cost data’s used give us brief insight into the economic prospects of the tidal and wave energy. By turning to potential along the Indian coastline, we found that India do have a huge potential of tidal and wave energy, though it has started very late. Government
initiatives and extensive research focused on the mentioned relevant opportunities will surely change the energy scenario.
Photovoltaic Power Conversion systems
Solar constant:
Pyranometer:
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Construction of Solar Cell
I-V curve and PV curve of solar cell
Efficiency of Solar Panel
Effect of Dust On Performance Of Solar PV Panel
Effect of temperature on solar power panel efficiency
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
With state-of-the-art hybrid technology that comes in the form of SolarMill that efficiently utilizes the potential of wind and sun energy in any climatic conditions, minimizing your carbon footprint becomes to breeze
Micro Hydro Power Plant is a small power plant which is built up over the rivers in mountains & hills area. It is a low cost power plant that can produce power from 5 kW to 500 kW. It can full-fill needs of a small village or a town. It does not require any big bulky machines & water storage area because it uses stream of water which runs the turbine. It is a clean & green source of energy.
COST ESTIMATION OF SMALL HYDRO POWER GENERATIONRajeev Kumar
R. Montanari [4] in his paper presents an original method for finding the most economically advantageous choice for the installation of micro hydroelectric plants. More precisely, the paper that follows is to be considered in a context defined as “problematic” by those who have the job of constructing water-flow plants with only small head and modest flow rates. Traditional plant solutions using Kaplan or Francis type turbines must be rejected because of the high levels of initial investments. Much more simple configurations must be analyzed, such as plants with propeller turbines or Michel–Banki turbines, in order to reduce the investment costs. The general methodology applied provides a powerful decision-making instrument which is able to define the best plant configuration. The method is based on the use of economic profitability indicators, such as the Net Present Value (NPV), calculated using the plant project parameters, the nominal flow rate and head, and the particular hydrologic characteristics of the site, such as the type of distribution, the average value and the standard deviation of the flow rates in the course of water supplying the plant
S.M.H. Hosseinia, F. Forouzbakhshb, M. Rahimpoor [6] in their paper a method to calculate the annual energy has presented, as is the program developed using Excel software. This program analyzes and estimates the most important economic indices of a small hydro power plant using the sensitivity analysis method. Another program, developed by Mat lab software, calculates the reliability indices for a number of units of a small hydro power plant with a specified load duration curve using the Monte Carlo method. Ultimately, comparing the technical, economic and reliability indices will determine the optimal installation capacity of a small hydro power plant.
S.K. Singal and R.P.Saini [9] has presented methodology to determine the correlations for the cost of different components of canal based small hydro power schemes. The cost based on the developed correlations, having different head and capacity, has been compared with the available cost data of the existing hydropower stations. It has been found that these correlations can be used reasonably for the estimation of cost of new canal-based SHP schemes.
Studies on Small Hydro-Power Potentials of Itapaji Dam in Ekiti State, Nigeria.inventionjournals
Lack of constant electricity supply with the use of convectional mode are major causes of poverty in many rural areas in Nigeria. An overview of small hydro power potentials in Nigeria to mitigate against the problem of constant electricity supply in rural areas is discussed with surveyed states and expected total generation. A study on the potentials of Itapaji dam in Ekiti state, Nigeria for small hydro power generation is presented. The maximum annual discharge of the dam was calculated as 23.24 cubic metre/sec, with an average nominal flow discharge of 8.33cubic metre/sec, and an average minimal flow of 1.78 cubic metre/sec, while the estimated hydro power potential of the dam is about 1.30MW, being generated with an average annual mean discharge of 8.33m3 /sec with a reservoir capacity balance of 1.922 x 109m3 /year. The components required for small hydro power scheme was discussed for familiarization as well as an assessment of the environmental impact for overall viability. Electricity generation from this hydro scheme can easily be extended to surrounding communities along the present gridline without any major engineering effort, as well as a reduction in green-house gas emission in terms of avoided fossil fuels backed generating schemes.
Micro-hydro power plant
Diagram, in short information, turbine type, type of turbine, electronic board controller, generator this all information given in micro projects
this presentation explores hydro power
different types ,its uses,where it has been used,how it is used,its advantages and disadvantages,and one model created by us using sustainable materials.
Water(Rain water) research group slides preliminary findings report prepared by me when I was attached as a lecturer in the School of Electrical and Electronics for the renewable energy project. The project was run together with Wind power and Solar power research group and all of these project and research group were funded by PPKS/ICATS, Sarawak.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
4. Introduction
Micro hydro or Micro hydel is a type of
hydroelectric power that typically produce up to
100 kW of electricity using the natural flow of water.
