In India there is not much metallic structures. We need to improve our technologies in metal structures and we need to construct more metal structures in India.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
Aimed for the basic or foundation course in civil engineering. From introduction to detailing of steel. This will help you to get understanding of RCC framed structure.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
Aimed for the basic or foundation course in civil engineering. From introduction to detailing of steel. This will help you to get understanding of RCC framed structure.
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to includ.pdfAmansupan
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of d.
Most steel construction is done with a type of steel called mild steel. Mild steel is a material that is immensely strong. Take a circular bar of steel 1 inch / 25mm in diameter. If you were to attach this bar securely to your ceiling, you could hang from it 20,000 Kg (which is 20 tons)
This immense strength is of great advantage to buildings. The other important feature of steel framing is its flexibility. It can bend without cracking, which is another great advantage, as a steel building can flex when it is pushed to one side by say, wind, or an earthquake. The third characteristic of steel is its plasticity or ductility.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. INTRODUCTION
A solid material which is typically hard, shiny,
malleable, fusible and ductile, with good
electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g. iron,
gold, silver, aluminium, and alloys such as
steel).
3. STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron & carbon
Iron is the major ore of steel
Steel contains 0.002% to 2.1% of carbon
Carbon provides necessary strength
5. MANUFACTURING OF STEEL
Carbonization of Coke
Blast furnace
Basic oxygen steel making
Electric arc method
6.
7. STEEL BUILDINGS
A steel building is a
metal structure fabricated
With steel for the internal
Support and for exterior
Cladding .
8. STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION TODAY
Nowadays , most of the buildings were
constructed using steel .
Steel provides more strength .
Architects have more flexibility in designing .
Can be combined with other materials .
100% recyclable .
11. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF STEEL
BUILDINGS
1. Planning
2. Ground & Site preparation
3. Fabrication
4. Erection
5. Framing
6. Sheeting
12. SITE INVESTIGATIONS
The main purpose of site investigation
To determine the nature of the sub soil .
To determine the bearing capacity of the soil .
To determine the possibility of the ground
movement .
13. FABRICATION
Fabrication describes the processing of steel
from manufacturer to final delivery to a
construction project, which includes
coating
Stockyard storage
Cutting
Bending
Welding
16. CONCRETE SLAB
• Metal deck may need to be assessed for its
ability to stabilize the steel members .
17. TOP STEEL STRUCTURES
BURJ KHALIFA (2008)
DUBAI
829.8 m ( 39K TONS)
EIFFEL TOWER (1889)
PARIS
324 m (7.3K TONS)
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING (1931)
NEW YORK
443 m (60K TONS)
18. IS STANDARDS
• IS: 800 : 2007 – Code of Practice for general construction in
Steel
• IS: 802 Part 2 : 1978 – Code of Practice for use of Structural
Steel in Overhead Transmission Towers-Fabrication,
Galvanizing, Inspection and Packing
• IS: 806 : 1968 – Code of Practice for USE OF Steel Tubes in
General Building Construction
• IS: 808 : 1989 – Dimensions for Hot Rolled Steel Beam,
Column, Channel and Angle Sections
• IS:814 : 2004 – Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc
Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steel
Specification
• IS:816 : 1969 – Code of Practice for use of Metal Arc
Welding for General Construction in Mild Steel.
• IS:1161 : 1998 – Specification For Steel Tubes for Structural
Purposes.
19. IN INDIA
Like the concrete technology .
Rare steel structures .
As re-bars but not complete steel structures .
Major reasons were…
Cost
Installation & Transportation
20. STEEL STRUCTURE IN INDIA
• Howrah Bridge
• Kolkata , India
• Material : Steel(23K TONS
• Length: 705 m
• width: 71ft
• Constructed in: 1942
21. PROS OF STEEL BUILDINGS
Consistent Material Quality
Light weight & strong
Dimensionally Stable in any
Climate
Can withstand Disasters
Can built tall & wide
Insect Resistance
Pre-fabricated frames assembled Quickly
22. CONS OF STEEL BUILDINGS
Steel is an expensive material (much more than
masonry or concrete)
High maintenance
Requires more space
Requires Skilled Labors
Properties can vary when temperature above 700c
23. CONCRETE STRUCTURE VS STEEL STRUCTURE
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
• More Durable
• Less resistance to Durable
• Low load carrying capacity
• Scrap value is nil
• Self wt. is very high
• Foundation should be
strong
• Simple process
• Low cost
STEEL STRUCTURE
• Less Durable
• More resistance to Disasters
• High load carrying capacity
• Scrap value is good
• Self wt. is 60% less than
concrete
• Structure can be made
without foundation
• Requires skilled labors
• Cost is high
24. CONCLUSION
• Steel structures demand greater precision
than those built with masonry or concrete
frame, which cannot be guaranteed by all
contractors .
• Factors weighing against them like cost and
energy may appear less important than site
value or project period .
