Our body needs many minerals. A balanced diet usually provides all of the essential minerals. The ppt list minerals, what they do in the body their functions, and their sources in foods. It also included deficiencies and toxic effects.

1. MINERALS
BY:-
NITESH KUMAR
B.PHARM VII SEM
JAIPUR COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY, JAIPUR

2.  DEFINITION :
“A mineral is a chemical element required as an
essential nutrient by organism to perform function
necessary for life”.
OR
“Minerals are inorganic substances required by the
body in small amounts for a variety of different
function”.
 Classification:
1) Major Elements:
-- These are also known as “Macro minerals”.
-- It is required in amount > 100 mg/day.
-- At least 5 gram of the mineral present in the
body.
-- E.g. – Calcium , Sodium , Potassium ,
Chloride ,

3. 2) Minor Elements:
-- These are also known as “Micro minerals”.
-- It is required in amount < 100 mg/day.
-- Less than 5 gram of total mineral present in
the
body.
-- E.g. – Iron , Zinc , Copper , Selenium ,
Chromium ,
Iodide , Manganese , Molybdenum
3) Necessary:
-- It is necessary for the body but their exact
function are not known.
-- E.g. – Chromium , Nickel , Bromide , Lithium ,
Barium

4. 4)Non-Essential:
-- Seen in tissues.
-- Contaminant in food stuffs.
-- E.g. – Rubidium , Silver , Gold ,
Bismuth
5) Toxic:
-- It is should be avoided.
-- E.g. – Aluminum , Cadmium ,
Mercury

5.  Major minerals:
1. Calcium
Chemical formula : (Ca2+)
Sources : Dairy products , Fish with bones ,
Tofu ,
Leafy green vegetables , legumes ,
Fortified
foods , yogurt , cheese , salmon ,
sardines
Daily Requirement : 1000 mg
Function :
a) Development of bones and teeth
b) Transmission of nerve impulses
c) Blood clotting
d) Normal heart action

6. Deficiency:
Children – Stunted growth, Adults - Osteoporosis
Toxic effects:
-- Diarrhea
-- Interference with absorption of other
minerals
2. Sodium
Chemical formula : (Na+)
Sources : Table salt . soy sauce , MSG , all
processed
foods
Daily Requirement : 2400 mg
Function:
a) Maintains normal fluid and electrolytes
balance
b) Assists nerve impulse transmission

7. Deficiency:
-- Muscle cramps , Mental apathy , Loss of
appetite
Toxic effects:
-- Edema , Acute hypertension , Increased
calcium
excretion
3. Potassium
Chemical formula : (K+)
Sources : Fresh vegetables , Bananas , Citrus
food ,
Milk , Meats , Fish
Daily Requirement : 3500 mg
Function:
a) Maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance

8. Deficiency:
-- Muscular weakness , Paralysis , Confusion
due to
dehydration
Toxic effects:
-- Muscular weakness , Vomiting reflex
4. Chloride
Chemical formula : (Cl-)
Sources : Table salt , Eggs , Seafood , Milk
Daily Requirement : 3400 mg
Function:
a) Gastric acidity
b) Regulates acid-base balance in the body
c) Maintains fluid & electrolyte balance
d) Formation of hydrochloric acid

9. Deficiency:
-- Imbalance in gastric acidity
-- Imbalance in blood pH
Toxic effects:
-- Exhaustion
-- Nausea
5. Phosphorous
Chemical formula : (P)
Sources : Fish , Poultry , Eggs , Milk , Meat ,
Cheese ,
Lean , Legumes , Nuts , Whole-Grains
cereals
Daily Requirement : 1000 mg
Function: a) Development of bones & teeth
b) Maintains normal pH of the blood
c) Constituent of all body cells

10. Deficiency:
-- Weakness , Bone pain
Toxic effects:
-- Low blood calcium , Increased calcium
excretion
6. Magnesium
Chemical formula : (Mg2+)
Sources : Nuts , Legumes , Whole grains ,
Dark
leafy greens , seafood , Chocolate
,Cocoa
Daily Requirement : 350 mg
Function :
a) Mineralization of bones & teeth
b) It helps enzymes function

