Structural steel is an alloy of iron and carbon used in construction. It can be classified based on carbon content into mild steel (0.15-0.30% carbon), medium carbon steel (0.30-0.80% carbon), and high carbon steel (0.80-1.50% carbon). Structural steel sections like I-beams, channels, and angles are used to construct buildings and bridges. Structural steel frames provide large spans, high strength, and flexibility of design. Common structural steel applications include portal frames, trusses, bracing, roofing, doors, and bridges.
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to includ.pdfAmansupan
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of d.
Carbon steel seamless pipes will encourage be a less expensive various to the nickel alloys, that square measure terribly expensive.
Website: www.sinobasemetal.com
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to includ.pdfAmansupan
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of d.
Carbon steel seamless pipes will encourage be a less expensive various to the nickel alloys, that square measure terribly expensive.
Website: www.sinobasemetal.com
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Steel
Man made metal derived from
iron- which is its major
constituent
Remaining components are small
amounts of other elements
Added to improve the quality of
steel
3. Used as:
Basic products of steel mill such as
plate, section and bars
From this members are fabricated viz.
beams, girders, columns, struts, ties
etc.
4. Steel vs. Cast Iron
Up to 1.5 % Carbon combines with iron
More than 1.5 -4.5 % present as free
graphite – known as cast iron
Properties vary with the varying carbon
content
Increasing carbon content produces increase
in shear strength & hardness
Decreases the ductility and toughness
5. Comparison between Cast Iron, Wrought Iron &
Steel
Comp strength
4.75 -25.2 tonnes/
sq cm
Ultimate tensile
strength is 5.51 to
11.02 t /sq m
compressive
strength is 2.0
tonnes/sq cm and
ultimate tensile
strength 3.15
tonnes/sq cm
Comp. strength
6.3-7.1 tonnes/sq cm
Ultimate tensile
strength 1.26 to
1.57tonnes/sq cm.
Strength
Can be hardened &
tempered
Cannot be
hardened or
tempered
Hard, hardened by
heating & sudden
cooling
Hardness
1300-1400 degree
Celsius
1500 degree
Celsius
1200 degree Celsius
Melting point
Midway
Purest
Contains up to
0.25% carbon
Crude form containing
2-4% carbon
composition
Cast Iron Wrought iron Steel
6. Absorbs shocks
Cannot stand
heavy shocks
Does not absorb
shocks
Reaction to
sudden shock
Rapidly forged or
welded
Easily forged or
welded
Brittle and
cannot be
welded or rolled
into sheets
Forging &
Welding
Tough, malleable
& Ductile
Tough,
malleable, ductile
& moderately
elastic
Brittle & cannot
be welded or
rolled into sheets
Malleability&Duct
ility
Rusts easily
Rusts more than
Cast Iron
Does not rust
easily
Rusting
Comparison between Cast Iron, Wrought Iron & Steel
Cast Iron Wrought iron Steel
7. Comparison between Cast Iron, Wrought Iron & Steel
Used as
reinforcemen
t in R.B. &
R.C.C.
Used in making
St. members,
bolts, rivets
and sheets
(plain and
corrugated)
Making
cutlery, files
& machine
tools
Costlier than
mild steel so
being replaced
by the latter
Withstand
shocks without
permanent
injury so used
in chains,
crane hooks
and railway
couplings
For parts that
rust easily like
water pipes,
sewers, drain
pipes etc.
Making such
parts of
machines as
are not likely to
be subjects to
shocks or
tension
Lamp posts,
columns and
railings
Uses
Cast Iron Wrought iron Steel
8. Types of Steel: (According to varying
Carbon Content)
Dead Mild Steel (Less than 0.15 % Carbon )
Mild Steel (0.15 – 0.30 % Carbon)
Medium Carbon Steel (0.30 -0.80 % Carbon)
High Carbon Steel (0.80 -1.50 % Carbon)
Cast Steel / Carbon Tool Steel (More than
1.50 % Carbon)
9. Mild Steel
Ductile & malleable
More tough and more elastic than cast iron and wrought iron
More prone to rusting than wrought iron
Corrodes quickly
Easily forged, welded & riveted
Withstands shocks & impacts well
Not much affected by saline water
Equally strong in tension, compression and in shear
Difficult to harden and temper
Sp. Gravity 7.8
10. Mild Steel : Uses
Used as rolled structural sections like I-
section; T-section; channel Section; angle
irons. Plates round and square rods
M.S. Round bars
Used as reinforcement in R.C.C.
