Claudius ptolemy
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Ptolemy was an influential Greek astronomer and geographer who lived from around 85 AD to 165 AD in Alexandria, Egypt. He developed the geocentric model of the universe that was accepted for over 1400 years. Ptolemy made astronomical observations from 127-141 AD and recorded them along with observations made by his teacher Theon of Smyrna. His most important work was the Almagest, which laid out his mathematical theories of planetary motions and dominated astronomy as a science from the 2nd century until the Renaissance.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek astronomer whose contributions included compiling astronomical and geographical knowledge of the Roman Empire in his treatises Almagest, Geographia, and Tetrabiblos. In Almagest, he proposed the geocentric Ptolemaic system to explain planetary motions, using epicycles and eccentric circles to account for retrograde motion. This system placed the Earth at the center of the universe and remained the dominant model of astronomy for over 1,000 years until Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model. Ptolemy's Geographia also compiled geographical coordinates of the known world.
Geocentric Model
The document describes several ancient geocentric models of the universe:
- The Pythagorean model placed Earth stationary at the center with celestial bodies orbiting in perfect circular motion. Plato and Eudoxus later expanded on this model using concentric spheres to explain planetary retrograde motion.
- Aristotle's model also used concentric spheres driven by an outer Prime Mover, and divided the universe into terrestrial and celestial realms separated by the moon's orbit. He provided evidence Earth was spherical.
- Ptolemy further refined the geocentric model by introducing the idea of epicycles, where planets orbit along smaller circles that move along a larger circular deferent, better explaining planetary variations. His model survived over
Copernicus theory
Nicolaus Copernicus was a 16th century astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe where the Sun, not Earth, is at the center. This contradicted the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had been accepted for over 1,000 years. Copernicus published his theory in 1543 just before his death, placing the planets in correct order and arguing they revolve around the Sun. While his model was more accurate, it was controversial and faced resistance from the Roman Catholic Church for centuries until gaining broader acceptance.
Nicolaus copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who proposed a model of the solar system in which the Sun is at the center and the Earth and planets orbit around it. This contradicted the prevailing Ptolemaic system where Earth was the center. Copernicus published his theory, called the Copernican or heliocentric system, in 1543 in his book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Although not widely accepted in his lifetime, Copernicus' model eventually replaced the Ptolemaic system as the accepted astronomical model.
History of Astronomy
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
The heliocentric theory
The document discusses the heliocentric theory developed by Nicolaus Copernicus which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe. It outlines the key principles of the heliocentric theory, including that celestial bodies revolve around the Sun, the Earth orbits the Sun in a sphere, and Earth's motion around the Sun causes the apparent retrograde motion of planets. The heliocentric theory challenged the geocentric Ptolemaic system and faced opposition from the church.
Lesson 4: Lines on the globe
This document discusses key lines on the globe used to identify locations on Earth. It describes parallels and meridians, which are imaginary lines that intersect to form a grid. Parallels run east-west and define latitude, while meridians run north-south and define longitude. Key parallels and meridians are discussed, including the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic Circles, Prime Meridian and International Date Line. The document provides information on these special lines to help understand global positioning.
The Universe
The universe contains everything that exists, including stars, planets, and all life and matter within them. It is impossible to comprehend the universe's immense size. Our solar system contains eight planets that orbit our star, the Sun. The planets differ in their composition, with gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, and terrestrial planets like Earth, Venus, and Mars made up of rock and metals. Beyond our solar system exist phenomena like asteroids, comets, and other celestial objects that have formed over billions of years since the theorized Big Bang event that created the known universe.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek astronomer whose contributions included compiling astronomical and geographical knowledge of the Roman Empire in his treatises Almagest, Geographia, and Tetrabiblos. In Almagest, he proposed the geocentric Ptolemaic system to explain planetary motions, using epicycles and eccentric circles to account for retrograde motion. This system placed the Earth at the center of the universe and remained the dominant model of astronomy for over 1,000 years until Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model. Ptolemy's Geographia also compiled geographical coordinates of the known world.
