The meninges are the three membranes - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater - that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outermost and toughest layer. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner meningeal layer. It contains folds like the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. The arachnoid mater lies interior to the dura mater and is separated from it by the subdural space. Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The pia mater is the innermost layer and closely adher
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
Landmarks of the Brain
•
The brain is divided into
three major portions
–
cerebrum
–
cerebellum
–
brainstem
Embryonic Development
•The nervous system develops from
ectoderm, the outermost germ layer of an
embryo
•By the third week of development, a dorsal
streak called the neuroectoderm appears
along the length of the embryo
•The neuroectoderm
eventually thickens to
form the neural plate
•gives rise to all neurons and glial
cells
except the microglia (comes from
mesoderm)
•The neural plate sinks and forms a neural
groove with a raised neural fold along each
side
•The neural fold fuses along the midline
creating a hollow channel called the neural
tube.
•forms the motor nerves, the central of
the cord, and the ventricles of the brain
NIHSS in Stroke Severity: Why and How? presentation.pptxmunnam37
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale is used to assess the severity in ischemic stroke. it is very useful for stroke physicians for treatment and follow-up.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. MENINGES OF BRAIN
AND SPINAL CORD
Presented By:
Dr. Md. Saiduzzaman
MD Resident
(Neurology, Phase B)
2. TheMeninges
• The Meninges are the
membranes covering
the brain and spinal
cord.
• Itconsist of three
layers:
1. Thedura mater,
2. Thearachnoid mater,
3. Thepia mater.
4. Dura mater
Outer strong layer.
Literally means “Tough Mother”.
Two layers:
1. Outer Fibrous/Endosteal layer.
2. Inner Meningeal/ Cellular layer.
(Lined by Simple squamous epithelium)
Theseare closely united except along certain lines, where
they separate to form venous sinuses.
5.
6. DURA MATER
> Endosteal layer :
o Periosteum - inner surface of the skull bones
o Not continuous with dura mater of spinal cord
> Meningeal layer :
o Continuous with dura mater of spinal cord
o Folded inwards as4 septa between part of the
brain
o The function of these septa isto restrict the rotatory
displacement of the brain.
10. Coronalsectionof the upperpart of thehead
Endosteallayer
Meningeallayer
Theyare closely
united exceptalong
certain lines;they
are separatedto
form venous
sinuses
Superiorsagittalsinus
(Dural venoussinus)
Dura mater
Subduralspace
11. TheFalxCerebri
• It is a sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that lies in
the midline between two cerebral hemispheres.
• Its narrow end in front is attachedto the internal
frontal crest and the crista galli.
• Its broad posterior part blends in the midline with the
upper surface ofthe tentorium cerebelli.
• The superior sagittal sinus runs in its upper fixed
margin, the inferior sagittal sinus runs in its lower
concave free margin, and the straight sinus runs along
its attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.
13. TheTentorium Cerebelli
• Thetentorium cerebelli
is acrescent-shaped
fold of dura mater that
roofs over the posterior
cranial fossa.
• It covers the upper
surface of the
cerebellum and
supports the occipital
lobes of the cerebral
hemispheres.
15. TheFalxCerebelli
• The falx cerebelli is a small, sickle-shaped fold
of
dura mater that is attached to the internal
occipital crest and projects forward between
the two cerebellar hemispheres.
• Its posterior fixed margin contains the occipital
sinus.
16. TheDiaphragma Sellae
• Thediaphragma sellae is asmall circular fold of
dura mater that forms the roof for the sella
turcica.
• A small opening in its center allowspassage
of the stalk of the pituitary gland.
17.
18.
19. Dural Nerve Supply
• Branchesof the trigeminal, vagus,and first
three cervical nerves and branches from
the sympathetic system passto the dura.
• Thedura is sensitive to stretching,which
produces the sensation of headache.
20. Dural Blood Supply
Arterial Supply
• Thedura mater is supplied by the internal carotid,
maxillary,ascending pharyngeal, occipital, and vertebral
arteries.
• From aclinical standpoint, the most important is the
middle meningeal artery, which is commonly damaged
in head injuries.
21. VenousDrainage
• Themeningeal veins lie in the endosteal layer ofdura.
• Themiddle meningeal vein follows the branches ofthe
middle meningeal artery and drains into the
pterygoid venous plexus or the sphenoparietalsinus.
• Theveins lie lateral to the arteries.
22. Arrachnoid mater
Delicate, impermeable & avascular membrane
covering the brain.
Lying between Piamater (internally) & dura
Mater(externally).
Separated from dura mater bya potential space, the
subdural space(filled by afilm of fluid).
Separated from pia mater bythe subarachnoid space
(filled with CSF).
The outer and inner surfaces covered with
flattened mesothelial cells
25. Pia Mater
> The pia mater is a vascular membrane covered by
flattened mesothelial cells, closely attached to the
brain,covering the gyri and descending into the sulci.
> It extends out over the cranial nerves and fuses
with their epineurium.
26. MENINGES OF THE SPINAL CORD
Dura Mater
Encloses the spinal cord and the cauda equina.
It is continuous above through the foramen
magnum with the meningeal layer of dura covering
the brain.
> Inferiorly, it ends on the filum terminale at the level
of the lower border of the second sacral vertebra.
27.
28.
29. • Subdural space is
a potential space
where superior
cerebral veins
traverse to reach
the superior
sagittal sinus and
its lacunae.
Superiorcerebral veins
beneath dura
Subdural Space
34. Subarachnoid Space:
Relatively narrow over the surface of cerebral
hemisphere, but sometimes becomes much widerin
areas at the baseof the brain, the widest spaceis
called subarachnoidcisterns.
Thecisterna cerebellomedularis lies between inferior
surface of the cerebellum and roof of4th ventricle.
Thecisterna interpeduncularis lies between 2cerebral
hemispheres. All the cisternae are in free
communication with one another & with the
remainder of subarachnoidspace.
35. Median sagittalsectionto showthe subarachnoidcisterns&
circulationof CSF
Superior
cistern
Interpeduncular
cistern
Cerebellomedullarycistern
Chiasmatic
cistern
Pontine
cistern
36.
37.
38. Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is an abnormal increase in
the volume of the CSF within the skull.
It is due to one of the following:
(1) an abnormal increase in the formation
of the fluid,
(2) blockage of the circulation of the fluid,
(3) diminished absorption of the fluid.
39. Hydrocephalus (cont….)
Types:
1. Non-communicating/ Obstructive
(blockage at some point between its formation at the
choroid plexuses and its exit through the foramina in
the roof of the fourth ventricle.)
2. Communicating.
