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Electrical Metering Guide
- 1. This is a photographic template – your photograph should fit precisely within this rectangle. Metering & Monitoring Systems Steve Van Duser Meters & Relays Application Engineer © 2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.
- 2. Agenda • Introduction • Why is electrical metering important? • What does a meter do? • Where to apply meters? • Solutions • Designing a metering & monitoring system. • Choosing the right meter. • Understanding the information. • Questions 2 2
- 3. Introduction 3 3
- 4. Why Measure? “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it!” 4 4
- 5. Why Electrical Power Metering? Ene y alit rgy Qu Con r we s Po erv atio n Alternative Energy 5 5
- 6. 7 Reasons for installing meters 1 - Verification of the utility suppliers accuracy and integrity • Applying a revenue class meter at the incoming line allows the user to confirm the accuracy of the utility meter and bill. • Customers will have access to their true energy consumption as well as their power demand. In some cases, peak demand rates are nearly ½ of the total electric bill. 6 6
- 7. 7 Reasons for installing meters 2 - Identification of energy-consuming loads • The next step in any successful energy management program is the identification of the loads within a facility that consume the most energy. • Prioritizing energy reduction efforts including shedding non-critical loads, shifting loads to an off-peak rate period, and targeting inefficient operations for further action. 7 7
- 8. 7 Reasons for installing meters 3 - Establishment of a facility’s historical baseline • Documenting historical baselines provides users with the added ability to gain a deeper understanding of where their power is going today! • Consumers are able to analyze the data to make better decisions for reduce energy tomorrow! 8 8
- 9. 7 Reasons for installing meters 4 - Documentation of energy reduction efforts • Users will be able to benchmark the effectiveness of energy reduction efforts of a load management program or the purchase and installation of high efficiency products (lighting, motors, and drives). • Verification of the implemented programs provides confirmation on success of each effort taken to reduce energy consumption. 9 9
- 10. 7 Reasons for installing meters 5 - Activity-based costing to departments, processes, and products • Accurately allocating energy costs to departments creates accountability and the incentive to take ownership of energy management efforts. • Additionally, understanding energy costs as they relate to specific processes of products provides management with an additional tool to use in making production decisions. 10 10
- 11. 7 Reasons for installing meters 6 - Contribute to LEED certification • The LEED Green Building Rating System™ is the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings. • Your facility can earn up to 5 points towards LEED certification under Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2, On-Site Renewable Energy; Credit 3, Enhanced Commissioning; Credit 5, Measurement & Verification. 11 11
- 12. 7 Reasons for installing meters 7 - Development of utility rate comparison procedure • Metering and documentation provides additional tools to use in selecting the ideal utility rate structure. • Consumers are able to measure the output of their on-site alternative energy production to qualify for energy rebates and credits. 12 12
- 13. What do meters do? 13 13
- 14. 2 Categories of Measurement Energy and Power • Energy Usage (kWh) • Power Demand (KW) • Volts & Amps • KVAR & KVA Power Quality • Power Factor • Total Harmonic Distortion • Transients • Surges • Sags • Swells • Frequency variations 14 14
- 15. Energy Usage - Simplified kWh • Energy usage expressed in units of kilowatt-hours. • Defined as the rate of consumption in kilowatts per hour. 10 electric light bulbs rated at 100W would use 1KWh if left burning for an hour. 15 15
- 16. Energy Usage - Time of Use Time Of Use • Based upon availability of capacity. • On/Off Peak • Hours within a day • Certain months of the year 16 16