Geocentric Model
The document describes several ancient geocentric models of the universe:
- The Pythagorean model placed Earth stationary at the center with celestial bodies orbiting in perfect circular motion. Plato and Eudoxus later expanded on this model using concentric spheres to explain planetary retrograde motion.
- Aristotle's model also used concentric spheres driven by an outer Prime Mover, and divided the universe into terrestrial and celestial realms separated by the moon's orbit. He provided evidence Earth was spherical.
- Ptolemy further refined the geocentric model by introducing the idea of epicycles, where planets orbit along smaller circles that move along a larger circular deferent, better explaining planetary variations. His model survived over
Copernicus theory
Nicolaus Copernicus was a 16th century astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe where the Sun, not Earth, is at the center. This contradicted the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had been accepted for over 1,000 years. Copernicus published his theory in 1543 just before his death, placing the planets in correct order and arguing they revolve around the Sun. While his model was more accurate, it was controversial and faced resistance from the Roman Catholic Church for centuries until gaining broader acceptance.
Nicolaus copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who proposed a model of the solar system in which the Sun is at the center and the Earth and planets orbit around it. This contradicted the prevailing Ptolemaic system where Earth was the center. Copernicus published his theory, called the Copernican or heliocentric system, in 1543 in his book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. Although not widely accepted in his lifetime, Copernicus' model eventually replaced the Ptolemaic system as the accepted astronomical model.
History of Astronomy
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
The heliocentric theory
The document discusses the heliocentric theory developed by Nicolaus Copernicus which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe. It outlines the key principles of the heliocentric theory, including that celestial bodies revolve around the Sun, the Earth orbits the Sun in a sphere, and Earth's motion around the Sun causes the apparent retrograde motion of planets. The heliocentric theory challenged the geocentric Ptolemaic system and faced opposition from the church.
Lesson 4: Lines on the globe
This document discusses key lines on the globe used to identify locations on Earth. It describes parallels and meridians, which are imaginary lines that intersect to form a grid. Parallels run east-west and define latitude, while meridians run north-south and define longitude. Key parallels and meridians are discussed, including the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic Circles, Prime Meridian and International Date Line. The document provides information on these special lines to help understand global positioning.
The Universe
The universe contains everything that exists, including stars, planets, and all life and matter within them. It is impossible to comprehend the universe's immense size. Our solar system contains eight planets that orbit our star, the Sun. The planets differ in their composition, with gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, and terrestrial planets like Earth, Venus, and Mars made up of rock and metals. Beyond our solar system exist phenomena like asteroids, comets, and other celestial objects that have formed over billions of years since the theorized Big Bang event that created the known universe.
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Modern Astronomy
The document discusses several key topics in cosmology and physics:
1. The fate and shape of the universe depends on factors like the amount of mass and the cosmological constant. Observable evidence suggests the expansion is accelerating.
2. Inflation theory posits that the early universe underwent extremely rapid expansion, which would explain the uniformity seen today.
3. The four fundamental forces were unified in the earliest moments. Grand unified theories aim to further combine them.
4. Some theories speculate our universe is one of many in a multiverse, with parallel universes arising from eternal inflation, quantum fluctuations, or different mathematical structures.
5. The anthropic principle notes our universe must
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The document discusses geocentric and heliocentric models of the solar system. The geocentric Ptolemaic model placed Earth at the center, while Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model where Earth and planets revolve around the sun. Copernicus developed his model through observations that found inaccuracies in the Julian calendar. Galileo later provided experimental evidence supporting Copernicus' model, though the Church condemned his findings and tried him for heresy.
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The Big Bang
1) Early cosmologists like Einstein, Friedman, and Lemaître developed the foundations of the Big Bang theory, proposing an expanding universe from an initial hot, dense state.
2) Hubble discovered that distant galaxies are receding from us, providing observational evidence the universe is expanding according to Hubble's law.
3) The cosmic microwave background radiation discovered in 1964 provided crucial evidence for the Big Bang theory, confirming the hot, dense state of the early universe predicted by Gamow.
