Metastability occurs when the inputs to a flip-flop violate the setup and hold timing requirements around the clock edge. This can cause the output to momentarily exist in an unstable intermediate state between logic 0 and 1. The likelihood of metastability increases when asynchronous inputs are sampled by a synchronous system. Well-designed synchronizers use multiple flip-flops in series to resolve metastability within the clock period and avoid failures. The mean time between synchronizer failures depends on factors like clock speed and input transition rate.
Low Power VLSI design architecture for EDA (Electronic Design Automation) and Modern Power Estimation, Reduction and Fixing technologies including clock gating and power gating
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
This presentation discusses the support for interrupts in 8051. The interrupt types, interrupts versus polling etc are discussed. The register formats of IE, IP register are discussed. The concept of priority among the interrupts is discussed.
Low Power VLSI design architecture for EDA (Electronic Design Automation) and Modern Power Estimation, Reduction and Fixing technologies including clock gating and power gating
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
This presentation discusses the support for interrupts in 8051. The interrupt types, interrupts versus polling etc are discussed. The register formats of IE, IP register are discussed. The concept of priority among the interrupts is discussed.
Is an introduction for digital design crash course using Verilog,
Those slides are just quick refreshment for most important parts in logic circuits, Brief history about the field and steps we follow to get a chip.
Power reduction techniques are important for the modern VLSI designs. Power is the today's major concern when we come to optimal trade off between area, performance and power.
20 Real-World Use Cases to help pick a better MySQL Replication scheme (2012)Darpan Dinker
MySQL Replication: Pros and Cons
Achieve Higher Performance, Uptime, Reliability and Simplicity
for Real-World Use Cases.
Synchronous, semi-synchronous, asynchronous replication with parallel Slave appliers.
High availability.
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
An introduction to IO-Link. Gives an overview of how to add IO-Link to existing & new automation systems. By Neil Farrow, P.E. This is based on a presentation to ISA (the International Society for Automation).
1. USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 1
Metastability
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2. USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 2
Clock
It is a Periodic Event, causes state of memory element to change.
It can be of rising edge, falling edge, high level, low level.
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3. USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 3
Timing requirements of edge triggered flip-flops
There is a timing
"window" around the ts-set up time
clocking event Minimum time before the clocking event by which the
during which the input input must be stable
must remain stable
and unchanged th-hold time
in order Minimum time after the clocking event during which
to be recognized the input must remain stable
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4. USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 4
Metastability
Async in Synchronous
system
CLK
•In non-synchronous systems, if the asynchronous input
signals violate a flip flop's timing requirements, the
output of the flip flops can become metastable.
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5. USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 5
Bistable element
HIGH LOW
LOW HIGH
LOW HIGH
HIGH LOW
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Metastability
Metastability is inherent in any bistable circuit
Two stable points, one metastable point
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Another look at metastability
The likelihood that a flip-flop enters a metastable state and
the time required to return to a stable state varies
depending on the process technology used to manufacture
the device and on the ambient conditions. Generally, flip-
flops will quickly return to a stable state
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Avoiding Metastability
How?
•Inputs must be synchronized with the system clock
before being applied to a synchronous system.
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A simple synchronizer
As shown in above figure, a D flip-flop samples the asynchronous
input at each of the system clock and produces a synchronous
output that is valid during the next clock period.
•But there is a problem ?
•the synchronizer output may become metastable when setup and
hold time are not met.
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Only one synchronizer per input
In this design, the two flip-flops will not see clock and input at precisely
same time because of physical delays in the circuit. Therefore when
asynchronous input transitions occur near the clock edge, there is a small
window of time during which one flip-flop may sample the input as 1 and the
other may sample it as 0.
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An asynchronous input driving two synchronizers through
combinational logic.
The different paths through the combinational logic will inevitably have
different delays, the likelihood of an inconsistent result is even more
greater. The proper way to use an asynchronous signal as a state
machine input is as shown in next figure.
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Better Way To Synchronize Asynchronous Input In
State Machine.
All of the excitation (Combinational) logic sees the same synchronized input
signal, SYNCIN.
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13. USB DESIGN HOUSE METASTABILITY 13
Synchronizer failure and Metastability resolution time
•Synchronizer failure is said to occur if the system uses
synchronizer output while the output is still in
metastable state.
•One way to get a flip-flop out of a metastable state is
to wait long enough so the flip-flop comes out
of metastability on its own.
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Metastability resolution time
•It is the maximum time that the output can remain metastable
without causing synchronizer(and system) failure.
For the above synchronizer the
Metastability resolution time
tr = tclk-tsu
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If there is any combinational ckt then
tr=tclk-tsu-tcomb
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Recommended synchronizer design
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MTBF(Mean Time Between synchronizer Failure)
Theoretical results suggests and experimental research
has confirmed ,that when asynchronous inputs change
during the decision window , the duration of
metastability is governed by the Exponential Formula
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Example
•For a typical 74LS74 flipflop,for which To=0.4 ns an T(twoe)=1.5ns.
•Tsu=20 ns; and the clock period is 100ns (10 MHz);
•tr(resolution time)=tclk-tsu=100-20=80 ns;
•If the synchronizer input changes 100,000 times per second,the
• MTBF(80 ns)=exp(80/1.5)/0.4.(10)7 .(10)5
=3.6. 1011 seconds
= about 100 centuries between
failures.
•With clk period of 62.5 ns MTBF=3.1 s !!!!!!!!!!
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THANK YOU
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