- 17. Power Demand KW • Measured in Kilowatts. • The amount of power being demanded by a customer at a certain moment in time. • The utility measures time in a Demand Window. • Windows of time, typically (5min, 15min, 30 min or 60min) are being Utilities can’t store recorded. their power, it’s got to go somewhere! • The average reading of the window is typically used for billing. 17 17
- 18. Power – How is it calculated Power Units • Volts X Amps = VoltAmps (VA). Resistive • Watts = VA, if the load is 100% Load resistive. • Both inductive and capacitive loads Inductive create losses measured in VARs. Load • Utilities have to provide VA to supply enough power to cover the Capacitive real power and the losses. Load • Real work performed is Watts. 18 18
- 19. Power – Power Factor Mug Capacity = Apparent Power (KVA) (kVAR) Foam = Reactive Power (KVAR) Beer = Real Power (kW) (kVA) Beer (kW) Power Factor = (kW) Mug Capacity (KVA) Utilities have to generate kVA, but consumers can only use kW! kVAR penalties are enforced by the utility! 19 19
- 20. Power Quality - Issues Frequency variations Interruption 2002 EPRI study Line Noise of 985 customers in the US 5% 5% 5% 5% 46% Sags Harmonics 7% 7% 10% Over voltage 10% Swells Under voltage Spikes, switching transients 20 20
- 21. Where do I use meters? 21 21
- 22. Where to install meters? • Incoming Utility Service • Alternative Energy Sources • Load Equipment • HVAC units • Chillers • Air Compressors • Motors • Lighting Panels • Computers 22 22
- 23. Incoming Utility and Alternate Energy Feed-in Tariff Application 1. Standard Meter – Utility owned (Bi-Directional) 2. FiT Meter – Customer owned Net Metering Application 1. Standard Meter – Utility owned (Bi-Directional) 2. Customer owned meter - Optional Power Purchase Agreement 1. Standard Meter – Utility owned (Bi-Directional) 2. PPA Meter – Customer owned Standard meter 23 23
- 24. Electrical One-Line 13,800V Utility Pole XFMR 480V Utility Meter Electrical Switchboard MAIN Breaker 2000A 1200A 800A 600A Chiller Compressor Lighting Panel Load Equipment 24 24
- 25. Electric Panel MAIN DP-101 DP-101 LP-201 LP-201 MAIN AHU #1 BKR AHU #1 25 25
- 26. Metering & Monitoring Systems 26 26
- 27. Solutions Features of a metering and monitoring system 1. Measurement 2. Gathering the data 3. Storing the data 4. Presenting the data as valuable information 5. Analyzing the data 6. Creating meaningful reports 7. Providing notification and recommendations 27 27
- 28. Modern Electrical Metering Systems Complete Web-based System 1. High end Power Quality Meters connect directly to the Ethernet LAN (built-in web pages) 2. Ethernet Gateways (Data Loggers) bridge serial communicating meters to the Ethernet LAN (built-in web pages) 3. Software provides holistic view of the entire power system • Built-in web graphics (reduces startup and commissioning costs) • Based upon SQL Server for advanced data analysis and trending of energy and demand values • Optional advanced reporting system for standard and customized energy and power quality reports Easy as 1,2,3… All you need is a web browser! 28 28
- 29. A Web-based Architecture • A Web-based architecture allows a web browser to access information. Anywhere Web-enabled 29 29
- 30. Example Meter Home - Web Page 30 30
- 31. Data Logging Gateway – Features •Web Pages •Data Logging • Energy Software Gateway Ethernet Network Modbus RTU Tie in existing Modbus meters INCOM IQ 150 IQ 250 IQ 35M Tie in existing INCOM meters 31 31
- 32. Metering System Communications PC Web Browser Ethernet Ethernet Switch Main Meter PowerXpert PXM2200 Gateway Modbus RTU RS-485 Network Ethernet Network RS-485 Network Feeder Circuits – IQ Series 32 32
- 33. Metering & Monitoring Systems 33 33
- 34. Metering and Monitoring Products 34 34
- 35. Eaton Meters Line Overview Special Use Meters Switchgear/Switchboard Panelboard/Switchboard PX Meter PXM 2000 IQ Energy/Power Sentinel Revenue Ethernet/ Class Full Data Monitors Power featured PQ Logging and Energy for Meter Series C IQ 250/260 Breakers Universal Int/Ext Revenue Class IQ Universal Enclosed Panel Meter, I/O Power Sentinel Opt Internal CTs IQ 130/140/150 Basic metering IQ 35M Communication Opt Low Profile Energy Meter Wireless IQ150S/250S Multipoint Basic/Revenue Metering Metering Integrated Wireless Flexible Submetering 35 for Energy 35 Use
