Thanks and Regards... Mr. U. ARAVIND, B.E., M.I.S.T.E., LECTURER / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAKSHMI AMMAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE K.R. NAGAR, KOVILPATTI - 628 503 THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT, TN Mobile No: 9943244068 Email Id: aravindulaganathanmech@gmail.com aravindmech@lapc.in Solar photovoltaic System and Design: Solar photovoltaic a brief history of PV,PV in silicon: basic principle, crystalline PV; reducing cost and raising efficiency, thin film PV, other innovative technologies, electrical characteristics of silicon PV cells and modules, grid connected PV system, cost of energy from PV ,Environmental impact and safety. System design of solar photovoltaic system: Load analysis-solar array Design-Battery Design-Simple formulas. System design procedure. Case Studies: Designing solar home lighting system - Designing stand alone solar PV Power plant - Designing solar PV water pumping system - Only arriving load capacity - solar array sizing - Battery sizing - Inverter capacity and mountings. Ocean energy, Tidal & Wave energy Ocean energy resources – principle's of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) – Methods of Ocean thermal electric power generation – Energy utilisation – basic principle of tidal power – components and operations of tidal power plant – Energy and Power forms of waves – Wave energy conversion devices.

1. 1
Lakshmi Ammal Polytechnic College
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Subject Name : Renewable Energy Sources
and Energy Conservation
Subject Code : 32073
Year & Semester : III / V
Scheme : M
U. Aravind
Lecturer/Mech
LAPC
K.R. Nagar

2. UNIT - 3
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM AND DESIGN &
OCEAN ENERGY, TIDALAND
WAVE ENERGY
U.ARAVIND, LECT/MECH 2
26 April 2021

3. To know the basic concepts and Principle of Solar
Cell & Types of Solar Cell
To Study about Grid connected PV system
To Explain Environmental impact and safety of solar
PV system & System design procedure
To Study about Ocean resources, principles and
methods of OTEC
To Study about basic principles and operations of
Tidal power plant
To Study about Wave energy conversion devices
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U.Aravind, Lect/Mech, LAPC

4. I. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM AND DESIGN
U.Aravind, Lect/Mech, LAPC 4
26 April 2021

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7. Solar Photovoltaic Cell /Solar PV Cell/
Solar Cell
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•A solar cell is a solid state electrical device
that converts the light energy directly into
electrical energy by photovoltaic effect.
•Photovoltaic effect ஐ பயன்படுத்தி சூரிய ஒளியய
மின்சாரமாக மாற்றும் ஒரு energy conversion சாதனம்
சசாலார் சசல் எனப்படும்

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•It is made of silicon or Gallium
arsenide.
•It consists of N-type thin silicon layer
and P-type Thick silicon layer
• A single converter cell is called a
Solar cell or PV cell
•A combination of number of solar
cells designed is called solar module

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13. Function of Solar PV system
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•Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system or
Solar power system uses PV modules
to generate electricity from sun light.
•When light energy enters a PV cell
and transfers enough energy to cause
freeing of electrons. This electrical
energy can be directly used or stored

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•1839 - Photovoltaic effect was discovered by
Becquerel
•1883 - First Solar cell produced
• 1921 - Einstein got Nobel for Explain the
Photovoltaic Effect
•1950 - Solar Cell developed in RCA Lab
•1954 - First Crystalline silicon cell developed
•1958 - Mainly used in Satellites
•1970 - First Amorphous silicon cell developed by
Carlson
•1980 - Efficiency of Solar cell developed
• Today - Third generation Solar Cells are under
development

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23. •Single crystal silicon cell
•Polycrystal silicon cell
•Ribbon silicon cell
•Amorphous silicon cell
•Gallium arsenide cell
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• The Solar cells are widely produced
by Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) as it as a
light absorbing semiconductor.
• Energy conversion efficiency is
between 11 to 16 %.
• Two types of crystalline silicon
technologies used to produce PV Cells
Mono crystalline silicon solar cell
Polycrystalline silicon solar cell

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•A very thin film of silicon
materials is deposited on
stainless steel, glass.
•The thickness is less than 1
micron.