4) Precise measurements of the CMB have since established a highly accurate age of the universe and supported the Big Bang as the dominant cosmological model.
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Comets
The document discusses comets and provides key information about their composition, structure, and orbits. It notes that comets are mostly made up of ice and dust, forming tails when close to the sun. Comets can have either long or short orbital periods, with long-period comets originating from the distant Oort Cloud and short-period comets from the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune. The nucleus and coma are identified as the main parts of a comet. Famous comets mentioned include Halley's Comet and Comets Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake.
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The document discusses key figures in the development of astronomy and our understanding of planetary motion, including:
1) Ptolemy first proposed the geocentric model, placing Earth at the center. Copernicus later developed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center.
2) Tycho Brahe made very accurate observations of planetary positions, which Kepler used to formulate his three laws of planetary motion.
3) Newton later published his law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, unifying Kepler's laws and gravity to explain orbital motions.
4) Edmond Halley used Newton's theories to predict the periodic return of Halley's Comet.
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Revolution of the earth
The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle relative to its orbital plane around the sun, which causes the seasons due to changes in the intensity and angle of sunlight over the course of the year in different parts of the world. This tilt also results in variations in day length and night length in different locations on Earth, as well as the creation of thermal zones with distinct climates depending on how direct sunlight is received at different latitudes.
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For primary students in grade 4 in Madrid bilingual state schools.
For more quality educational content, visit my YouTube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQGYTvyHHivB7GT9q04vT0A
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The document provides information about astronomy and the solar system. It begins by defining astronomy and describing early astronomers like Copernicus and Galileo. It then discusses concepts like the universe, galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy. The bulk of the document is focused on defining and describing components of the solar system, including the sun, planets like Earth, Venus, and Mercury, and units like light years and astronomical units. It provides details on concepts like planetary orbits, rotations, and transits. The summary concludes with an overview of the key topics covered.
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1. Proposing the three laws of planetary motion, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. This provided strong evidence for the Copernican model of the solar system.
2. Publishing the book Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, which explained planetary motions through physical causes and extended Kepler's laws to all planets. This was a highly influential work.
3. Laying the foundation of modern optics through his 1604 work Astronomiae Pars Optica, where he proposed the inverse square law of light intensity and studied
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2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
History of Astronomy
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
Motion of the earth
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The Solar System
The document provides an overview of the components of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, asteroids, comets, and satellites. It discusses the key features of terrestrial and Jovian planets, and provides brief introductions to each of the planets as well as other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteors, comets, and satellites. The document aims to teach students about the structure and composition of objects in the solar system.
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The document discusses several key topics in cosmology and physics:
1. The fate and shape of the universe depends on factors like the amount of mass and the cosmological constant. Observable evidence suggests the expansion is accelerating.
2. Inflation theory posits that the early universe underwent extremely rapid expansion, which would explain the uniformity seen today.
3. The four fundamental forces were unified in the earliest moments. Grand unified theories aim to further combine them.
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Comets
The document discusses comets and provides key information about their composition, structure, and orbits. It notes that comets are mostly made up of ice and dust, forming tails when close to the sun. Comets can have either long or short orbital periods, with long-period comets originating from the distant Oort Cloud and short-period comets from the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune. The nucleus and coma are identified as the main parts of a comet. Famous comets mentioned include Halley's Comet and Comets Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake.
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The document discusses key figures in the development of astronomy and our understanding of planetary motion, including:
1) Ptolemy first proposed the geocentric model, placing Earth at the center. Copernicus later developed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center.
2) Tycho Brahe made very accurate observations of planetary positions, which Kepler used to formulate his three laws of planetary motion.
3) Newton later published his law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, unifying Kepler's laws and gravity to explain orbital motions.
4) Edmond Halley used Newton's theories to predict the periodic return of Halley's Comet.
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The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle relative to its orbital plane around the sun, which causes the seasons due to changes in the intensity and angle of sunlight over the course of the year in different parts of the world. This tilt also results in variations in day length and night length in different locations on Earth, as well as the creation of thermal zones with distinct climates depending on how direct sunlight is received at different latitudes.
