Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which argues that intelligence is not a single general ability but rather composed of at least eight specific intelligences. The eight intelligences are visual-spatial, linguistic-verbal, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Gardner's theory challenged the traditional view that intelligence is a single general ability that can be measured primarily through standardized tests. Instead, he argued that each person possesses a unique blend of intelligences and we should recognize many different ways of learning.

2. ”We have this myth that the only way to learn something is to read it in a textbook or
hear a lecture on it. And the only way to show that we've understood something is to
take a short-answer test or maybe occasionally with an essay question thrown in. But
that's nonsense. Everything can be taught in more than one way."
– Howard Gardner, 1997

3. Howard Gardner’s Brief Biography
• Howard Gardner was born on July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He described
himself as "a studious child who gained much pleasure from playing the piano." He
completed his post-secondary education at Harvard, earning his undergraduate
degree in 1965 and his Ph.D. In 1971.
•While he had originally planned to study law, he was inspired by the works of Jean
Piaget to study developmental psychology. He also cited the mentoring he received
from the famous psychoanalyst Erik Erikson as part of the reason why he set his sights
on psychology.

4. Howard Gardner’s Brief Biography
Career:
•After spending time working with two very different groups, normal
and gifted children and brain-damaged adults, Gardner began
developing a theory designed to synthesize his research and
observations. In 1983, he publishedFrames of Mind which outlined
his theory of Multiple Intelligences.

5. •According to this theory, people have many different ways of
learning. Unlike traditional theories of intelligence that focus on
one, single general intelligence, Gardner believed that people
instead have multiple different ways of thinking and learning.
•Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences, and has
suggested the possible addition of a ninth known as "existentialist
intelligence".
•While a person might be particularly strong in a specific area, such
as musical intelligence, they most likely possess a range of abilities.

7. Visual-Spatial Intelligence
•Strengths: Visual and spatial judgment
•People who are strong in visual-spatial intelligence are
good a visualizing things. These individuals are often good
with directions as well as maps, charts, videos and pictures.

8. Characteristics Of Visual-Spatial
Intelligence
• Enjoys reading and writing
• Good at putting puzzles together
• Good at interpreting pictures, graphs
and charts
• Enjoys drawing, painting and the
visual arts
• Recognizes patterns easily
Potential Career Choices:
•Architect
•Artist
•Engineer

9. Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence
•Strengths: words, language and writing
•People who are strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence are able to
use words well, both when writing and speaking. These individuals
are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information
and reading.

10. Characteristics Of Linguistic-
Verbal Intelligence
• Good at remembering written and
spoken information
• Enjoys reading and writing
• Good at debating or giving persuasive
speeches
• Able to explain things well
• Often uses humor when telling stories
Potential Career Choices:
•Writer / journalist
•Lawyer
•Teacher

11. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
•Strengths: analyzing problems and mathematical operations
•People who are strong in logical-mathematical intelligence are good
at reasoning, recognizing patterns and logically analyze problems.
These individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers,
relationships and patterns.

12. Characteristics Of Logical –
Mathematical Intelligence
• Excellent problem-solving skills
• Enjoys thinking about abstract ideas
• Likes conducting scientific
experiments
• Good and solving complex
computations
Potential Career Choices:
•Scientist
•Mathematician
•Computer programmer
•Engineer
•Accountant

13. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
•Strengths: physical movement, motor control
•Those who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are said to be
good at body movement, performing actions and physical control.
People who are strong in this area tend to have excellent hand-eye
coordination and dexterity.

14. Characteristics Of Bodily –
Kinesthetic Intelligence
• Good at dancing and sports
• Enjoy creating things with their hands
• Excellent physical coordination
• Tends to remember by doing, rather
than hearing or seeing
Potential Career Choices:
•Dancer
•Builder
•Sculptor
•Actor

15. Musical Intelligence
•Strengths: rhythm and music
•People who have strong musical intelligence are good at thinking in
patterns, rhythms and sounds. They have a strong appreciation for
music and are often good at musical composition and performance.

16. Characteristics Of Musical
Intelligence
• Enjoy singing and playing musical
instruments
• Recognizes musical patterns and tones
easily
• Good at remembering songs and
melodies
• Rich understanding of musical
structure, rhythm and notes
Potential Career Choices:
•Musician
•Composer
•Singer
•Music teacher
•Conductor

17. Interpersonal Intelligence
•Strengths: understanding and relating to other people
•Those who have strong interpersonal intelligence are good at
understanding and interacting with other people. These individuals
are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires and
intentions of those around them.

18. Characteristics Of Interpersonal
Intelligence
• Good at communicating verbally
• Skilled nonverbal communicators
• See situations from different
perspectives
• Create positive relationships with
others
• Good at resolving conflict in groups
Potential Career Choices:
•Psychologist
•Philosopher
•Counselor
•Sales person
•Social worker
•Politician

19. Intrapersonal Intelligence
•Strengths: introspection and self-reflection
•Individuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at
being aware of their own emotional states, feelings and motivations.
They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including day-dreaming,
exploring relationships with others and assessing their
personal strengths.

20. Characteristics Of Intrapersonal
Intelligence
• Good at analyzing their strengths and
weaknesses
• Enjoys analyzing theories and ideas
• Excellent self-awareness
• Clearly understands the basis for their
own motivations and feelings
Potential Career Choices:
•Philosopher
•Writer
•Theorist
•Scientist

21. Naturalistic Intelligence
• Strengths: finding patterns and relationships to nature
•Naturalistic is the most recent addition to Gardner’s theory and has been
met with more resistance than his original seven intelligences. According
to Gardner, individuals who are high in this type of intelligence are more
in tune with nature and are often interested in nurturing, exploring the
environment and learning about other species. These individuals are said
to be highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments.

22. Characteristics Of Naturalistic
Intelligence
• Interested in subjects such as botany,
biology and zoology
• Good at categorizing and cataloging
information easily
• May enjoy camping, gardening,
hiking and exploring the outdoors
• Doesn’t enjoy learning unfamiliar
topics that have no connection to
nature
Potential Career Choices:
•Biologist
•Conservationist
•Gardener
•Farmer

23. Existential Intelligence
• Existential Intelligence is the ability to understand religious and spiritual ideals.
They have a strong understanding of things that are not visual to the eye but
through faith and belief.
• Those with existential intelligence see their role in the big picture more easily
than others and this is very important to them. They question the meaning of
life and seek the answers; most of the time this is done through some form of
religion.
• They see art work as it was meant to be seen with the meanings clearer than
those testing low in existential intelligence. Those with existential intelligence
find meditation and relaxation easy and rewarding.