Memory Organization
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The document provides a history of computer memory technologies, beginning with delay line memory developed in the 1940s. Random access memory technologies then emerged in the late 1940s, including magnetic core memory which allowed memory retention after power loss. Magnetic core memory became the standard through the 1960s until being replaced by semiconductor memory. The document also defines different types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM, cache), secondary memory (hard disks), tertiary memory (CDs, DVDs), and offline memory (removable storage). It describes the roles of RAM and ROM in memory and defines cache memory as faster memory used to store frequently accessed data and instructions.
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The document describes the memory hierarchy in computers from fastest to slowest: CPU caches (L1, L2, L3), main memory (RAM), virtual memory, and permanent storage (hard disks). L1 cache is built into the CPU and holds frequently used data for very fast access. Main memory (RAM) is where operating systems and active programs are run but is slower than cache. Virtual memory manages RAM use through disk storage. Permanent storage on disks retains data even when powered off but is the slowest to access.
evolution of random access memory
The document traces the evolution of computer memory from early vacuum tubes to modern RAM standards. It begins with vacuum tubes and the creation of transistors by Bell Labs. Transistors became the core component of memory, starting with simple latches that could store 1 bit. Dynamic RAM uses transistors and capacitors to store data, while static RAM uses an arrangement of transistors. Standards progressed from SDRAM, which transferred data on clock edges, to DDR RAM which doubled this by transferring data on both the positive and negative clock edges. Later standards like DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 continued to increase bandwidth and clock rates.
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The motherboard is the most important component of a personal computer, as it holds and connects the processor, memory chips, expansion cards, storage devices, and input/output ports. The document describes the key components that connect to the motherboard, including the central processing unit (CPU) that acts as the "brain" of the computer, random access memory (RAM) for temporary storage, and read-only memory (ROM) for start-up instructions. Expansion cards allow the motherboard to connect to devices like graphics cards, network cards, and sound cards.
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This document defines and explains the importance of key computer hardware components including the microprocessor, RAM, ROM, buses, CMOS battery, power supply, ports, expansion slots, cache memory, switches, jumpers, and bridges. The microprocessor contains all the functions of a computer's central processing unit. RAM allows random access of memory locations for storing and retrieving data. ROM stores standard programs supplied by manufacturers. Buses transfer data and addresses between internal components. The CMOS battery stores system information like the time and date.
Memory management
ROM is a type of memory that can only be read from and cannot be modified. It is non-volatile, meaning its contents are retained even when power is turned off. PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM are programmable versions of ROM that can be written to a single time (PROM), by exposing it to UV light (EPROM), or electrically (EEPROM). RAM is volatile memory that is used by the CPU for temporary storage and can be written and read many times. Caches like L1, L2, L3 improve memory access speed. Different RAM types include DRAM, SRAM, VRAM, and EDO RAM.
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The document discusses the key components and functions of a motherboard. It describes how a motherboard provides electrical connections for the CPU, memory, drives, and peripherals to communicate. It explains that the microprocessor's supporting chipset determines the motherboard's features and capabilities. Form factor, common motherboard parts like expansion slots and memory sockets are described. Factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are also outlined.
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The document discusses the key components and functions of a computer motherboard. It describes how the motherboard connects and allows communication between the CPU, memory, drives, and other peripherals. It provides details on common motherboard components like the chipset, CPU socket, memory slots, BIOS, and expansion slots. The document also covers motherboard specifications, compatibility considerations, and popular motherboard manufacturers.
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The document traces the evolution of computer memory from early vacuum tubes to modern RAM standards. It begins with vacuum tubes and the creation of transistors by Bell Labs. Transistors became the core component of memory, starting with simple latches that could store 1 bit. Dynamic RAM uses transistors and capacitors to store data, while static RAM uses an arrangement of transistors. Standards progressed from SDRAM, which transferred data on clock edges, to DDR RAM which doubled this by transferring data on both the positive and negative clock edges. Later standards like DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 continued to increase bandwidth and clock rates.
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This document defines and explains the importance of key computer hardware components including the microprocessor, RAM, ROM, buses, CMOS battery, power supply, ports, expansion slots, cache memory, switches, jumpers, and bridges. The microprocessor contains all the functions of a computer's central processing unit. RAM allows random access of memory locations for storing and retrieving data. ROM stores standard programs supplied by manufacturers. Buses transfer data and addresses between internal components. The CMOS battery stores system information like the time and date.
Memory management
ROM is a type of memory that can only be read from and cannot be modified. It is non-volatile, meaning its contents are retained even when power is turned off. PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM are programmable versions of ROM that can be written to a single time (PROM), by exposing it to UV light (EPROM), or electrically (EEPROM). RAM is volatile memory that is used by the CPU for temporary storage and can be written and read many times. Caches like L1, L2, L3 improve memory access speed. Different RAM types include DRAM, SRAM, VRAM, and EDO RAM.
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Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
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The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
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The document discusses various components and features of motherboards. It lists four main components of motherboards as CPU socket, chipsets, RAM slots, and expansion slots. Two important motherboard selection criteria are the motherboard chipset and processor. The document also discusses cache memory types, BIOS functions including POST and startup, hub computer architecture, CPU modes, extended/expanded memory, CMOS setup, and features of SDRAM, DDR, cache, and DDR2 memory.
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Memory Organization
- 1. PRESENTATION BY Abdullah Al Imran ID:142-15-3690 COMPUTER MEMORY
- 3. DELAY LINE MEMORY o Developed by J. Presper Eckert in the early 1940s. o It is also used in digital computers. o Delay line memory would be limited to a capacity of up to a few hundred thousand bits to remain efficient. 3
- 4. RANDOM ACCESS COMPUTER MEMORY o The Williams tube and Selectron tube originated in 1946. o In 1947 Jay Forrester, Jan A. Rajchman and An Wang developed magnetic core memory which allowed for recall of memory after power loss. o The Selectron was limited to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store thousands 4
- 5. MAGNETIC CORE MEMORY ●It was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s, until it was replaced by semiconductor memory. 5
- 6. Overview 6 Primary - storage of intermediate data - necessary to run the computer - RAM, Cache Secondary - long-term storage of data - HDD Tertiary - CD, DVD, memory card... Off-line - disconnected storage - unplugged USB flash drive - external HDD
- 7. MEMORY o It holds the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs. o It allows the CPU to direct interact with the program. o Memory is a need of every computer o Main memory is divided into two parts : - Random Access memory ( RAM ) should be better known as Read Write Memory - Read Only Memory (ROM) 7
- 8. “ 8 Random Access Memory (RAM) • Structure : A set of memory chips, each of them is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors • Volatile - their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. • Usage : Holds data/application programs from input devices or storages • Bus : processing speed • Types: --DRAM --SRAM
- 9. 9 Read only memory (ROM) • Has contents which are fixed when the chip is manufactured • Holds the bootstrap loader part of the operating system • Retains its data when the computer is switched off •Types of ROM --PROM --EROM --EEROM
- 10. 10 Cache memory • Faster and expensive than RAM • It improves the computer’s performance • Processor can use it to store frequently accessed data and program instructions • It is two types : - L1 : primary cache (inside the processor) - L2 : secondary cache (in the motherboard or near the microprocessor)