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Types of Thin film solar cells
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS)
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
(CIGS)

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Amorphous silicon a-Si CIGS
CIS CdTe

33. Innovative Technologies
in Solar PV system
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34. Innovative Technologies in
Solar PV system
High Concentration
PV Technology
Microcrystalline
Technology
Organic/Polymer
PV technology
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Sliver
Technology

35. i) High Concentration PV
Technology:
• It is developed to reduce the amount of PV
materials
• It use mirror/lenses to concentrate sunlight
onto a smaller area of PV cell which produce
higher efficiency than normal
• Sun tracking devices used to maximum energy
production
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37. ii) Sliver Technology:
• Thin and bifacial mono crystalline solar cells,
called Slivers which are used to make solar
module
• The sliver cells arranged with space between
each cells and occupy half surface area so
amount of silicon module production is
reduced
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39. iii) Organic/Polymer Technology:
• In this technology silicon is replaced by
Organic Material such as Pentacene
• It is flexible, light weight, low cost
• It has low efficiency and research is carried
out to improve the efficiency
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41. iv) Microcrystalline Technology:
• It is a new thin film technology with
deposition of crystalline silicon films with
very thin grains at 200-500ºC
• The maximum efficiency of this cell is 8.5%
• In order to improve the efficiency,
microcrystalline cells are combined with
amorphous silicon cells to give efficiency
12%
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42. Solar Array
Parameters
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43. •Open circuit voltage
•Short circuit current
•Maximum power point
(MPP)
•% efficiency
•Fill Factor (FF)
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44. i) Open Circuit Voltage (Voc):
• This is the maximum voltage that array
provides when the terminals are not connected
to any load
ii) Short Circuit Current (Isc):
• When the solar cell is short circuited the
voltage across the cell is zero but the current
flowing out of the cell reaches its maximum is
known as solar cells short circuit current
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45. iii) Maximum Power point (MPP):
• This is the point where the power supplied by
the array that is connected to load is at
maximum value
iv) Fill Factor:
• This is relationship between maximum power
that array can provide and the product of (Voc
x Isc)
• Value between 0.7 to 0.8
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46. v) % Efficiency
• This is the ratio between maximum electrical
power that array can produce and amount of
solar irradiance hitting the array
• Efficiency around 10-12%
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47. Applications of
solar PV system
in rural area
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48. Applications of solar PV
system in rural area
Lighting and power supplies
for remote villages.
Street
lighting
Mini grids
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49. Types of PV system
Stand
Alone PV
System
Grid
Connected
PV System
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Grid Connected PV
System

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Stand Alone PV
System

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60. Factors to be considered
while designing a solar
home lighting system
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1. Load estimation
2. PV array sizing
3. No of solar panel required
4. Inverter Sizing
5. Battery Sizing
6. Solar charge
controller sizing

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63. Factors considered while
designing Solar PV water
pumping system
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1. Water requirement
2. Water source
3. System layout
4. Water storage
5. Solar insolation and PV panel
location
6. Design flow rate for the pump

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7. Total dynamic head for the pump
8. Pump selection and associated power
requirement
9. PV panel selection and Array layout
10. PV array mounting and Foundation
requirements
11. Water flow rate and delivery point
pressure
12. Summary description of the system

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67. Ways to
increasing Solar
cell efficiency
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68. •Use of Alternative materials
•Reduction in the cost of
mono-crystalline silicon
•Use of larger proportion of
solar energy
•Development of less
expensive forms of silicon
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69. Solar array
parameters
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70. •Open circuit voltage
•Short circuit current
•Maximum power point
(MPP)
•% efficiency
•Fill Factor (FF)
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71. 26 April 2021 U.Aravind, Lect/Mech, LAPC 71
II. OCEAN ENERGY, TIDALAND
WAVE ENERGY

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Ocean
Energy
Resources
Ocean
Thermal
Energy
Ocean Wave
Energy
Ocean Tidal
Energy

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I.

74. • Ocean Covers 71% of earths surface
• They receive, store and transfer energy
through various processes
• World total estimated ocean energy reserves
130x106 MW
• Oceanography is the science which deals with
the environment in the oceans including the
water, depths, biomass and energy resources

75. Definition : The movement of water
in the oceans creates a vast storage
of kinetic energy is called ocean
energy
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77. • Ocean Thermal energy is defined as the temperature
difference between water at the bottom of the sea
and water at the top
• Ocean Thermal Energy ஆனது கடல் நீரின் சமல் மட்டத்தில்
இருக்கும் சூடான நீருக்கும் கடலின் அடியில் இருக்கும் குளிர்ந்த
நீருக்கும் இயடயில் உள்ள செப்ப நியல செறுபாடு ஆகும்
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OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
CONVERSION

80. • Ocean thermal energy works in
principle of thermal
conductivity, where surface
warm water as heat source and
deep cold water as heat sink due
to this temperature difference
ocean thermal energy occurs.
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Types of OTEC
System

82. • Closed cycle OTEC systems
(Vapour cycle or Anderson Cycle)
• Open cycle OTEC systems (Steam
cycle or Claude Cycle)
• Hybrid OTEC systems
• Modified open cycle OTEC
system
• Thermoelectric OTEC system 82
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Working Fluids
in OTEC

