Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983, which argued that there are different types of intelligence beyond just academic intelligence. The theory defined intelligence as an ability and identified eight main types of intelligence: musical, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. The document provides an example of a 15-year old girl from Spain whose strongest intelligence is musical, as she enjoys singing in a chorus and listening to different types of music. It further describes musical intelligence as the ability to interact with instruments, learn sounds and patterns, and often leads to skills in musical composition and performance.