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQGYTvyHHivB7GT9q04vT0A
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Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer born in 1571. Some of his major contributions include:
1. Proposing the three laws of planetary motion, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. This provided strong evidence for the Copernican model of the solar system.
2. Publishing the book Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, which explained planetary motions through physical causes and extended Kepler's laws to all planets. This was a highly influential work.
3. Laying the foundation of modern optics through his 1604 work Astronomiae Pars Optica, where he proposed the inverse square law of light intensity and studied
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1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
History of Astronomy
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
Motion of the earth
The Giant Impact Theory proposes that the Moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago from the debris of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This collision created a disk of molten rock and debris that eventually consolidated to form the Moon. Some earlier ideas on the Moon's formation included it forming alongside Earth or being captured after forming elsewhere in the solar system.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
The Solar System
The document provides an overview of the components of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, asteroids, comets, and satellites. It discusses the key features of terrestrial and Jovian planets, and provides brief introductions to each of the planets as well as other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteors, comets, and satellites. The document aims to teach students about the structure and composition of objects in the solar system.
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Unit 2: Claudius Ptolemy
An Earth-centered view of the Universe from an ancient astronomer.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Early Models of the Universe
The document summarizes several historical models of the universe:
1) Eudoxus of Cnidus proposed a geocentric model in the 4th century BC with concentric spheres and the first systematic explanation of planetary motion.
2) Aristotle also proposed a geocentric model, believing Earth was stationary at the center and composed of four elements.
3) Aristarchus proposed the first heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC, placing the Sun at the center with the Earth and planets orbiting it.
4) Ptolemy proposed a refined geocentric model in the 2nd century AD explaining planetary motions with epicycles and deferents.
5) Copernicus published his he
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The document summarizes several historical models of the universe:
1) Eudoxus of Cnidus proposed a geocentric model in the 4th century BC with concentric spheres and the first systematic explanation of planetary motion.
2) Aristotle also proposed a geocentric model, believing Earth was stationary at the center and composed of four elements.
3) Aristarchus proposed the first heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC, placing the Sun at the center with the Earth and planets orbiting it.
4) Ptolemy proposed a refined geocentric model in the 2nd century AD explaining planetary motions with epicycles and deferents.
5) Copernicus published his he
MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE5675657576576574.pptx
Ancient Greek astronomers developed early geocentric models of the universe with Earth at the center. Eudoxus created the first such model in 380 BC as a series of concentric spheres carrying the stars, sun, moon and planets around Earth. Later, Aristarchus proposed a heliocentric model placing the sun at the center in the 3rd century BC, but it was not widely accepted. Ptolemy's 2nd century AD geocentric model placed Earth at the center surrounded by nested spheres carrying objects in our solar system and became the accepted model for over 1,000 years until Copernicus revived Aristarchus' heliocentric theory in 1543.
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The document discusses the transition from the geocentric model of the universe proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy, which placed Earth at the center, to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, which placed the Sun at the center. Copernicus' model was initially rejected but gained support from Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope. Tycho Brahe proposed a hybrid model but Johannes Kepler used Tycho's data to show planets orbit in ellipses, supporting the heliocentric model. Isaac Newton later explained orbital motions through his law of universal gravitation.
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Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician from the 2nd century BC. He is considered the founder of trigonometry and is most famous for his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes. Hipparchus made highly accurate observations and models of the motion of the sun and moon. He developed trigonometry, constructed trigonometric tables, and may have developed the first method to reliably predict solar eclipses. Hipparchus compiled the first comprehensive star catalog of the western world and possibly invented the astrolabe and armillary sphere. His work in astronomy and trigonometry was not superseded for over 300 years.
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3. Many of these early geometers were based around the Mediterranean, including Thales in Miletus, Pythagoras on Samos island, Plato in Athens, and Archimedes in Syracuse.
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1. Ancient Greek philosophers made many contributions to the development of science. Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes proposed early naturalistic theories explaining the world without resorting to mythology.
