Microcytic anemia is caused by a reduction in red blood cell size (MCV). Common causes include iron deficiency and thalassemia. In iron deficiency anemia, low iron intake or absorption leads to microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder causing reduced or absent globin chain synthesis and abnormal hemoglobin. Other potential causes of microcytic anemia include chronic disease, lead poisoning, and sideroblastic anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests of red cell indices like MCV, MCH, and RDW, along with serum iron levels and bone marrow examination.
Differential diagnosis of IDA and Thalasemia or acute chronic diseases, ELISA, Total iron, TIBC, Serum Transferrin, Peripheral Smear, Complete blood count.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Differential diagnosis of IDA and Thalasemia or acute chronic diseases, ELISA, Total iron, TIBC, Serum Transferrin, Peripheral Smear, Complete blood count.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Title: Understanding Anemia: Causes, Types, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Investigations
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting people of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding the causes, types, clinical features, and diagnostic investigations of anemia is crucial for effective management and treatment.
**Causes of Anemia:**
Anemia can result from various factors that disrupt the production, lifespan, or function of red blood cells. Some common causes include:
1. **Iron Deficiency:** Insufficient intake or absorption of iron, essential for hemoglobin synthesis, is a primary cause of anemia globally. It can stem from poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased demand during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiencies:** Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate (vitamin B9) can impair RBC production, leading to megaloblastic anemia.
3. **Chronic Diseases:** Conditions like chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), and infections can disrupt erythropoiesis (RBC production) or accelerate RBC destruction, causing anemia.
4. **Hemolytic Disorders:** Inherited or acquired conditions that increase the breakdown (hemolysis) of red blood cells, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia, can result in anemia.
5. **Bone Marrow Disorders:** Diseases affecting the bone marrow, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and aplastic anemia, can lead to decreased RBC production and anemia.
**Types of Anemia:**
Anemia is classified based on the underlying mechanism or etiology, leading to several types:
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:** Characterized by low iron levels, resulting in decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytic (small-sized) RBCs.
2. **Megaloblastic Anemia:** Caused by impaired DNA synthesis in RBC precursors due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to macrocytic (large-sized) RBCs.
3. **Hemolytic Anemia:** Occurs due to increased RBC destruction, either intravascularly (within blood vessels) or extravascularly (outside blood vessels), leading to various subtypes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, and sickle cell disease.
4. **Anemia of Chronic Disease:** Associated with chronic inflammation, infections, or malignancies, leading to impaired iron metabolism and decreased RBC production.
5. **Aplastic Anemia:** Results from bone marrow failure, leading to decreased production of all blood cell types, including RBCs.
**Clinical Features of Anemia:**
The clinical presentation of anemia can vary depending on its severity, underlying cause, and individual factors. Common clinical features include:
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2. What is Anemia ?
• Anemia is the collection of signs and
symptoms of reduced oxygen delivery to
tissues as a result of a reduction in the
number of red cells and/or reduction in
blood concentration of hemoglobin.
• Hb <13.0 g/dl for men
• <12g/dl for women.
3. Hb ( g/dl ) Ht(%) MCV (fl)
Adult men 13-17 39-49 80-100
Adult
women
12-15 33-43 80-100
Children
6-12 yr
11.5-12.5 37-46 77-95
6m-6yr 11-14 36-42 74-87
2m-6m 9.5-14 32-42 76-84
4. Erythocytes parameter
• Mean corpuscular volume ( MCV )
• Normal : 80-101 femtolitre
• Calculated as
MCV= Packed cell volume x 10/Red cell count
in millions
• Less than < 80 fl such microcytic
• > 100 fl macrocytic
5. Mean corposular hemoglobin
MCH
• Average amount of haemoglobin in each red cells.
• Normal: 27-32 picogram.
<26 decreased MCH microcytic hypochromic
anemia. & >34 Macrocytic
MCH= Hemoglobin concentration x 10 /Red cell
count
6. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration
• Represents the average concentration of
hemoglobin in a given volume of packed cells.
• Normal : 31-37 g/dl.
• MCHC= Hemoglobin x 100/ HCT%
• <31 hypochromic red cells in iron deficiency and
thalassemia
• > 37 hyperchromicn red cells
7. Red Cell Distribution width
• It is a measure of degree of variation in red cell
size(anisocytosis) in a blood sample.
• Normal :
• As coefficient of variation(CV)- 11.6-14 %
• As Standard deviation(SD) – 39-46%
• RDW increases iron deficency and low MCV
• Thalassemia RDW is normal
11. Microcytic Hypochromic
• When the average cell size (MCV) is reduced, the
anemia is classified as MICROCYTIC ANEMIA.
• Usually associated with hypochromia It is very
common in all age groups.
12. Pathological classification
• Disorders of iron metabolism
▫ Iron deficiency anemia.
▫ Anemia of chronic disorder.
•
• Disorder of globin synthesis
▫ Alpha and Beta Thalassemia.
14. Iron deficiency anemia
• Iron deficiency usually arises from chronic blood
loss.
• The major cause in younger women is
menstruation.
• In non menstruating women and in men, the most
common source is gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
• Daily requirment 10-15 mg
15.
16. Erythrocytes:
•If symptoms of anemia are
the presenting complain, the blood
hemoglobin is usually 8 g/dl or lower.
•MCV – decreased. (Microcytic)
•MCH- decreased. (Hypochromic)
•Anisocytosis- Important early sign .
•Leading to raised
Red Cell Distribution Width.
•Few pencil cells, few target cells can
be seen.
17. Causes of Iron deficiency anemia
• Inadequate dietary intake of iron
• Defective absorption of iron
• Increased requirements of iron
• (Pregnancy, Infancy, Lactation)
• Inadequate presentation to receptor antibodies)
• Abnormal iron balance
Confirmed by
Serum iron test , perl’s stain bone marrow
18. Differential diagnosis
▫ Thalassemia Is an inherited autosomal recessive
blood disease which results in reduced synthesis or
no synthesis of one of the globin chains causing
the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules
leading to anemia.
Thalassemia is a quantitative problem.
Thalassemia minor patients are usually
asymptomatic. Diagnosis is made through
evaluation of positive family history.
19.
20. Sideroblastic anemia
• These are group of disorders of varying etiology in
which marrow shows marked dyserythropoiesis & intra
mitochondrial accumulation of iron in erythroid
precursors
In sideroblastic anemia, majority of patient
exhibits manifestations of iron overload.
Abnormal glucose tolerance, cardiac
arrhythmia and congestive heart failure can
occur.
21. In case of Lead poisoning
• There can be occupational history of
inhaling fumes in industry.
• Ingestion of lead based paint chips by
children.
• Ingestion of contaminated herbs and
food supplements.
• Gasoline sniffing in addicted person.
23. The iron deficient cells shows variations in size
(anisocytosis)
and shape (poikilocytosis), as well as microcytosis
(low average cell size)
and hypochromia (increased central pallor).
The normal film
shows little
variation in red cell
size