This document discusses and compares two spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks: energy detection and matched filter detection. It analyzes the performance of these techniques based on probability of detection and probability of false alarm under different signal-to-noise ratio levels and fading channel models (AWGN, flat fading, Rayleigh fading). The key findings are that matched filter detection has better performance than energy detection, but requires prior knowledge of the primary signal. Energy detection has lower complexity but performs poorly in low SNR scenarios. Overall, matched filter detection results in lower probability of false alarms compared to energy detection.
Heterogeneous Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Traditional E...IJEACS
The accurate spectrum sensing is a predominant
aspect of any competent CR system. Efficient spectrum sensing
enables a CR terminal to detect the spectrum holes (underutilized
spectral bands) by providing high spectral resolution, thereby
accrediting opportunistic transmission in the licensed band to the
CR. In order to facilitate a good spectrum management and its
efficient use a hybrid method for the detection of the spectrum
with the purpose of detecting the presence of bands of
unoccupied frequencies is proposed. The method used are
traditional energy detection and matched filter with changing
number of secondary users using each technique and finally a
centralized cooperative spectrum sensing network which employs
hard combination at the fusion centre.
Performance Analysis of Noise Uncertainty in Energy Detection Spectrum Sensin...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—The Performance of Energy Detection (ED) spectrum sensing technique depends on threshold selected for deciding the presence or absence of Primary User. In practice, noise density is uncertain and can affect the performance of ED in that sometimes presence of signals is confused for their absence (noise) and vice versa. The traditional energy detection algorithm was based on fixed threshold and has been observed to be inefficient under noise uncertainty. The technique requires optimizing the threshold to be more flexible to check the noise uncertainty effects. The paper therefore proposed an algorithm relative to a unique environment which in effect considered the dynamism relatively and dependent on the environment. The results obtained demonstrated significant improvement compared to the traditional energy detection system
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused
spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful
interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of
detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing
effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various
cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes
Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in C...ijtsrd
Cognitive radio is an exciting wireless technology that has been introduced for the efficient used of spectrum. Using cognitive radios (CRs), the secondary users (unlicensed users) are allowed to use the spectrum which is originally allocated to primary users (PUs) as far as the active primary users are not using it temporarily. In order to prevent harmful interference to primary users, the SUs need to perform spectrum sensing before transmitting signal over the spectrum. In this paper we use an optimal Bayesian detector for digitally modulated primary user to improve the spectrum utilization, without prior knowledge of transmitted sequence of the primary signals. And further suboptimal detectors in low and high SNR regime. We provide the performance analysis in terms of Detection probability and False alarm probability. Abdul Hameed Ansari | Narode Sweety S."Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in Cognitive Radio" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2385.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/2385/performance-analysis-of-bayesian-methods-to-for-the-spectrum-utilization-in-cognitive-radio/abdul-hameed-ansari
Heterogeneous Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network using Traditional E...IJEACS
The accurate spectrum sensing is a predominant
aspect of any competent CR system. Efficient spectrum sensing
enables a CR terminal to detect the spectrum holes (underutilized
spectral bands) by providing high spectral resolution, thereby
accrediting opportunistic transmission in the licensed band to the
CR. In order to facilitate a good spectrum management and its
efficient use a hybrid method for the detection of the spectrum
with the purpose of detecting the presence of bands of
unoccupied frequencies is proposed. The method used are
traditional energy detection and matched filter with changing
number of secondary users using each technique and finally a
centralized cooperative spectrum sensing network which employs
hard combination at the fusion centre.