- 36. IQ130/140/150 Application • Where energy usage and utility charges are of primary concern • Replacing analog meters • Submetering individual loads • Cost effective measurement of current and voltage is needed • Interest in measurement of only power • Energy feed into 3rd party systems Key Features Tools • Industry standard communication • www.eaton.com/meters • Percentage load indication on face of meter • Product Focus • Configurable wiring systems • Technical Data Sheet • Sales Presentation • Password protect energy and demand resets • Specification guide • Selectable meter variables on display • FAQ • Autoscroll or fixed display • www.eaton.com/meterwizard • Transducer only versions 36 36
- 37. IQ250/260 Application • Where energy usage and utility charges are of primary concern • Where there is a need to output meter variables through 4-20 ma signal • Where there is a need to capture other meter inputs such as WAGES • Where variable loads are present such as variable speed drives, arc welders, lighting dimmers, etc. Key Features Tools • Industry standard communication protocols • www.eaton.com/meters • Total harmonic distortion measurement • Product Focus • Visual indication of limits exceeded on face of • Technical Data Sheet meter • Sales Presentation • Analog and digital outputs • Specification guide • Digital inputs can be used to accumulate other • FAQ meter data • www.eaton.com/meterwizard • Upgradeable to a PXM2000 37 37
- 38. Power Xpert Meters (PXM Series) Application • Where energy usage and utility charges are of primary concern • Where a direct Ethernet connection is required • User of sensitive electronic equipment • Where variable loads are present such as variable speed drives, arc welders, lighting dimmers, etc. • Where there is a need to analyze historical energy usage Key Features Tools • Industry standard communication protocols • www.eaton.com/meters • Data Logging up to 768 MB • Product Focus (Aid) brochure • Individual Harmonic sampling • Technical Data Sheet • Built in web server • Sales Presentation • Viewable single cycle waveform • Specification Guide • Analog and digital outputs • FAQ • Digital inputs can be used to accumulate other • Live Meter Demo meter data • www.eaton.com/meterwizard 38 38
- 39. Enclosed Meters 39 39
- 40. Single Unit Enclosure NEMA 12(shown), Hinged front 3R, & 4X enclosures opening door Eaton PXM2000 Series Eaton IQ150 series Eaton IQ250/260 Padlocking latch provision 40 40
- 41. Single Unit Enclosed Meter Inside View 41 41
- 42. Multi Unit Enclosure NEMA 12(shown), Hinged front 3R, & 4X enclosures opening door Eaton IQ 35M Series Eaton IQ150 series Eaton IQ250/260 Padlocking latch provision 42 42
- 43. Understanding the meter data 43 43
- 44. Data Communications Port Ethernet Port Power Supply Inputs RS485 System Voltage KYZ Out Inputs I/O Slot 44 44
- 45. User Interface- Voltage 45 45
- 46. User Interface- Power 46 46
- 47. User Interface -Energy 47 47
- 48. User Interface - Harmonics 48 48
- 49. User Interface - Waveforms 49 49
- 50. User Interface - I/O 50 50
- 51. User Interface - Events 51 51
- 52. User Interface – Alarm Limits 52 52
- 53. User Interface - Email 53 53
- 54. PX Energy Viewer (EV) • The Power Xpert EV is a Free downloadable excel based tool for users to access their Power Xpert Gateway 200E Interval log files and create a simple report on the most important Data Sources from those devices. 54 54
- 55. Energy Viewer Tool Data Sources • Network Node - The user connects to an IP address. Upon success, this connection is dubbed a "Network Node". • Branch Node - Under the Network Node are "Branch Nodes". The only purpose they serve is to provide access to other nodes. • Device Node - A special kind of Node, called a "Device Node", is one that has "Data Sources" that can be graphed. Device Nodes have special settings for customization. • Data Source - The "Data Source" is graphable data that can be selected to generate a report. Will 55 55
- 56. Energy Viewer Tool Graph Source • Graph Source - When a report is generated, the user selects a number of Data Sources for graphing. These selected Data Sources are dubbed "Graph Sources" for what will be graphed in the report. 56 56
