This is a detailed discussion on Food and Nutrition, Vitamins and Minerals of Medical Biochemistry (item no.1 of card no.2) for MBBS students.

1. Food & Nutrition, Vitamins
&
Minerals

2. Food

3.  Ingestible substance
 Energy source of the body
 Composed of nutrients
 Satisfy hunger
 Support growth, development

5. Food is the fuel source of the
body, composed of nutrients which
undergoes metabolism after
ingestion to liberate energy
required for the vital activities
of the body.

6. Food pyramid

7. Energy
yielding
food
Body
building
food
Protective
food

9. Energy expenditure

11. Proximate principles of
food
Basic component of food

12. 1. Carbohydrate
2. Fat
Energy yielding food

13. 3. Protein
Body building food

14. 4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
Protective food

15. 6. Water
Maintains fluid balance
Regulates cellular activity

16. 7. Dietary fibres
Helps in bowel function

17. Calorie value of foods

19. It is the energy released by
complete oxidation of a food in
the biological system of the
body.

20. Calorie value of foods
Food stuffs Energy value(kcal/g)
a. Carbohydrate 4 kcal/g
b. Fat 9 kcal/g
c. Protein 4 kcal/g

21. Nutrients

22. Nutrients :
Nutrients are the constituents of food
necessary to sustain the normal
functions of the body .

23. They are of two types-
a. Macronutrients
b. Micronutrients

24. a. Macronutrients
All energy in the diet is provided
by them.
So they are needed in large amount.
e.g. Carbohydrate, protein, fat.

25. b. Micronutrients
These nutrient is needed in lesser
amount.
e.g. Vitamins & minerals.

26. Essential nutrients
The nutrients that are not synthesized
in the body , but required for
normal body function
&
therefore, must be supplied with diet.

27. Essential nutrients-
 Essential amino acids
 Essential fatty acids
 Vitamins , minerals

28. Nutrition

29. Nutrition
Nutrition is defined as the
utilization of food by living
organisms for the growth , repair &
maintenance of the vital activities
of the body .

30. Diet

31. Diet
Diet is a combination of different
foods prepared to provide the full
range of nutritional requirements.

32. A normal diet should contain all
the proximate principles of food.

33. Balanced diet

34. Balanced diet contains adequate
amounts of all the necessary
nutrients required for
healthy growth and activity.

37. A balanced diet must contain
sufficient amount of nutrients such
as carbohydrates, fat, vitamins,
minerals, fiber etc.

38. It contains sufficient amounts of
fiber and adequate amounts of
water to ensure good health.

39. Definition of balanced diet

40. Balanced diet
A diet that contains all the proximate
principles of food including essential
nutrients in such a proportion that the
individual can maintain growth,
working capacity, nitrogen balance &
can prevent any specific disorder with
respect to age, sex, occupation & life
style.

41. Importance of balanced
diet

42. ‘To achieve a healthy
weight and energy
balance’

43. It is essential for a healthy body
and a healthy mind.

44. Effects of improper diet
Poor growth & development
Poor physical and mental health
Recurrent infections

45. Effects of over eating
Insulin resistance
Diabetes
Obesity & related disorders

46. You are what you
eat!

47. Factors needed to be considered in
balanced diet :
1. Age , sex , physical activity
2. Availability of food
3. Environmental temperature
4. Social & cultural habit
5. Economic status
6. Pregnancy, lactation

49. Criteria of a balanced diet

50. 1. Easily available & cost- effective.

51. 2. Sufficient to satisfy
taste & appetite.
3. Should be digestible & absorbable.

52. 4. Protein & fat should be obtained
from both animal & vegetable
sources , at least one third of the
protein should be animal in origin.

53. Should contain unsaturated fatty
acids and avoidance of
trans fatty acid & saturated fats.

54. 5. Complex carbohydrates should be
present in sufficient quantity &
simple sugar should be avoided.

55. 5. Should contain sufficient
vegetables & fruits to ensure
adequate supply of vitamins and
minerals

56. 6. Certain amount of cellulose or
roughage should be present
to promote peristalsis .
8. Should contain adequate
amount of water.

57. Energy requirement in humans

58. Energy requirement in humans:
Sedentary adults : 30 Kcal/Kg/day
Moderately active adults: 35 Kcal/Kg/day
Very active adult 40 Kcal/Kg/day

59. Sedentary Workers
A job is considered sedentary if
walking and standing only take up
about two hours in an eight hour
work day.

60. Sedentary work requires to sit for
up to six hours a day and involves
occasionally lifting
no more than 10 pounds
at a time.

61. Examples of sedentary jobs include
receptionist, packer,
surveillance systems monitor,
dispatcher etc.

62. Medium Workers
Medium work requires one
to stand up six hours in an eight hour
work day and also to have the
ability to lift 25 pounds frequently
and
50 pounds occasionally.

63. In addition, medium work involves
sitting, kneeling, climbing, and
squatting.
Plumber and construction worker
are examples of medium work.

64. Heavy and Very Heavy Workers
Heavy and very heavy work requires
to stand for the
same amount of time as medium
work,
but one also has to be able to
lift up to or more than 100 pounds.

65. The most difficult types of
construction work, such as
construction cleanup, mining,
day laborer, rickshaw puller
are classified as heavy or very heavy
work.

66. Heavy worker