Depression is a state of mental illness characterized by deep, long-lasting feelings of sadness or despair that can affect people of any age. It can be caused by genetic, environmental, psychological, and social factors. Common symptoms include persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, lack of concentration, and thoughts of suicide. Treatment involves psychotherapy, medication, exercise, diet changes, and lifestyle modifications to manage symptoms.

3.  Depression is a state of mental illness. It is
characterised by deep, long-lasting feelings of sadness
or despair. Depression can change an individual’s
thinking/feelings and also affects his/her social
behaviour and sense of physical well-being. It can
affect people of any age group, including young
children and teens. It can run in families and usually
starts between the ages of 15 and 30 years.
 Women and elderly people are more commonly
affected than men.
 There are several types of depression such as major
depression it is a change in mood that lasts for weeks
or months. It is one of the most severe

4.  A disturbance of mood ,characterized by a full
or patial depressive syndrome , or loss of
interest of pleasure in usual activities and
evidence of interference in social /occupation
functioning .

5.  Lifetime major depressive disorder is 20% in
women and 12% in men .prevlence is as high as
10 % in patient observed in a medical setting .
 Depression is less common in the black population .
 The age of onset for depression in women and men
are highest in those aged 25 -44 years.

6.  There are several forms of depression. Below are
some of the most common types.
 Major depression
A person with major depression experiences a
constant state of sadness. They may lose interest
in activities that they used to enjoy.
Treatment usually involves medication and
psychotherapy

7.  Persistent depressive disorder
Also known as dysthymia, persistent depressive
disorder causes symptoms that last for at least 2
years.
A person with this disorder may have episodes of
major depression as well as milder symptoms.
 Bipolar disorder
Depression is a common symptom of bipolar
disorder, and research shows that people with this
disorder may have symptoms around half of the
time. This can make bipolar disorder hard to
distinguish from depression.

8.  Psychotic depression
Some people experience psychosis with depression.
Psychosis can involve delusions, such as false beliefs and a
detachment from reality. It can also involve hallucinations — sensing
things that do not exist.
 Postpartum depression
After giving birth, many women experience what some people call
the “baby blues.” When hormone levels readjust after childbirth,
changes in mood can result.Postpartum depression, or postnatal
depression, is more severe.
There is no single cause for this type of depression, and it can
persist for months or years. Anyone who experiences ongoing
depression after delivery should seek medical attention.

9.  Major depressive disorder with seasonal
pattern
Previously called seasonal affective disorder, or
SAD, this type of depression is related to the
reduction in daylight during the fall and winter.
It lifts during the rest of the year and in response
to light therapy.
People who live in countries with long or severe
winters seem to be affected more by this
condition.

10.  The medical community does not fully understand
the causes of depression. There are many
possible causes, and sometimes, various factors
combine to trigger symptoms.
 Factors that are likely to play a role include:
 genetic features
 changes in the brain’s neurotransmitter levels
 environmental factors
 psychological and social factors
 additional conditions, such as bipolar disorder

11.  Persistentsad, anxious, or"empty" feelings
 Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
 Feelings of guilt, worthlessness,or helplessness
 Irritability, restlessness
 Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once
pleasurable, including sex
 Fatigue and decreased energy

12.  Difficulty concentrating, remembering details,
and making decisions
 Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or
excessive sleeping
 Overeating, or appetite loss
 Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
 Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive
problems that do not ease even with treatment.

13. › History Collection
› Mental Status Examination
› ICD – 10 Criteria

14. Depression is treatable, and managing symptoms
usually involves three components:
 Support: This can range from discussing practical
solutions and possible causes to educating family
members.
 Psychotherapy: Also known as talking therapy,
some options include one-to-one counseling
and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
 Drug treatment: A doctor may
prescribe antidepressants.

15.  Medication
 Antidepressants can help treat moderate-to-severe depression.
 Several classes of antidepressants are available:
 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
 tricyclic antidepressants
 atypical antidepressants
 selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
(SNRIs)
 Each class acts on a different neurotransmitter or combination
of neurotransmitters.
 A person should only take these medications as their doctor
prescribes. Some drugs can take a while to have an impact. By
stopping the drug, a person may not experience the benefits that
it could offer.

16.  Supplements
A person may take the herbs above as supplements to
treat symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression.
Other types of supplements may also help treat these
symptoms.
It is important to remember that the FDA do not
monitor supplements to ensure that they are effective
or safe.
Nonherbal supplements that may help treat depression
include:

17.  Food and diet
Eating a lot of sugary or processed foods can lead to
various physical health problems. Results of a
2019 study suggest that a diet that includes many of
these types of food could affect the mental health of
young adults.
The study also found that eating more of the following
foods helped reduce depression symptoms:
fruit
vegetables
fish
olive oil

18.  Psychotherapy
1 Supportive psychotherapy.
2 psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
3 Group therapy
4 family & marritaal therapy .
5 cognitive behavioral therapy
6 interpersonal therapy

19.  Electroconvulsive therapy
For cases in which medication and/or
psychotherapy does not help relieve a person's
treatment- resistant depression,
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be useful.
 Exercise
Aerobic exercise raises endorphin levels and
stimulates the neurotransmitter norepinephrine,
which is linked with mood. This may help
relieve mild depression.

20.  Assessment :-
obtain general history of the client including
social ,educational , occupational ,family ,past
and present history etc .
 Nursing diagnosis :-
high risk for violenc .
impaired cognition .
impaired verbal and social interaction .

21.  Altteration in activity of daily living or self care
deficit .
 Altered nutrition less than body requirement .
 Altered sleep pettern .