Performance Analysis of Noise Uncertainty in Energy Detection Spectrum Sensin...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—The Performance of Energy Detection (ED) spectrum sensing technique depends on threshold selected for deciding the presence or absence of Primary User. In practice, noise density is uncertain and can affect the performance of ED in that sometimes presence of signals is confused for their absence (noise) and vice versa. The traditional energy detection algorithm was based on fixed threshold and has been observed to be inefficient under noise uncertainty. The technique requires optimizing the threshold to be more flexible to check the noise uncertainty effects. The paper therefore proposed an algorithm relative to a unique environment which in effect considered the dynamism relatively and dependent on the environment. The results obtained demonstrated significant improvement compared to the traditional energy detection system
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused
spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful
interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of
detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing
effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various
cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes
Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in C...ijtsrd
Cognitive radio is an exciting wireless technology that has been introduced for the efficient used of spectrum. Using cognitive radios (CRs), the secondary users (unlicensed users) are allowed to use the spectrum which is originally allocated to primary users (PUs) as far as the active primary users are not using it temporarily. In order to prevent harmful interference to primary users, the SUs need to perform spectrum sensing before transmitting signal over the spectrum. In this paper we use an optimal Bayesian detector for digitally modulated primary user to improve the spectrum utilization, without prior knowledge of transmitted sequence of the primary signals. And further suboptimal detectors in low and high SNR regime. We provide the performance analysis in terms of Detection probability and False alarm probability. Abdul Hameed Ansari | Narode Sweety S."Performance Analysis of Bayesian Methods to for the Spectrum Utilization in Cognitive Radio" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2385.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/2385/performance-analysis-of-bayesian-methods-to-for-the-spectrum-utilization-in-cognitive-radio/abdul-hameed-ansari
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio IOSR Journals
Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized
efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient
utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or
not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information
of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is
room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major
categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference
temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for
spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques.
Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLANijtsrd
This Paper explores basic two systems of spectrum sensing Cooperative System and Non Cooperative System. Non Cooperative System includes Energy detector, Match Filter and cyclostationary with a performance analysis of transmitter based detection. It also includes analysis of Match Filter and Cyclostationary under low and high SNR, validating the result and applied the technique for Wireless local Area Network WLAN . To identify the no. of detected signal, chi square equation has been solved and finds the threshold. It has been observed during analysis that energy rises at high SNR under AWGN and under high SNR no. of detected signal decreases gradually when the no. of sample increases. When no. of sample increases then the no. of detected signal increases. The results of the detection techniques are reliable in comparison. Energy detection provides good result under high SNR values. All of the simulation work is done in MATLAB software and finalized the best detection technique for spectrum sensing. Abrar Ahmed | Rashmi Raj "Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLAN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29174.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29174/analysis-and-comparison-of-different-spectrum-sensing-technique-for-wlan/abrar-ahmed
A novel scheme to improve the spectrum sensing performanceIJCNCJournal
Due to limited availability of spectrum for license
d users only, the need for secondary access by unli
censed
users is increasing. Cognitive radio turns out to b
e helping this situation because all that is needed
is a
technique that could efficiently detect the empty s
paces and provide them to the secondary devices wit
hout
causing any interference to the primary (licensed)
users. Spectrum sensing is the foremost function of
the
cognitive radio which senses the environment for wh
ite spaces. Energy detection is one of the various
spectrum sensing techniques that are under research
. Earlier it was shown that energy detection works
better under AWGN channel as compared to Rayleigh c
hannel, however the conventional spectrum sensing
techniques have a high probability of false alarm a
nd also show a better probability of detection for
higher
values of SNR. There is a need for a new technique
that shows a reduced probability of false alarm as
well
as an increase in the probability of detection for
lower values of SNR. In the present work the conven
tional
energy detection technique has been enhanced to get
better results.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate.
This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
Spectrum Sensing Detection Techniques for Overlay UsersIJMTST Journal
Spectrum allocated Agency (FCC) is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization, i.e known as dynamic spectrum access (DSA). CRN systems can utilize dispersed spectrum, and thus such approach is known as dispersed spectrum cognitive radio systems. This project provides a tradeoff between a false alarm probability (Pf) and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) value of any spectrum detector to have a certain performance. Moreover, the performance of the cyclostationary detector (CD) and the matched filter detector (MF) is better than the energy detector(ED) especially at low signal to noise ratio values. Unfortunately, the cyclostationary spectrum sensing method, performance is not satisfying when the wireless fading channels are employed. In this project we provide the best trade off for spectrum usage for over lay users.