- 57. Energy Viewer Tool Table and Graph Report • When a report is generated, the user will see the following for the Data Sources they have selected. These selected Data Sources can be saved into excel for further manipulation if required or printed. 57 57
- 58. Demo Sites • PXG 800E - http://192.104.67.189 login name: user password: user • PXM 2290 - http://192.104.67.189 • PXM 8000 - http://192.104.67.190 58 58
- 59. Q&A 59 59
- 60. Contact Info Steve Van Duser Application Engineer Southeast Region Eaton Corporation 8380 Capital Blvd Raleigh, NC 27616 Technical Support: Email:StevenJVanDuser@Eaton.com 1-800-809-2772 Phone: (919) 431-6211 Option #4, then Option #1 Cell: (919) 272-7143 www.eaton.com/meters 60 60
- 61. 61 61
Editor's Notes
- Text…
- PXG200E HTTP User interface Home page displays real time status of devices on the Main and Bus networks, as well as Events (alarm status) of native events on individual devices.
- When used in conjunction with PX Gateway, can communicate with PX Software. Templates are in PX Gateway and PX Software. This is a cost effective solution when meters are grouped together and a central web enabled device can do the data logging or be used as a web browser.
- Eaton provides a comprehensive set of metering solutions that cover everything from basic measurement of current and volts with no communications to measuring transient power quality events that occur in milliseconds and email you with event information attached.
- This chart is showing the complete metering line as it stands today broken out by where it is applied. www.eaton.com/meters is the source for all of our metering products. Switchgear/Switchboard meters-Combination of open protocol and INCOM meters Panel Meters-combination of open protocol and INCOM meters Submetering-currently only INCOM meters with desire to add open protocol products, can substitute some of the lower end open protocol panel meters in the meantime. This will be a focus of our 2010 development effort. The Meter Product Family Trifold is our printed comparison that is very helpful. All meters are presented for a quick, at-a-glance reference.
- Providing the first line of defense against costly power problems, Eaton’s new IQ 100 electronic power meters can perform the work of an entire wall of legacy metering equipment utilizing today’s technology. Eaton’s IQ 100 meters meet ANSI C12.20 standards for accuracy of 0.5 percent. With such high-performance measurement capability, these meters can be confidently used for primary revenue metering and sub metering applications. Eaton’s IQ 100 meters provide direct-reading metered values for the most critical power aspects, such as watts, watt demand, watt-hours, voltage, amperes (VA), VA-hours, vars, varhours and power factor. The IQ 130 meter provides basic measurement with the ability to monitor volts and amps per phase. It meets ANSI C12.20 standards for accuracy of 0.5 percent and has optional Modbus/KYZ output. The IQ 140 meter provides the same ability as the IQ130 with the additional ability to monitor power. The IQ 150 meter provides the same ability as the IQ140 with the additional ability to monitor energy. It can also output signals to Power Xpert Gateways or 3 rd party systems through it’s Modbus interface. Depending on the customer requirements, this is a cost effect metering option.
- The IQ 250 meter provides comprehensive power and energy monitoring along with ANSI C12.20 accuracy of 0.2 percent. This meter comes standard with one serial connection for Modbus RTU and one KYZ output. The IQ 250 includes two optional I/O slots. The IQ 260 meter provides the same abilities as the IQ250 with the additional ability to monitor total harmonic distortion (THD) for volts and current. The IQ 260 can be setup with up to 16 configurable limits for alarming or to activate optional relay outputs. Visual indication of limits exceeded is present at the meter face. This meter family allows the user to integrate other meter inputs through the use of it’s I/O capabilities. It can also output signals to Power Xpert Gateways or 3 rd party systems through it’s Modbus interface or through a 4-20 ma signal. The IQ250/260 can also be upgraded to a PXM2250/2260 at a later point in time as well.