M.S. tubes are used in structures
Plain and Corrugated M.S. Sheets are used in
roofing
11. Medium Carbon Steel
Granular structure
More tough & elastic than M.S.
Easier to harden & to temper
More difficult to to forge and to weld
Stronger in compression than in tension or in
shear
Withstands shocks and vibrations better
12. Medium Carbon Steel : Uses
For making tools such as dills, files,
chisels
Used for making those parts that ae
hard , tough and durable and capable
of withstanding shocks and vibrations
13. High Carbon Steel
Increased tensile strength leads to less
weight of it being used as compared to
M.S.
Structure becomes lighter
Resists corrosion better
Tougher and more elastic
More brittle and less ductile than mild
steel
14. High Carbon Steel : Uses
In reinforcing prestressed concrete
structures
15. Types of Steel:
(according to elements used)
Steels that owe their properties due to
carbon are called Carbon Steels
Steels with properties due to elements
other than carbon are termed as Alloy
Steels
16. Alloy Steels
The elements that impart distinctive characteristics to
steel are added to iron to produce an alloy steel
named after the element added
Prepared to increase strength, hardness, toughness,
resistance to corrosion and thermal and electrical
conductivities
Divided into two categories:
Ferrous alloys ( chromium, nickel, vanadium,
tungsten, molybdenum and manganese )
Non Ferrous alloys
19. Tolerances in structural steel
It is not possible in rolling process to produce
sections to the exact dimensions specified.
Allowances for:
Slight variation in member length
Inaccurate location of holes
Out of squareness of member ends
Variation in depth of welded girders
Other dimensional variations
21. welding
There are 3 different type
of welds
Butt weld
Fillet weld
Lap weld
22. Properties of a structural steel
frame
In design:
Large spans
With columns of small sections
Great building heights and high loadbearing
capacity
Combined with low dead weight of the
structure
Structural systems in which openings can be
easily provided
To simplify installation of services
23. Properties of a structural steel
frame
In construction:
Prefabrication and erection of components
Shorter construction time
Close dimensional tolerances
Ease in fixing and cladding
Erection independent of weather conditions
Modest demand on space on the site
Dry construction
24. Properties of a structural steel
frame
In use:
Greater flexibility
Limited no. of internal supports
Adaptibility of frame work to change of
use
Increasing effective life of building
Ease in dismantling or demolition
26. Applications: Wind Bracing
Wind bracing provides the longitudinal stability of
the building.
It consists of cross bracing located in roof and
sidewalls, in one or more bays depending on
loadings and the length of the building.
If it is not possible to have cross bracing in the
sidewalls, it can be replaced by wind portal frames
or by fixed base wind columns, located adjacent
and connected to the mainframe columns.
27. Applications: Roof Lights
Roof Lights can be of dome construction as
shown here or as profiled sheets replacing steel
roof panels.
Function
Continuous natural light
General Characteristics
Insulated roof curb
A framed opening of double skin metallic roof curb,
to match the profile of the roof sheet and its
location. Class-fibre insulation is installed on job
site.
28. Applications: Astrotherm
insulation
Astrotherm insulation
consists of fibre glass
blanket complete with a
laminated facing vapour
barrier
Optionally, isoblocks are
supplied to minimise
thermal bridges and
Alustrip to improve the
overall appearance of any
exposed insulation joints.
29. Eave gutter
Gutters are often an afterthought and
can spoil the appearance of a building
The gutters are large capacity and
colour coated to compliment the
building. Alternatively internal gutters
can be provided
30. Monovent
m
Used On the peak in the roofs
Function
Ventilation of the building at the ideal peak
position, where large movement of air is
required.
General Characteristics
Steel operating cable, cable guides (instead
of standard type pulleys), hook and cable
stop.
Stainless steel screws and aluminiu
rivets.
39. A steel joist and king post truss system
provide support for the 650,000sq. ft. roof.
40. This framing system
creates
wide-open, column-free
spaces
king post trusses form the
lateral-force resisting
system, eliminating the
need for bracing and further
increasing flexibility
of the interior space.
42. The upper tier, cantilevering 46' over the suite and club
Levels
supported by column groupings consisting of four massive
steel HSS placed at the midpoint alternating structural
bays.