Comparative Study of Different Non-Cooperative Techniques in Cognitive RadioRSIS International
Wireless technology is expanding its domain and with it
is growing the need for more frequencies for communication.
Cognitive radio offers a solution to this problem by using the
concept of Dynamic spectrum access instead of fixed spectrum
allocation. Such radios are capable of sensing the RF spectrum
for identifying idle frequency bands. It then transmits
opportunistically so as to avoid interference with primary user
over same band. In cognitive radio, intelligent spectrum sensing
forms the major and most important part. Out of the various
sensing techniques, we will give an overview of some of the
prominent non-cooperative techniques. The paper deals with
comparative study of these methods.
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive RadioIOSR Journals
Abstract: Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques. Keywords— Include at least 5 keywords or phrases
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes. Keywords - Cognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, energy detector, spectrum sensing, hard combination
Spectrum Sensing Detection with Sequential Forward Search in Comparison to Kn...IJMTST Journal
FCC is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license
holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization.
This project provides a relation between a Pf and the SNR value of any spectrum detector to have a
certain performance. Previous spectrum sensing detection techniques are only suitable for Low SNR and
are based on signal information values. But these methods are purely narrow band spectrum applications
In order to overcome the above said drawbacks we propose a novel method of spectrum sensing method
and is suitable for low and high SNR values, the sensed spectrum applicable for wide band applications.
Our proposed method does not require signal information at the receiver and channel information, because
this flexibility sensing rate is very high compared to previous techniques.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate. This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexingsignals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22
standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio IOSR Journals
Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized
efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient
utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or
not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information
of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is
room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major
categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference
temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for
spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques.
Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLANijtsrd
This Paper explores basic two systems of spectrum sensing Cooperative System and Non Cooperative System. Non Cooperative System includes Energy detector, Match Filter and cyclostationary with a performance analysis of transmitter based detection. It also includes analysis of Match Filter and Cyclostationary under low and high SNR, validating the result and applied the technique for Wireless local Area Network WLAN . To identify the no. of detected signal, chi square equation has been solved and finds the threshold. It has been observed during analysis that energy rises at high SNR under AWGN and under high SNR no. of detected signal decreases gradually when the no. of sample increases. When no. of sample increases then the no. of detected signal increases. The results of the detection techniques are reliable in comparison. Energy detection provides good result under high SNR values. All of the simulation work is done in MATLAB software and finalized the best detection technique for spectrum sensing. Abrar Ahmed | Rashmi Raj "Analysis and Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Technique for WLAN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29174.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29174/analysis-and-comparison-of-different-spectrum-sensing-technique-for-wlan/abrar-ahmed
A novel scheme to improve the spectrum sensing performanceIJCNCJournal
Due to limited availability of spectrum for license
d users only, the need for secondary access by unli
censed
users is increasing. Cognitive radio turns out to b
e helping this situation because all that is needed
is a
technique that could efficiently detect the empty s
paces and provide them to the secondary devices wit
hout
causing any interference to the primary (licensed)
users. Spectrum sensing is the foremost function of
the
cognitive radio which senses the environment for wh
ite spaces. Energy detection is one of the various
spectrum sensing techniques that are under research
. Earlier it was shown that energy detection works
better under AWGN channel as compared to Rayleigh c
hannel, however the conventional spectrum sensing
techniques have a high probability of false alarm a
nd also show a better probability of detection for
higher
values of SNR. There is a need for a new technique
that shows a reduced probability of false alarm as
well
as an increase in the probability of detection for
lower values of SNR. In the present work the conven
tional
energy detection technique has been enhanced to get
better results.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate.
This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
Spectrum Sensing Detection Techniques for Overlay UsersIJMTST Journal
Spectrum allocated Agency (FCC) is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization, i.e known as dynamic spectrum access (DSA). CRN systems can utilize dispersed spectrum, and thus such approach is known as dispersed spectrum cognitive radio systems. This project provides a tradeoff between a false alarm probability (Pf) and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) value of any spectrum detector to have a certain performance. Moreover, the performance of the cyclostationary detector (CD) and the matched filter detector (MF) is better than the energy detector(ED) especially at low signal to noise ratio values. Unfortunately, the cyclostationary spectrum sensing method, performance is not satisfying when the wireless fading channels are employed. In this project we provide the best trade off for spectrum usage for over lay users.