- The Power Xpert Meter 2250 has an embedded web server for comprehensive power and energy monitoring , ANSI C12.20 accuracy of 0.2 percent, 256 MB of data logging, and the ability to set up alarms and limits on the gateway card for any measured parameter. This meter comes standard with two independent communications ports, one serial connection for Modbus RTU and one network connection for Modbus TCP. The PXM 2250 includes one optional I/O slot. The Power Xpert Meter 2260 has the same abilities as the PXM2250 with 512 MB for data logging and the added ability to monitor total harmonic distortion (THD) for volts and current. The PXM 2260 can be setup with up to 16 on-board meter hardware configurable limits for alarming or to activate optional relay outputs. Visual indication of limits exceeded is present at the meter face. The Power Xpert Meter 2270 has the same abilities as the PXM2260 with 768 MB data logging and the added ability individual harmonic distortion (THD) for volts and current. The PXM 2270 offers a waveform view on a PC to visualize steady-state harmonic content through embedded Web server to identify power quality issues. Data logging and Ethernet connectivity make this a cost effective option when installing meters at separate locations desiring an Ethernet connection.
- Sturdy NEMA 12 enclosure prevents dust and other materials from entering. Internal gaskets also prevent air irritants from harming the vital equipment inside. This quality enclosure meets most indoor application needs. NEMA 3R and 4X also available.
- To ensure safety, Eaton’s Enclosed Meter includes a fused disconnect for line voltage that can be turned off during meter maintenance. For applications with line voltages above 265Vac, an optional control power transformer is supplied in the enclosure. Control voltage can also be supplied via a separate source that is wired to the field installation terminal block. CT inputs for the meter are wired directly to shorting terminal blocks for easy field installation. With Eaton’s Enclosed Meter, everything is wired at the factory. The shorting block, terminal blocks, etc. So you can be sure it’s done right. Factory wired products also save on installation time and costs. NEMA 12 meters are flush mounted on the enclosure door with all inputs/outputs factory-wired to terminal blocks. NEMA 3R and 4X versions offer additional protection with separate drop down internal flush mounted meter.
- Sturdy NEMA 12 enclosure prevents dust and other materials from entering. Internal gaskets also prevent air irritants from harming the vital equipment inside. This quality enclosure meets most indoor application needs. NEMA 3R and 4X also available.
- Power Supply Inputs Accepts 90-265 VAC @50/60 Hz or 100-370 VDC, also optional 18-60 VDC System Voltage Inputs Phase to Reference-20-576 VAC Phase to Phase-0-721 VAC RS485-standard Modbus RTU KYZ Out-standard watt hour pulse Meter Gateway Card Standard RJ45 copper connection with Modbus TCP/IP
- The Meter page provides Voltage , Current , and Frequency values. You can view information by measurement type or by phase. You can select trending, waveform, harmonics or phasor graphs from the drop-down box near the top of the page. When Trend and Min/Max is selected, the minimum and maximum values are displayed with date and time stamps. When Harmonics is selected, a table is displayed showing the Frequency ( Hz ), Magnitude, and Angle (Deg) . By default, the fundamental frequency is included. It can be excluded by selecting the Exclude Fundamental check box on the left side of the page. NOTE: the Waveform and Harmonics views are only available on the PXM 2270/2280/2290 model.
- From the Power page, click one of the radio buttons on the left side of the page that represents the type of power measurement you want to view. The page will update to display a graph with minimum, maximum and average values as per the selection.