84. •Ammonia
•Fluorinated carbons such as
CFCS &HCFCs
•Pentane
•Propane
•Freon
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Open Cycle
OTEC System

86. •It is Steam Cycle
•Working Fluid: Sea Water
•Steam drive a turbine
•Flash Evaporator is used
•Direct Contact Condenser is
used
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87. Advantages:
1. No need Heat Exchanger
2. High Efficiency
Disadvantages:
1. Vacuum Pump is need
2. High Cost
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Closed Cycle
OTEC System

90. • It is Vapour Cycle
• Working Fluid: Low Boiling
fluid like Ammonia
• Ammonia Vapour drive a turbine
• Heat Exchanger is used
• Normal Condenser is used
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91. Advantages:
1. No need Vacuum Pump
2. Simple Design
Disadvantages:
1. Over all Efficiency is low
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Hybrid Open Cycle
OTEC System

94. • It is Steam Cycle
• Working Fluid: Sea Water
• Steam drive a turbine
• Controlled Flash Evaporator is
used
• Surface Condenser is used
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95. Advantages:
1. No need Heat Exchanger
2. It produce both Electricity and
Water
Disadvantages:
1. Vacuum Pump is need
2. High Cost
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Advantages of
OTEC System

98. •It will not pollute
environment.
•Fresh water & electricity
both can be generated
•No toxic gases produced
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Disadvantages of
OTEC System

100. •Low thermal efficiency
•High initial cost
•Low production rate
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II.

102. •The periodic rise & fall of
water level due to the
gravitational attraction of
moon & sun is called tide.
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Spring Tide
The tidal is maximum on full moon
and new moon and such tides are
called spring tides.
Neap Tide
The tidal is minimum on first quarter
and third quarter of moon and such
tides are called as Neap tide

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106. Components of Tidal Power
Plant:
•Power House
•Dam or Barrage to form basin
•Sluice ways from basin to sea
& vice versa
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Advantages of
Tidal energy

114. •It is inexhaustible
sources of energy.
•The life of tidal energy
power plant is very long.
•Free from pollution.
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Disadvantages of
Tidal energy

116. •Tidal range is not uniform
•High initial cost
•Construction cost is high.
•Limited availability of sites.
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117. 26 April 2021 U.Aravind, Lect/Mech, LAPC 117
WAVE ENERGY

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III

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Difference Between
Waves & Tides

121. Definition: Waves
• Waves are generated by interaction
between the winds and surface of
the ocean
• காற்று மற்றும் கடலின்
சமற்பரப்பிற்கும் இயடசயயான
சதாடர்பு மூலம் அயலகள்
உருொகின்றன
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122. • Ocean wave energy is due to the periodic
to and fro, up and down motion of water
particle in the form of progressive
waves.
• Ocean wave energy ஆனது water ஆனது
periodic ஆக சமலும் கீழும்,முன்னும் பின்னும்
நகர்ெதால் அடுத்தடுத்து அயலகள் உண்டாெசத
ஆகும்.
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123. • Ocean waves has both Potential energy
and Kinetic energy
• The height of the waves depends on the
wind velocities, depth of the ocean,
shape of the sea shore.
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Advantages &
Disadvantages of
Wave Energy

125. Advantages:
• Pollution Free
• Free and Renewable Energy sources
• Wave power devices do not require large land
areas
Disadvantages:
• Lack of Dependability
• High initial cost
• The devices have to withstand enormous
power of seas
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Wave Power
Machines

127. • The wave energy in the form of
motion of water particles.
• The Potential energy & Kinetic
energy in water are converted
into Mechanical energy by
energy converters known as
Wave devices/Wave machines
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128. The Energy conversion is done in
by two ways
Wave machines drives Gears and
Electrical Generators
Wave machines drives air
compressor or Hydraulic pump to
store energy , drives another
machine for energy conversion
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Types of Wave
Power Machines

130. I. Float wave power machine
II. High level reservoir with
power machine
III. Dolphin type wave power
machine
IV. Heaving floating type
V. Pendulor device
VI. Oscillating water column 130
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Float Wave
Power Machines

132. Construction:
• Square Float
• Four vertical manifolds
• Air storage tank
• Piston & Cylinder
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133. • Float/Buoy - மிதயெ
• Buoyancy -நீரில் மிதக்கும்
தன்மம
• Manifold - a pipe or chamber
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137. High level reservoir with power
machine
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139. Dolphin type wave power machine
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140. Pendulor device
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