Comparative Study of Different Non-Cooperative Techniques in Cognitive RadioRSIS International
Wireless technology is expanding its domain and with it
is growing the need for more frequencies for communication.
Cognitive radio offers a solution to this problem by using the
concept of Dynamic spectrum access instead of fixed spectrum
allocation. Such radios are capable of sensing the RF spectrum
for identifying idle frequency bands. It then transmits
opportunistically so as to avoid interference with primary user
over same band. In cognitive radio, intelligent spectrum sensing
forms the major and most important part. Out of the various
sensing techniques, we will give an overview of some of the
prominent non-cooperative techniques. The paper deals with
comparative study of these methods.
An Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive RadioIOSR Journals
Abstract: Recent research shows that more than 70% of the available spectrum is not utilized efficiently. The bandwidth becomes expensive due to a shortage of frequencies. Therefore for efficient utilization of spectrum, we need to sniff the spectrum to determine whether it is being used by primary user or not. The term cognitive radio refers to the adoption of radio parameters using the sensed information of the spectrum. There are various spectrum sensing techniques proposed in the literature but still there is room for researchers in this field to explore more sophisticated approaches. There are three major categories of spectrum sensing techniques; transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference temperature detection. This thesis presents a survey of techniques suggested in the literature for spectrum sensing with a performance analysis of transmitter-based detection techniques. Keywords— Include at least 5 keywords or phrases
Performance Analysis and Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensin...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is an emergent technology to find available and unused spectrum for increasing spectrum utilization and to overcome spectrum scarcity problem without harmful interference to licensed users. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to give reliable performance in terms of detection probability and false alarm probability as well as in order to reduce fading, noise and shadowing effects on cognitive radio users. In this paper according to detection performance and complexity various cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been discussed. We have analyzed spectrum sensing with different fusion rules and their comparative behavior has also been studied. Furthermore, we introduced AND-OR fusion rules in 2-bit and 3-bit hard combination schemes. Keywords - Cognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, energy detector, spectrum sensing, hard combination
Spectrum Sensing Detection with Sequential Forward Search in Comparison to Kn...IJMTST Journal
FCC is currently working on the concept of white space users “borrowing” spectrum from free license
holders temporarily to improve the spectrum utilization.
This project provides a relation between a Pf and the SNR value of any spectrum detector to have a
certain performance. Previous spectrum sensing detection techniques are only suitable for Low SNR and
are based on signal information values. But these methods are purely narrow band spectrum applications
In order to overcome the above said drawbacks we propose a novel method of spectrum sensing method
and is suitable for low and high SNR values, the sensed spectrum applicable for wide band applications.
