This document summarizes the key aspects of micro hydro electric projects for rural electrification. It discusses that micro hydro projects have minimal environmental impact and can operate continuously using small amounts of flowing water without needing a large dam. The document provides examples of suitable head heights available in various locations in Kerala. It also outlines the components, design considerations, power estimations, and cost analysis of typical micro hydro projects. In conclusion, it states that micro hydro is a feasible solution to provide power to remote areas and many government policies support their development.

1. INTRODUCTION
MICRO HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
REURAL ELECTRIFICATION
SLIDES BY ABHISHEK RAJ
MECHANICAL
RIT KOTTAAYM

2. OVERAL FUEL CONSUMTION
MINISTRY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

3. POWER CONSUMPTION INDIA
MINISTRY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

4. WORLD
MINISTRY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

5. MAKE IN INDIA
• AS WE ARE A LARGE IMPORTER OF CRUDE
OIL,OUR REURAL AREAS ARE STILL UNDER
DARKNESS

6. Today we are here on micro hydro
• What is micro hydro?????
• Why????
• Is it possible???

7. Of course it’s possible
• Minimum environmental impact
• Small in scale
• seasonal
• Consistent: Produces continuously, 24/7

8. Is it true???
• We don’t need a
DAM, but some
flowing water

9. Hydro, Driven by Solar Power

10. Micro hydro

11. Power estimation??
– Power (watts) = Density*g*Head (m) * Flow
Rate(m^3/s)
Power output is proportional to the combination of head and flow

12. Does we have the resource
place Head available
Adianpara 17.62
Aruvikkal Anchuruli Idukki 21.31
Nellikkappara Pathanamthitta 32.54
Aruvikkuzhi kottayam 30
Chengara Pathanamthitta 50
Thekkum thoni Idukki 49.06
Gandhismarakapadi Idukki 42
This is some of a few numbers there are more than 30 numbers
From kerala govt official records

13. RURAL INDIA AND ENERGY
• large rural population of (70% of the total population) living in villages and
being poor,
• 26% villages (56.5% households) had no access to electricity; as per 2004
• Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyuteekaran Yojana (RGGVY) targets to achieve
100% village electrification by 2012 (originally by 2010).
Ministry of energy india

14. Current scenario
• Currently only 210MW are installed across 267 projects,
predominating in the north.
• The investment costs for small rural and remote hydro power
projects in India vary between Rs. 124,310–Rs 233,335 per kW.
• Seasonal variation in water flow and under utilization of the
produced electricity can threaten the viability of hydro plants.

15. UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN RURAL AREAS
• In many rural areas of developing countries, connections to
central electric grids are economically prohibitive and may
take decades to materialise, if at all.
• Grid connectivity does not address the need for access to
sustainable heating and cooking options
• Renewable energy can be used for LOCAL POWER GRIDS
Ministry of energy india

16. HYDRO POWER PLANTS
TYPES ELECTRICITY GENEREATION
Big Hydro > 100 MW (grid connected)
Small Hydro 1 MW – 100 MW
Mini-hydro 100 kW – 1000 kW
Micro-hiydro 5 kW – 100 kW
Pico-hydro < 5k W
Ministry of energy india

17. CASE STUDY-MALASYA
SIRIM

18. WHAT IS SIRIM??
• http://www.sirim.my/
• SIRIM Berhad, formerly known as the
Standards and Industrial Research Institute of
Malaysia, is a corporate organisation owned
wholly by the Malaysian Government, under
the Minister of Finance Incorporated.

19. BENEFITS OF MHP(based on study conduced by MALAYSIA)
Type of energy Energy payback
ratio
Land requirement
(km2/TWh)
Gas emission
(KT.eq.CO2/TWh)
Hydropower (run-
of-river)
267 0.1 1
Hydro (reservoir) 205 152 15
Wind power 39 72 9
Photovoltaic 9 45 13
Nuclear 16 0.5
Conventional
thermal
5-11 4 974

21. PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY

22. FEASIBILITY-HYDROLOGY
• Catchment Area- to ensure continuous supply of water.
• Flood Discharge- to determine suitable location for civil
structure from flood prone area.
• Potential Power-To determine suitable design of civil structure
for optimum micro hydro power.
• Dependable Discharge- to determine the type of turbine and
civil structure.