11. Deficiency:
-- Weakness , Muscle twitches , Confusion
Convulsion , Bizarre muscle movements
Toxic effects:
-- Confusion , Lack of muscle coordination ,
Death
TRACE ELEMENTS :
1. Iron
Chemical Formula : (Fe+)
Sources : Red meats , Fish , Poultry , Eggs ,
Legumes ,
Dried fruits , Shellfish , Liver , Whole
grains
or enriched breads & cereals , Dark

12. Diet requirements : 15 mg
Functions
a) Transports oxygen & carbon dioxide
b) Hemoglobin formation
c) Component of cellular enzymes essential for
energy production
Deficiency:
-- Anaemia , Weakness , Headaches ,
Reduced
immunity , low cold tolerance
Toxic effects:
-- Infection , Fatigue , Liver damage ,
Colon
cancer , Bloody stools , Fatal to kids

13. 2. Zinc
Chemical Formula : (Zn+)
Sources : Seafood , Eggs , Milk , Legumes ,
Wheat bran ,
Esp. oysters
Daily Requirements : 15 mg
Functions
a) Formation of collagen
b) Wound healing
c) Taste acuity
d) Essential for growth
e) Immune reaction
Deficiency:
-- Failure to grow , Dermatitis , Loss of taste ,
Poor healing , Sex retardation

14. Toxic effects
-- Nausea , Fever , Vomiting , Dizziness ,
Uncoordinated , Anaemia , Heart disease
3. Copper
Chemical Formula : (Cu)
Sources : Poultry , Shellfish , Legumes , Whole grain
breads , Cereals
Diet requirement : 2 mg
Functions
a) Facilitates the function of many enzymes
b) Iron may be an integral part of DNA & RNA
molecule
Deficiency
-- Pallor , Retarted growth , Edema , Anorexia
Toxic effects :
--Wilson’s disease, Deterioration of neurological

15. 4. Selenium
Chemical Formula : (Se+6)
Sources : Seafood , Meats , Grains , Vegetable
depending on soil content , Whole
grains ,
Cereals
Diet requirement : 35 μg
Functions :
a) Antioxidants
b) Works with Vitamin E
Deficiency : - Keshan disease , Muscle pain /
degradation , Cataracts , Low sperm
,
Fragile RBCs , Heart damage.
Toxic effects : Muscle damage , Nail & Hair

16. 5. Chromium
Chemical Formula : (Cr)
Sources : Meat , Whole grains , Vegetable oils
Diet requirement : 120 μg
Functions
-- It helps insulin move glucose from
blood
into cells
Deficiency
-- Abnormal glucose metabolism
Toxic effects
-- Possible muscle degeneration

17. 6. Iodine
Chemical formula – I
Source - Iodized salt, seafood and plant grown
in
rich iodine soil
Diet requirement - 150
Functions –
a.) A component of thyroid hormone – helps
to
regulate growth, development,
metabolism.
b.) Regulation of basal metabolic rate.
Deficiency
-- Goiter, Cretinism, Myxedema
Toxic effects
-- Low thyroid activity
-- Enlarged thyroid
g


18. 7. Manganese
Chemical Formula : (MnO2)
Sources : Whole grains , Nuts , Fruits ,
Vegetable
Diet requirement : 5 mg
Functions : Enzyme function
Deficiency :
-- Impaired growth , Skeletal
abnormalities , Neonatal ataxia
Toxic effects:
a) In extremely high exposure from
contamination
b) Severe psychiatric & neurologic
disorder

19. 8. Molybdenum
Chemical Formula : (Mo+2)
Sources : Whole grains , Organ meat , Peas ,
Beans
Diet requirement : 75 μg
Functions : Energy metabolism
Deficiency
a) Brain abnormalities
b) Developmental delays
c) Childhood death
d) It’s extremely rare
Toxic effects : Gout like syndrome

20. 9. Fluoride
Chemical Formula : (F-)
Sources : Fluoridated water , Seafood , Tea
Diet requirement : 3-5 mg
Functions:
a) Helps to make bones & teeth stronger
b) Increase resistance to tooth decay
Deficiency:
a) Susceptibility to tooth decay
b) Possibly osteoporosis
Toxic effects:
a) Chest pain
b) Fluorosis
c) Discolored teeth
d) Nausea