2. The Pythagorean school, founded by Pythagoras, made advances in mathematics and also studied harmonies in music and the cosmos. Empedocles proposed that all things are made of combinations of four elements.
3. Plato founded the Academy in Athens and emphasized rational thought over empirical observation. His student, Aristotle, established the Lyceum and made wide-ranging contributions to many fields including biology, physics, ethics, and logic. He viewed the universe as a system of
Hellenistic mathematics
By the 3rd century BCE, mathematical breakthroughs were being made in Alexandria, Egypt which had become a major center of learning under the Ptolemies. Many influential mathematicians studied and taught there, including Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, and Diophantus. They made important advances in areas like geometry, astronomy, and early algebra. Meanwhile, other centers also contributed, such as Perga in modern-day Turkey where Apollonius did seminal work in the geometry of conic sections.
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The geocentric theory stated that the earth was the center of the universe and was the most accepted viewpoint for a long, long time. The heliocentric theory, on the other hand, states that the earth revolves around the Sun. The first advocate of a heliocentric model was Aristarchus of Samos in ancient Greece.
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The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical through several lines of evidence:
- Pythagoras first proposed a spherical Earth around 500 BC.
- Anaxagoras observed circular shadows on the Moon during lunar eclipses, indicating the Earth was round.
- Aristotle made detailed arguments including that the North Star appears higher in the sky the farther north you travel, and ships disappear over the horizon progressively from bottom to top.
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth by measuring the sun's angle at different locations, arriving at a value close to modern measurements.
Science
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in England composed of large standing stones arranged in a circular setting surrounded by earthworks. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath who wrote on many subjects and created one of the first comprehensive systems of Western philosophy. Aristarchus was a Greek astronomer who presented the first known heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center, though his ideas were rejected at the time. Ptolemy was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote influential treatises on astronomy, geography, astrology, and was a key figure in geocentric theories of the universe. Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model which displaced Earth
Science
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in England composed of large standing stones arranged in a circular setting, surrounded by earthworks. It is located in the densest complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in the country.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath who studied under Plato and taught Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects and created one of the first comprehensive systems of Western philosophy. His scientific writings influenced medieval and Renaissance scholarship.
Aristarchus was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center. His ideas were rejected due to the geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptole
Science in the Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek science began around 300 BC and was focused on organizing the world and gaining knowledge in areas like astronomy, biology, physics and mathematics. Some of the major figures who studied these areas were Thales, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Aristotle, Archimedes and Democritus. Archimedes in particular made important contributions to the fields of mathematics and engineering through his principles of buoyancy and inventions.
Professor’s Questions Set 2Provide comprehensive answers to th.docx
Professor’s Questions Set 2
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
1. Why did early Astronomers conclude that Earth had to be motionless?
2. How did the Ptolemaic model explain retrograde motion?
3. Why did Greek astronomers conclude that the heavens were made up of perfect crystalline spheres moving at constant speed?
4. In what way were the models of Ptolemy and Copernicus similar?
5. Why did Copernican hypothesis win gradual acceptance?
6. Explain how Kepler’s law contradict uniform circular motion?
7. How did Newton’s law lead you to conclude that gravitation has to be universal?
8. What are the two factors that depend on the orbital motion of the moon?
9. Galileo was condemned by inquisition, but Kepler, also a supporter of Copernicus was not. Why not?
10. What contributions did Johannes Kepler make to Astronomy?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 3
The Origin of Modern Astronomy
*
The passions of astronomy
are no less profound
because they are not noisy.
- JOHN STEINBECK
The Short Reign of Pippin IV
*
If you are concerned about the environment, you owe a debt to the 16th century Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed that Earth is not the center of the universe, but just one of the planets that circle the sun. His theory made Earth part of the cosmos and led to the modern understanding of humanity’s place among all the creatures of Earth.
*
As you read about Copernicus and his theory, you will see astronomers struggling with two related problems:The place of EarthThe motion of the planets
*
That struggle led Galileo before the Inquisition.It also led Isaac Newton to discover gravity.
