An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software designed for a specific task. It contains a microcontroller or microprocessor that executes programmed instructions. A microcontroller contains a CPU, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip. The Atmega8 is an 8-bit AVR microcontroller developed by Atmel with 8KB of flash memory. It has ports that can be configured as inputs or outputs using data direction registers to interface with external devices like LEDs for blinking. Programming the microcontroller involves writing code, compiling it, and flashing the hex file onto the chip.
Micro controller and dsp processor, Microcontroller, What is Microcontroller , Features of a Microcontroller, Types of Microcontrollers, cisc, risc, Comparison between RISC and CISC, Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller, Von Neumann or Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller, External memory microcontroller, Embedded memory microcontroller, How does the microcontroller operate, Microcontroller architecture, Applications of Microcontroller, Microcontrollers used in , Various manufacturers of Microcontroller, Advantages and Disadvantages of Microcontroller, Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor, DSP Processor, Digital signal Processor, What is DPS Processor, Components of DSP, Architecture of DSP Processor, How DSP processor works, Advantages and disadvantages of DSP, Application of DSP, APPLICATIONS of DSP, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
PIC 16F877- features, architecture, functional pin description, program memory, and data memory organization, STATUS register, OPTION REG register, Power Control Register (PCON), Data EEPROM, and FLASH Program Memory.
Micro controller and dsp processor, Microcontroller, What is Microcontroller , Features of a Microcontroller, Types of Microcontrollers, cisc, risc, Comparison between RISC and CISC, Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller, Von Neumann or Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller, External memory microcontroller, Embedded memory microcontroller, How does the microcontroller operate, Microcontroller architecture, Applications of Microcontroller, Microcontrollers used in , Various manufacturers of Microcontroller, Advantages and Disadvantages of Microcontroller, Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor, DSP Processor, Digital signal Processor, What is DPS Processor, Components of DSP, Architecture of DSP Processor, How DSP processor works, Advantages and disadvantages of DSP, Application of DSP, APPLICATIONS of DSP, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
PIC 16F877- features, architecture, functional pin description, program memory, and data memory organization, STATUS register, OPTION REG register, Power Control Register (PCON), Data EEPROM, and FLASH Program Memory.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
3. • “ An embedded system can be defined as those control
systems which are designed either by microprocessor or
microcontroller for a specific tasks. ”
• “ An embedded system is some combination of computer
hardware & software, either fixed in capability or
programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular
kind of application device. "
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
4. Embedded System In Daily Life
Moving message display
DVD player Traffic Light
Digital clock
Game
7. Microprocessor & Microcontroller
Microprocessor:
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the
terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all
personal computers and most of all automatic systems.
Microcontroller :
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory,
and programmable input/output peripherals.
11. It was developed by Atmel Corporation
‘8’ in Atmega8 means this microcontroller has 8Kb of flash
memory
ALL AVR MC Is 8 bit microcontroller.
It was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation.
12. What is RISC?
RISC stands for “Reduced Instruction Set Computer”
It is a very fast architecture which executes one instruction per clock
cycle.
RISC contains very small instruction set.
Programming is easy, but code length increases.
.
13. Some xtra FEATURES
• Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
• 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
• Six ADC channels in PDIP package
• Internal Calibrated Oscillator of 2,4,8 MHz.
14. MEMORY SEGMENTS
• 8K Bytes of Flash program memory
• 512 Bytes EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory)
• 1K Byte Internal RAM (Random Access Memory)
17. PORT
PORT is use for input and out put communication.
PORT are 8 bit wide.
PORT are bidirectional data bus.
Every PORT has three registers associated with it each one with 8 bit.
18. PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 PB2 PB1 PB0
PORT IS 8 BIT REGISTERS.
PORT IS COMBINATION OF 8 FLIP FLOP
PORTB
PORTC
-------- PC6 PC5 PC4 PC3 PC2 PC1 PC0
PD7 PD6 PD5 PD4 PD3 PD2 PD1 PD0
PORTD
19. PORT Associated Registers
DDRx – Data Direction Register
PORTx – Pin Output Register
PINx – Pin Input Register
where x = GPIO port name ( B, C or D)
20. DDRx register
DDRx (Data Direction Register) configures data direction of port pins. Means its
setting determines whether port pins will be used for input or output. Writing 0
to a bit in DDRx makes corresponding port pin as input, while writing 1 to a bit in
DDRx makes corresponding port pin as output.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0DDRB=
PORTB is become input. DDRB=0b00000000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1DDRB=
PORTB is become OUTPUT DDRB=0b11111111
21. PORTx register
PORT give output voltage to external hardware.
PORT is similar as printf .
PORTB=0b00000000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PORTB provide low (0) voltage to blub.
22. PORTx register
PORT give output voltage to external hardware.
PORT is similar as printf .
PORTB=0b11111111
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PORTB provide high (5) voltage to blub.
23. PORTx register
PORT give output voltage to external hardware.
PORT is similar as printf .
PORTB=0b11000011
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
PORTB provide high (5) voltage to blub.
24. INTERFACING LED WITH ATMEGAX
LED stands for "Light Emmiting Diode", It has 2 PINs one for +ve Source and the other one for Ground
Basically 5mm LEDs work at 20mA and 3V
current. Now the question comes, How to get the
same Value of source from the MCU. Well,
actually Micro Controller can provide constant 5V
with 20mA Current through its PORTs(A to D)
Lets calculate the Resistance Value, Our Requirements : 20mA , 3V
We Have : 20mA, 5V.So, we need to Decrese the Voltage by 2V.
The Current Flowing in the Cct is 20mA.
V = I X R .
V = 2V.
I = 20mA.
R= ?
2= 0.020 X R
=> R = 2 / 0.020
= 100 Ohm.