These installations can provide power to an isolated
home or small community, or are sometimes
connected to electric power networks.
There are many of these installations around the
world, particularly in developing nations as they can
provide an economical source of energy without the
purchase of fuel.
5. Operating Principle
Water from the reservoir
flows due to gravity to drive
the turbine.
Turbine is connected to a
generator.
Power generated is
transmitted over power lines.
6. Operating Principle
A water turbine that cover the energy
of flowing or falling water into
mechanical energy that drives a
generator, which generates electrical
power. This is a heart of hydropower
power plant.
A control mechanism to provide
stable electrical power. It is called
governor.
Electrical transmission line to deliver
the power to its destination.
Micro hydro in northwest Vietnam
7. Construction
Construction details of a microhydro plant are site-specific.
Sometimes an existing mill-pond or other artificial reservoir is
available and can be adapted for power production. In general,
microhydro systems are made up of a number of components.
The most important include the intake where water is diverted from
the natural stream, river, or perhaps a waterfall. An intake structure
such as a catch box is required to screen out floating debris and fish,
using a screen or array of bars to keep out large objects.
In temperate climates this structure must resist ice as well. The intake
may have a gate to allow the system to be dewatered for inspection
and maintenance.
Usually microhydro installations do not have a dam and reservoir,
like large hydroelectric plants have, relying on a minimal flow of
water to be available year-round.
8. Head and flow characteristics
Microhydro systems are typically set up in areas capable of producing up to
100 kilowatts of electricity. This can be enough to power a home or small
business facility. This production range is calculated in terms of "head" and
"flow". The higher each of these are, the more power available.
"Head" is the pressure measurement of falling water expressed as a
function of the vertical distance the water falls.This change in elevation is
usually measured in feet or meters. A drop of at least 2 feet is required or the
system may not be feasible.
When quantifying head, both gross and net head must be considered. Gross
head approximates power accessibility through the vertical distance
measurement alone whereas net head subtracts pressure lost due to friction
in piping from the gross head.
"Flow" is the actual quantity of water falling from a site and is usually
measured in gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, or liters per second.
10. Impulse Turbines
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure.
The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.
High head, low flow applications.
Types : Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine
13. Reaction Turbines
Combined action of pressure and moving water.
Runner placed directly in the water stream flowing over
the blades rather than striking each individually.
Lower head and higher flows than compared with the
impulse turbines.
16. Chain Turbine
It is a gravity machine
It is built up of two parallel
chain systems joint together at
the chains with a series of
buckets.
The flow rater entering the
buckets is controlled by the
water valve through a motor to
open or close the valve.
Buckets fill full of water go
down to bring to rotary
sprocket system.
17. USES
Microhydro systems are very flexible and can be deployed in a
number of different environments.
They are dependent on how much water flow the source
(creek, river, stream) has and the velocity of the flow of water.
Energy can be stored in battery banks at sites that are far from a
facility or used in addition to a system that is directly
connected so that in times of high demand there is additional
reserve energy available.
These systems can be designed to minimize potential damage
regularly caused by large dams or other mass hydroelectric
generation sites.
18. Potential for rural development
In relation to rural development, the simplicity and low relative cost
of micro hydro systems open up new opportunities for some isolated
communities in need of electricity.
With only a small stream needed, remote areas can access lighting
and communications for homes, medical clinics, schools, and other
facilities. Microhydro can even run a certain level of machinery
supporting small businesses. Regions along the Andes mountains and
in Sri Lanka and China already have similar, active programs.
One seemingly unexpected use of such systems in some areas is to
keep young community members from moving into more urban
regions in order to spur economic growth.
Also, as the possibility of financial incentives for less carbon
intensive processes grows, the future of microhydro systems may
become more appealing.
19. Cost
The cost of a micro hydro plant can be between 1,000 and
20,000 U.S dollars
20. Merits
Microhydro power is generated through a process that utilizes
the natural flow of water.This power is most commonly
converted into electricity.
With no direct emissions resulting from this conversion
process, there are little to no harmful effects on the
environment, if planned well, thus supplying power from a
renewable source and in a sustainable manner.
Microhydro is considered a "run-of-river" system meaning that
water diverted from the stream or river is redirected back into
the same watercourse.Adding to the potential economic
benefits of microhydro is efficiency, reliability, and cost
effectiveness.
21. Demerits
Microhydro systems are limited mainly by characteristics
of the site. The most direct limitation comes from small
sources with minuscule flow.
Likewise, flow can fluctuate seasonally in some areas.
Lastly, though perhaps the foremost disadvantage is the
distance from the power source to the site in need of
energy.
This distributional issue as well as the others are key when
considering using a microhydro system.