23. DESIGN STUDY

24. MICRO HYDRO COMPONENTS
• Civil & Structure:
i.Intake weir and settling basin
ii.Water Channel
iii.Forebay tank
iv.Penstock
v.Power House
• Electro-mechanical:
i.Turbine
ii.Generator

25. • Electrical & Transmission
• i.Control Unit
• ii.Poles
• iii.Transmission Cables

26. TURBINES CONVERTS THE FLOW AND PRESSURE ENERGY INTO
MECHANICAL ENERGY. TURBINES ARE BASICALLY OF TWO TYPES I.E.
REACTION & IMPULSE AND DEPENDING UPON THE HEAD OF THE
AVAILABLE WATER FURTHER DIVIDE IN THREE CATEGORIES I.E. HIGH,
MEDIUM & LOW HEAD.
TURBINE

27. TURBINES
IMPULSE
• Pelton,
• Turgo Wheel
• Cross Flow
REACTION
• Francis
• Axial Flow
 Propeller,
 Semi Kaplan,
 Kaplan

28. PELTON WHEEL
• Nozzles direct forceful streams of
water against a series of spoon-
shaped buckets mounted around
the edge of a wheel.
• Each bucket reverses the flow of
water and this impulse spins the
turbine
• Suited for high head, low flow
sites.
• The largest units can be up to 200
MW.
• Can operate with heads as small as
15 meters and as high as 1,800
meters.

29. Cross Flow Turbines
• drum-shaped
• elongated, rectangular-section nozzle
directed against curved vanes on a
cylindrically shaped runner
• “squirrel cage” blower
• water flows through the blades twice
 First pass : water flows from the
outside of the blades to the inside
 Second pass : from the inside back out
 Larger water flows and lower heads
than the Pelton.

30. Kaplan Turbine
• The inlet is a scroll-shaped
tube that wraps around the
turbine's wicket gate.
• Water is directed tangentially,
through the wicket gate, and
spirals on to a propeller shaped
runner, causing it to spin.
• The outlet is a specially
shaped draft tube that helps
decelerate the water and
recover kinetic energy.

31. Francis Turbines
• The inlet is spiral shaped.
• Guide vanes direct the water
tangentially to the runner.
• This radial flow acts on the runner
vanes, causing the runner to spin.
• The guide vanes (or wicket gate)
may be adjustable to allow efficient
turbine operation for a range of
water flow conditions.
• Best suited for sites with high flows
and low to medium head.
• Efficiency of 90%.
• expensive to design, manufacture and
install, but operate for decades.

32. SELECTION OF TURBINES
TURBINE TYPE FLOW HEAD
Pelton wheel LOW HIGH >75FEET
Turgo MEDIUM MEDIUM 25-75 FEET
Cross flow HIGH LOW <25 FEET
Theoretical Power
P = 9.81 × ρ × Q × H
Where :
ρ = Density of water, kg/m3
Q = Flow Rate, m3/s
H = Head, meters

33. GENERATORS
The standard generators used in
micro hydro power projects are
the synchronous generator and
the induction motor used as a
generator.
Induction generator :- Induction
generator usually an induction
motor. Which rotates 1-5%
faster then synchronous speed so
that it can achieve negative slip,
to run in generating mode.

34. ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER
• Water turbines vary in speed as load
is applied. This speed variation will
seriously affect both frequency and
voltage output from a generator.
• To over come this problem ,electronic
load controller is used in micro-
hydro power plant
• The ELC prevents speed
variations by continuously adding
or subtracting an artificial load, so
that the generator is working
permanently under full load.
• A further benefit is that the
ELC has no moving parts, it is very
reliable and maintenance free.

35. MALAYSIA
SIRIM PROJECT IMPLEMENTAION

36. • Kampung Sri Stamang 2, Lubok Antu,
Sarawak
• Rumah panjang’ + Klinik Desa (~ 240
orang)
• Location: Sungai Ubo
• Power Generation: 18.3 kW
• Type of Turbine: Crossflow
• Construction: Okt 2010 – July 2011
• Commissioning Date: 29 February
2012

38. COST ANALYSIS
micro-hydro; power plant; Hink river;
Engineering Department, University of Papua,
Jl.Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, 98314,
Indonesia

39. MEATHOD
• Economic analysis of a micro-hydro power plant is
important to evaluate the eligibility of the plant.
• It includes cost, benefit and benefit cost ratio, and
payback period to build the plant.
COST
 Cost in developing a micro-hydro power plant will be
investment and operational cost