- Energy page includes basic energy information along with ability to do demand profiles and comparisons. The Power Xpert Meter measures and accumulates three kinds of energy values every 60 cycles: Real Power (Watts), Reactive Power (VAR) and Apparent Power (VA). Real Power and Reactive Power take direction into account, and so are recorded for forward, reverse, net and sum. The Demand Comparison page is similar to the Demand Profile page, but provides a graph you can use to compare two overlaid demand plots from selectable periods of time. You can select to compare plots between: • Today and Yesterday • This Week and Last Week • This Month and Last Month • 2 different Days • 2 different Weeks • 2 different Months
- The Quality page contains information about the present power quality for PXM2260/2270/2280/2290 meters. These meters calculate the following instantaneous values, averaged over a period of 60 cycles: • Percent THD of Current for Phases A, B, and C • Percent THD of Voltage for Phases A, B, and C. Using the drop-down box above the graph, you can select to view this information as a trend, with minimum and maximum values, or as harmonics. .
- Energy page includes basic energy information along with ability to do demand profiles and comparisons. The Power Xpert Meter measures and accumulates three kinds of energy values every 60 cycles: Real Power (Watts), Reactive Power (VAR) and Apparent Power (VA). Real Power and Reactive Power take direction into account, and so are recorded for forward, reverse, net and sum. The Demand Comparison page is similar to the Demand Profile page, but provides a graph you can use to compare two overlaid demand plots from selectable periods of time. You can select to compare plots between: • Today and Yesterday • This Week and Last Week • This Month and Last Month • 2 different Days • 2 different Weeks • 2 different Months
- The Power Xpert Meter 2000 utilizes the same I/O cards as the IQ 250/260 and are extremely flexible and can be used in a large variety of different applications. Digital inputs and relay outputs can be programmed to interact during various conditions defined by the user. Various third-party devices, such as alarms, pulse meters, trip units and sensors, can be easily integrated to the Power Xpert Meter 2000. Triggers and events can be tied to the meter’s standard functions, such as e-mail, logs and trends. Analog outputs can be programmed to output meter parameters to BMS or PLC systems.
- Events page shows out of limits based on gateway card triggers. Four levels will be available-upper and lower critical and upper and lower cautionary. The Power Xpert Meter monitors and logs three kinds of events; Input Status , Out of Limits , and Alarm on Value . Events can be used to send e-mail as well.
- Gateway card limits setup page Triggers are configured in the Setup page. Each trigger can have the following limits: • Upper Critical Limit • Upper Cautionary Limit • Lower Cautionary Limit • Lower Critical Limit In addition, you can select: • If alarms are enabled for this data. • If the alarm/event closes automatically when the value falls below the high limits or above the low limits. If not, a user must acknowledge the alarm to remove it from the active list. In addition, alarms and events will generate an RSS feed and can generate email and alerts.
- Email setup screen. The PXM 2000 meter provides a highly configurable capability to report on meter activity via email. You can configure: • The SMTP server, including the server and account information. • Email triggers. The meter will send emails in response to any event trigger that has been enabled for email, and this set includes a core set of hardware and communications failure triggers that you can also select. The contents of this list are dependent on the option card installed in the meter. • Recipient specific settings for up to 10 email recipients. This includes settings for sending emails when an event occurs and/or clears and for sending periodic status emails.
- The Power Xpert Energy Viewer is a free downloadable software designed to work directly with the interval log files in the PXG200E. Users will be able to generate simple reports over different time periods to show the systems power and energy parameters. A simple report can be generated to show a maximum of four parameters being compared over a specified time period, (i.e.. 30 days)
- The PXEV is a simple tool designed to acquire data from the specified parameters called data sources from the device on the PXG200E.
- In order to generate the report the user needs to make sure they have the data source files to graph from the available data.
- The PX Energy Viewer will generate a simple report based on the data chosen from the interval log in the PXG600E and 800E. With this information user’s can generate simple 30 day energy usage reports to conform with Energy Efficiency initiatives for Energy Star and LEED certification.
- Speaker information.