A quick view through Micro Hydel Plants, Geothermal, Tidal and Bimoass Gasifiers... Please do comment your suggestions and corrections...

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
MICRO HYDEL
GEO THERMAL
TIDAL POWER
BIOMASS GASIFIERS

2. LAYOUT OF MHP

3. TYPES OF TURBINES USED IN MHP
IMPULSE TURBINE
 PELTON WHEEL
 TURGO TURBINE
 CROSS FLOW TURBINE
REACTION TURBINE
 FRANCIS TURBINE
 KAPLAN TURBINE (PROPELLER TURBINE)
 REVERSE PUMP or PUMP AS TURBINES

4. PELTON WHEEL
SPEED CONTROL
1. Replacement of nozzles
2. Spear valves
3. Varying number of jets
4. Deflector plate
5. Shut-off valves

5. TURGO TURBINE
• Smaller diameter compared to pelton wheel of same power
• Suitable for high speed operation
• Difficult to fabricate due to complex shapes of buckets
• Runner will experience high axial load  suitable bearing
at the shaft

6. CROSS FLOW TURBINE
DRUM SHAPED RUNNER
WATER ENTERS THROUGH UPPER PORTION
POWER DOUBLES AS THE LENGTH OF DRUM IS DOUBLED
LOW HEAD  LONG RUNNER
LONG RUNNER  BENDING OF BLADES
HIGH HEAD  SHORT RUNNER
SUITABLE FOR WIDE RANGE OF POWER
EASY TO FABRICATE

7. FRANCIS TURBINE

8. KAPLAN TURBINE (PROPELLER TURBINE)
FIXED BLADE AXIAL FLOW TURBINE
VERTICAL INSTALLATION HORINZONTAL INSTALLATION

9. REVERSE PUMP OR PUMP AS TURBINE (PATS)
USING CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AS A TURBINE
SUITABLE FOR HIGH SPEED OPERATION
DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO GENERATOR
SUITABLE FOR MEDIUM HEAD

10. TURBINE PART FLOW

11. HEAD - DISCHARGE CURVE

12. INDUCTION GENERATORS FOR MHP

13. TURBINE CLASSIFICATION

14. TIDAL POWER
PARTS
1. DAM (BARRAGE)
2. SLUICE WAYS
3. BULB TYPE GENERATOR SET

15. SINGLE BASIN
• SINGLE BASIN SINGLE EFFECT
• EBB GENERATION
• DURING LOW TIDE
• FLOOD GENERATION
• DURING HIGH TIDE
• SINGLE BASIN DOUBLE EFFECT

16. TWO BASIN-LINKED BASIN
• HIGH POOL
• FILLED DURING HIGH TIDE
• LOW POOL
• EMPTIED DURING LOW TIDE

17. TWO BASIN PAIRED BASIN
TWO BASIN ARE CREATED
ONE BASIN GENERATES POWER DURING EBB CYCLE
OTHER BASIN GENERATES POWER DURING FLOOD CYCLE
WATER CURRENTS GENERATED DURING HIGH TIDE AND LOW TIDE
TIDAL CURRENTS

18. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE
 HYDRO THERMAL
 GEO PRESSURED
 HOT DRY ROCK
 MAGMA

19. HYDRO THERMAL RESOURCE
AVAILABLE AT A DEPTH OF
100 – 4500 m.
3 TYPES
 VAPOUR DOMINATED ( DRY STEAM)
 LIQUID DOMINATED (WET STEAM)
 HOT WATER RESOURCE

20. VAPOUR DOMINATED (DRY STEAM)
CENTRIGUGAL SEPERATOR
REMOVES SOLID PARTICLES
VAPOUR FROM THE
RESERVOIR IS USED
DIRECTLY
STEAM EJECTOR REMOVES
NON CONDENSABLE
GASES
LESS EFFICIENCY – 14%
LOW TEMP – 165 Celcius
LOW PRESSURE – 7 atm

21. LIQUID DOMINATED- WET STEAM SYSTEM
ALSO CALLED WET STEAM SYSTEM
TWO TYPES
 Liquid Dominated High Temperature System ( > 175 Celcius )
 Single Flash
 Dual Flash
 Liquid Dominated Low Temperature System ( < 175 Celcius )

22. LIQUID DOMINATED- HIGH TEMPERATURE (SINGLE FLASH)
FOR TEMPERATURE ABOVE 175O
HOT WATER ENTERS FLASH
SEPERATOR WHICH IS AT LOW
PRESSURE
WATER BOILS TO STEAM
REMAINING WATER (BRINE) IS
REJECTED

23. LIQUID DOMINATED- HIGH TEMPERATURE (DUAL FLASH)
FOR TEMPERATURE ABOVE 175O
2 FLASH SEPERATORS
REJECTED WATER FROM THE 1ST
SEPERATOR IS FED TO 2ND
A SECOND STAGE
EVAPORATION VAPORIZATION
TAKES PLACE
EFFICIENCY = 8 %

24. LIQUID DOMINATED- LOW TEMPERATURE (BINARY FLUID)
HOT WATER FROM THE WELL IS
USED TO VAPORIZE A
OPERATING FLUID
ISOBUTENE – BP 10 DEGREE
VAPORIZED FLUID IS USED TO
OPERATE THE TURBINE

25. HOT WATER RESOURCE
RESERVOIRS HAVING LOW TEMPERATURE ( 20 – 150 CELCIUS)
MAINLY USED IN HYBRID SYSTEMS
HOT WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR IS USED AS AIR PREHEATER, FEED WATER
HEATER IN CONVENTIONAL PLANTS.
ALSO USED FOR HEATING PURPOSES IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS.

26. GEOPRESSURED RESOURCE
HOT WATER UNDER HIGH PRESSURE IS RELEASED DURING DRILLING FOR OIL
AND NATURAL GAS.
3 TYPES OF ENERGY
MECHANICAL ENERGY DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE
THERMAL ENERGY DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE
CHEMICAL ENERGY DUE TO BURNING OF DISSOLVED METHANE GAS

27. HOT DRY ROCK RESOURCE

28. BIOMASS GASIFIERS
Direction of gas flow
Up draft
Down draft
Cross draft
Output capacity
Small <10 KW
Medium 10-50 KW
Large 50-300 KW
Very large >300 KW

29. UPDRAFT GASIFIER
AIR ENTERS BELOW THE GASIFIER
GAS LEAVES THROUGH THE TOP PORTION
THE GAS HAS NO ASH, TAR AND VAPOUR
CONTENT.
EASY TO BUILT AND OPERATE

30. DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER
AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE TUYERS AT THE TOP OF
FIRE BOX
HOT GAS PRODUCED MOVES DOWN AND PASS
THROUGH THE CONSTRICTION.
AS GAS FLOWS THROUGH THE HIGH TEMP ZONE
THE TAR GETS CONVERTED TO GAS
LESS TAR AND MORE ASH CONTENT
IT IS ALSO CALLED COCURRENT BED GASIFIER

31. CROSS DRAFT GASIFIER
AIR ENTERS THROUGH A WATER COOLED NOZZLE AT
ONE END OF THE FIRE BOX
GAS PRODUCED PASSES THROUGH THE GRATES
THE FLOW OF GAS IS HORIZONTAL; HENCE CROSS
DRAFT GASIFIER.

32. SMALL SCALE PYROLYSIS UNIT