*
As you read about the birth of modern astronomy, notice that it is also the story of the invention of science as a way to know about the world we live in.
*
Before Copernicus, the world seemed filled with mysterious influences.After Newton, scientists understood that the world is described by natural laws that are open to human study. The mysteries of nature are mysteries because they are unknown—not because they are unknowable.
*
Astronomy Before CopernicusTo understand why Copernicus’s model was so important, you first need to backtrack to ancient Greece and meet the two great authorities of ancient astronomy:Aristotle, the brilliant philosopherClaudius Ptolemy, a later follower of Aristotle’s principles
*
First, you should remember that the terms solar system, galaxy, and universe have very different meanings.You know now that our solar system is your very local neighborhood—much smaller than the Milky Way Galaxy.Milky Way, in turn, is tiny compared with the observable universe.
Astronomy Before Copernicus
*
However, from ancient times up through Copernicus’s day, it was thought that the whole uni ...
Contributions of mathematicians
Euclid (330 BC - 260 BC) is considered the father of geometry. His most famous work was Elements, a 13 volume work on geometry and number theory that was used to teach mathematics for over 2000 years. It introduced concepts like axiomatic systems and geometric proofs. Pythagoras of Samos (570 BC - 495 BC) was also a influential Greek mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem and realized relationships between mathematics and concepts like musical harmony, planetary orbits, and spherical earth. Both made lasting contributions to the development of mathematics through their systematic approaches to geometry and other fields.
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During the Age of Pericles in 5th century BCE Athens, the statesman Pericles oversaw the development of the world's first democracy and a cultural Golden Age. Under Pericles, Athens rebuilt its architecture after the Persian Wars, including the Parthenon temple featuring sculptures by Phidias. Philosophy, drama, science and mathematics flourished with figures like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Aeschylus, and Sophocles. This period marked the height of Athens' power and cultural influence.
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Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, poet and astronomer. He was born in 276 BC in Cyrene, Libya and later studied in Athens under various philosophers. In 245 BC, he became the chief librarian at the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt. There, he made several contributions such as calculating the circumference of Earth and devising the sieve of Eratosthenes for finding prime numbers. He also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians. Eratosthenes was considered one of the most learned people of his time with works on many topics from mathematics to chronology.
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This document provides an overview of the connections between Euclid's 47th proposition, Pythagoras' teachings, and Speculative Freemasonry. It discusses how Euclid established mathematical rigor through his Elements, building on postulates like parallel lines. Pythagoras founded a religious brotherhood based on principles of mathematics in nature and the transmigration of souls. His teachings influenced early Christianity and aligned with concepts of the Trinity. Speculative Freemasonry references Pythagoras and Euclid's 47th proposition as symbols representing squaring one's actions with spiritual and divine principles.
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy Survey
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024)
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Azure API Management to expose backend services securely
How to use Azure API Management to expose backend service securely
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.Recently uploaded (20)
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Public CyberSecurity Awareness Presentation 2024.pptx
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Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
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Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
Azure API Management to expose backend services securely
Azure API Management to expose backend services securely
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Claudius ptolemy
- 1. Born in about 85 AD in Egypt and died in about 165 AD in Alexandria, Egypt. Possibilities
- 2. • One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of his time, Ptolemy propounded the geometric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years . Ptolemy was a mathematician of the very top rank. Possibilities
- 3. • He made astronomical observations from Alexandria, Egypt during the years AD 127-141. Ptolemy observations made by “ Theon the mathematician ” who was almost certainly Theon of Smyrna, who must have been his teacher Possibilities
- 4. • The most important of his works is the Almagest whose original title was “ The mathematical Compilation “. • From in conception in the second century until the late renaissance ,this work determined astronomy as a science . Possibilities
- 5. • The Almagest is the earliest of Ptolemy’s works and gives in detail the mathematical theory of the motions of the sun , moon and planets. Ptolemy’s “Almagest” shares with Euclid’s “Elments” the glory of being the scientific text longest in use.