Our proposed method does not require signal information at the receiver and channel information, because
this flexibility sensing rate is very high compared to previous techniques.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RECURSIVE ONE-SIDED HYPOTHESIS TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO...ijwmn
In this paper, an optimized Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing (ROHT) threshold estimation algorithm for energy detection based on Cognitive Radio (CR) application is presented. The ROHT algorithm is well known to compute and correct threshold values based on the choice of the parameter
values; namely the coefficient of standard deviation (z-value) and the stopping criteria (). A fixed computational process has been employed in most cases to estimate these parameter values, thus rendering them non-adaptive under different sensing conditions. Also, this fixed (manual tuning) process requires prior knowledge of some noise level to enable pre-configuration of a predefined target false alarm rate. This renders the parameter estimation process cumbrous and unworkable for real-time purposes, particularly for autonomous CR applications. Furthermore, using wrong parameter values may lead to either too high or too low false alarms or detection rates of the algorithm. Sequel to aforementioned mentioned constraints, we propose a new mechanism for instantaneous parameter optimization of the ROHT algorithm using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our PSO-ROHT model design was extensively tested under different conditions and results were compared to the non-optimized ROHT. The
results obtained show that the proposed design effectively adapts the parameter values of the Recursive One-Sided Hypothesis Testing algorithm in accordance with the input dataset under consideration. Also, that the proposed optimized model outperforms its non-optimized counterpart following the estimated detection probability and false alarm probability of both schemes, particularly in detecting Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing signals. In detecting the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexingsignals at signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB and above, the proposed model achieved a higher detection rate of 96.23% while maintaining a low false alarm rate below 10%, which complies with the IEEE 802.22
standard for Cognitive Radio application. Our PSO-ROHT algorithm is shown to be highly effective for autonomous and full blind signal detection in CR, with strong potentials for application in other areas requiring automatic threshold estimation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance Analysis of Fading Channels on Cooperative Mode Spectrum Sensing ...ijtsrd
Spectrum sensing is the main feature of cognitive radio technology. Spectrum sensing gives an idea of detecting the presence of the primary users in a licensed spectrum. The sensing of radio spectrum is an essential problem in cognitive radio CR networks, where secondary users SUs need to detect the presence of primary users PUs before they use the spectrum allocated to PUs. The detection of primary user status and the spectrum sensing are the major issues in cognitive radio systems. We employ one of the simplest and most efficient Spectrum Sensing technique, the cooperative spectrum sensing with three different digital modulation techniques BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the cooperative spectrum sensing technique with BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM modulation techniques over Rayleigh fading Channel. Further, we analyze the performance and BER Bit Error Rate of cooperative spectrum sensing under Rayleigh fading and AWGN channels. The investigation and analysis on cooperative spectrum sensing with above digital modulation techniques can be utilized for future reference of spectrum sensing in the CR networks over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. Sangram Singh | Rashmi Raj "Performance Analysis of Fading Channels on Cooperative Mode Spectrum Sensing Technique for Cognitive Radio" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30338.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30338/performance-analysis-of-fading-channels-on-cooperative-mode-spectrum-sensing-technique-for-cognitive-radio/sangram-singh
A SURVEY ON DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR COGNITIVE RADIOijngnjournal
Cognitive radio (CR) is a new paradigm that utilizes the available spectrum band. The key characteristic of CR system is to sense the electromagnetic environment to adapt their operation and dynamically vary its radio operating parameters. The technique of dynamically accessing the unused spectrum band is known as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The dynamic spectrum access technology helps to minimize unused spectrum bands. In this paper, main functions of Cognitive Radio (CR) i.e. spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are discussed. Then DSA models are discussed along with different methods of DSA such as Command and Control, Exclusive-Use, Shared Use of Primary Licensed User and Commons method. Game-theoretic approach using Bertrand game model, Markovian Queuing Model for spectrum allocation in centralized architecture and Fuzzy logic based method are also discussed and result are shown.
Single User Eigenvalue Based Detection For Spectrum Sensing In Cognitive Rad...IJMER
Scarcity of spectrum is the issue that wireless communication technology has to deal with.
Primary user is the licensed user of the spectrum. When primary user is idle or not using the spectrum
secondary user can utilize the spectrum. This sharing of spectrum can be enabled by cognitive radio
(CR) technology. The heart of enabling this technology is spectrum sensing. Spectrum sensing involves
detection of primary signal at very low SNR (in the range of -20 dB), under noise and interference
uncertainty. This requirement makes spectrum sensing, a hard nut to crack. Another major issue in
detection is hidden node problem wherein the node in vicinity of primary transmitter also indicates
absence of the primary signal since it is hidden behind the large object. There are various algorithms
for detection viz. energy detection, matched filter detection, feature detection (cyclostationary
detection, eigen-value based detection etc.) These algorithms have limitations of complexity,
requirement of signal knowledge and detection performance. In this paper the performance of
eigenvalue based detection (EBD) method in presence of noise and low SNR of the received signal has
been evaluated for a single user.
Similar to Reactive Power Compensation in Single Phase Distribution System using SVC, STATCOM & UPFC (18)
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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