40. • Daily benefit of micro-hydro power plant operation will be the
product of power production and fixed price ofthe power.
• By multiplying daily benefit within 30 days, it will give monthly
benefit value. Annual benefit is 12times higher than monthly
benefit
• Payback period is the time period for paying back all of the
cost. The payback period is calculated by counting the number
of years taken to recover the cash invested in a project. The
investment is feasible if the payback period is lower than
investment period

41. Potency of Hink River
• A survey had been done to investigate hydrolic potency of the Hink
River in earth coordinate of 1o 14’ 08.9” S and 133o 57’ 14.2” E.
• Measured by a GPS, the height of the head was about 10 m.
Therefore, the hidrolyc potency of theriver with flow rate 0.3m3/s
• POWER (TH)=(1000 )(9.8 )(0.3 )(10 ) =29.4KW
• overall efficiency will be 50-70%, and
• then the generated power is in between 14.70-20.58 kW. Therefore,
the turbine and generator should be chosen
• higher than 20.58 kW.

42. COST OF POWER PLANT SETTING
• Civil Equipment
• Waterworks of the planning micro-hydro power plant include weir,
intake, forebay and tailrace. Flood gate and
• trash screen are the complement equipments that are placed in
intake and forebay. Flood gate is used to maintain thepower plant,
and trashrack is used to separate trash from water before it comes
to the turbine.
• Dimension planning of power house was 3x3 m and it will be
semi pemanent building with set forth of gaveL stone in
bottom side and thick board in upper side. Slove and machine
foundation will be reinforced concrete with
• iron cast type K-225 and the house will be roofed by
corrugated iron.

43. Energy Production and Distribution
• Efficiency of turbine, generator and penstock are known
about 76%, 92% and 98 % respectivelly while effective
• head after instalation the equipments is approximatly 8.6 m.
Therefore, overall efficiency and generated power are
calculated as
• EFFICIANCY=0.98*.92*.76*100=68.52%
• POWER=1000*9.8*.3m3/s*8.6m*68.52%=17.32KW

44. Economic Analysis
• Investment of the micro-hydro power plant is
approximately Rp. 778224202.02, including
direct cost and indirect
• cost. Contingencies cost is predicted about 5%
of direct cost and engineering cost is about 7%
of direct cost for
• survey, supervision cost, detail design and
planning

45. Items INDONASIA RUPIAH
Direct cost
1. CIVIL WORKS 382388690.18
2.ELECTRICAL 198000000.00
3.DISTRIBUTION 57500000.00
4.TAXES-10% 63788869.02
TOTAL 701677559.20
INDIRECT COST
Contingencies cost (5%) 31894434.51
Engineering cost (7%) 44652208.31
TOTAL 778224202.02(RS3657653.749)

46. • Annual generator output is about 149644.8 kWh; therefore annual benefit is about
Rp. 92543126.40 at powerprice Rp. 720.00/kWh and monthly load benefit is
chosen about Rp. 32000.00 per month kWh or in this case about
• Rp. 5468160.00 per month. Cost which includes deviation of civil building (30
years), deviation of electrical and mechanical (25 years), deviation of distribution
lines (30 years), operation and maintenance cost, and 3% of bank interest as in
table
• Profit of annual operation is the benefit minus cost and it will cost Rp.
44933537.85. Benefit factor build by the
• micro-hydro power plant in Hink district is about 1.94 and payback periode will be
17.32 years or about 17 years and 4 month. Electrical and mechanical equipment
can reach 25 years and the building can life until 30 years.
• According to the criterion of benefit cost ratio and payback period, the
development of micro-hydro power plant inHink district is feasible.
• 1Rp=Rs0.0047

47. Conclusion
• The result of water supply measurement in Hink River shows
that maximum flow rate is 0.4 m3/s. With head about 10m,
the hydraulic potency is equal to 29.5 kW
• We have many spots in kerala where this project can be
adopted
• It can solve the power solution in remote areas
• Many government policies support the development of the
micro hydro projects

48. TARGET AREAS
• MINIMISING HEAD REQUIREMENTS
• (ASTONISHING FACT THAT IT CAN BE DONE AS
SMALL AS 0.5 M)
• REVERSE PUMP MECHANISM FOR POWER
PRODUCTION

49. THANK YOU
BY
ABHISHEK RAJ
RIT KOTTAYAM