Plants create their own food through the process of photosynthesis, making them autotrophs. Additionally, the process' end result is referred to as a photosynthate or photo-assimilate. In plants, the phloem is a conducting tissue that carries photosynthate (food) to every part of the plant. While storage or the point of use is referred to as the Sink, the source of production or manufacturing is referred to as the Source. The source and sink connection notion is explained in the slides. The mechanisms cover these and other crucial aspects of the topic.
This presentation describes the nutrient uptake in plants. it explains the passive and active uptake of nutrient uptake. which are further explained as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins, channel proteins, ion exchange & contact exchange.
Plants create their own food through the process of photosynthesis, making them autotrophs. Additionally, the process' end result is referred to as a photosynthate or photo-assimilate. In plants, the phloem is a conducting tissue that carries photosynthate (food) to every part of the plant. While storage or the point of use is referred to as the Sink, the source of production or manufacturing is referred to as the Source. The source and sink connection notion is explained in the slides. The mechanisms cover these and other crucial aspects of the topic.
This presentation describes the nutrient uptake in plants. it explains the passive and active uptake of nutrient uptake. which are further explained as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins, channel proteins, ion exchange & contact exchange.
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
Outline
Introduction (Salinity)
State wise salt affected areas and distribution
Causes of soil salinity
Classification of plants based on salt tolerance
Salinity stress effect on crop growth and development
Salinity stress tolerance
Mechanism of salt tolerance
Mitigation of salt stress
Case study
Salinity is one of the most important factors, limiting the productivity of agricultural crops, with adverse effects on germination, plant vigour and crop yield (R Munns & Tester, 2008)
It is caused due to high accumulation of SO 4 2- , NO 3- , CO3- of Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium.
Excess salt in the soil, reduces the water potential of the soil and making the soil solution unavailable to the plants (physiological drought)
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Salinity stress
Categorization of salt affected soils
CAUSES OF SALINITY IN SOIL
Salinity effects on Plants
Injuries due to salt stress
different strategies to avoid salt injury
salt tolerance
salt avoidance
salt evasion
halophytes
non halophytes
glycophytes
Breeding for salt tolerance
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
Outline
Introduction (Salinity)
State wise salt affected areas and distribution
Causes of soil salinity
Classification of plants based on salt tolerance
Salinity stress effect on crop growth and development
Salinity stress tolerance
Mechanism of salt tolerance
Mitigation of salt stress
Case study
Salinity is one of the most important factors, limiting the productivity of agricultural crops, with adverse effects on germination, plant vigour and crop yield (R Munns & Tester, 2008)
It is caused due to high accumulation of SO 4 2- , NO 3- , CO3- of Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium.
Excess salt in the soil, reduces the water potential of the soil and making the soil solution unavailable to the plants (physiological drought)
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe t.pdfbanishkyliachomasl99
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe the following types of
transport and identify if each type requires energy and in what form. Simple diffusion Facilitated
diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Secondary active transport
Solution
Active transportneeds energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The
concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For
example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions move
from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Passive transport of molecules is independent of energy requirement, and the transport or
diffusion of molecule across the channel is facilitated by the concentration gradient. Means, the
molecules move down their concentration gradients.
1). Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity. It does not require the carrier molecules as in case of facilitated diffusion.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane
bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell,
which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule
present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
3). In the primary active transport, the ATP is directly used for the transport of the molecule. For
example, The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions
enter into the cell. Thus, the membrane potential is maintained.
4). The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an
ion (either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule
(against its concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion
drives uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: Glucose absorption along with the sodium is an example of secondary active transport..
Synthesis of Sucrose and starch very easy way to learn.
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2. Mineral salt absorption:
Mineral salts are absorbed from the soil solution in the form of
ions. They are chiefly absorbed through the meristematic
regions of roots near the tips.
A net movement of mineral salt into cell takes place is termed
as absorption of salt.
There are two theories for absorption of mineral salts:
1. Passive absorption
2. Active absorption
3. ACTIVE ABSORPTION:
“The lipid protein membrane of a cell is largely permeable to the all free ions
energy is used to transport of such free ions across the membrane and that is
called active absorption.
Characteristics:
Active transport exhibit following characteristics:
A. it is non-spontaneous and independent of solute coceratation
B. it uses protein carriers driven by expenditure of chemical energy
C. it does not proceed towards an equilibrium
D. it is against a chemical protein gradient the driving force being metabolic
energy
4. FollowingEVIDENCESfavor this
view:
(i) The factors like low temp.,
deficiency of O2, metabolic inhibitors
etc. which inhibit metabolic activities
also inhibit accumulation of ions.
(ii) Rate of respiration is increased
when a plant is transferred from water
to salt solution(Salt Respiration
5. The major hypothesis that explain the mechanism of
active transport of ions are:
1. The Carrier Concept- transport by a protein
2. Carrier mechanism involve ATP theory
3. Cytochrome-pump theory
6. A. CARRIER CONCEPT THEORY:
This concept was proposed by Vaden Honert in 1937
According to this theory the plasma membrane is impermeable to
free ions. But some compound present in it acts as carrier and
combines with ions to form carrier-ion-complex which can move
across the membrane. On the inner surface of the membrane this
complex breaks releasing ions into the cell while the carrier goes
back to the outer surface to pick up fresh ions
8. Following observations strongly support the carrier concept of active
absorption of mineral salts:
(i) Isotopic Exchange:
Several times, it has been found that actively absorbed radioactive ion cannot
diffuse back with other ions so its not permeable to free ions.
(ii) Saturation Effects:
Beyond a certain limit, increased concentration of salts does not bring an
increase in the rate of mineral salt absorption because active sites on the carrier
compound become saturated with ions.
(iii) Specificity:
Active sites on carrier compound may be specific which can bind only some
specific ions. This also explains the selective and unequal absorption of ions.
9. There are two common hypotheses based on the carrier concept
to explain the mechanism of active salt absorption.
(1) Lundegardh’s Cytochrome Pump Theory:
Lundegardh’s and Burstrom (1933) believed that there was a definite
correlation between respiration and anion absorption. when a plant transferred
from water to a salt the rate of respiration increases. This increase in rate of
respiration over the normal respiration has been called as salt respiration.
Assumptions:
(i) The mechanism of anion and cation absorption is different.
(ii) Anions are absorbed through cytochrome chain by an active process.
(iii) Cations are absorbed passively
10. According to this theory:
(i) Dehydrogenase reactions on inner side of the membrane
give rise to protons (H+) and electrons (e–).
(ii) The electron travels over the cytochrome chain towards
outside the membrane, so that the Fe of the cytochrome
becomes reduced (Fe++) on the outer surface and oxidized
(Fe++) on the inner surface.
(iii)The electron thus released unites with H+ and oxygen to
form water
11. ■ Main defects of above theory are:
I.it envisages active absorption of only anions
II.it not explain selective uptake ions
III. It has found that cations stimulate respiration
12. 2) Benet-Clark’s Protein-Lecithin Theory:
In 1956, Benet-Clark suggested that because the cell membranes chiefly consist
of phospholipids and proteins and certain enzymes.
According to this theory the phosphate group in the phosphatide is regarded as
the active Centre binding the cations, and the basic choline group as the anion
binding.
13. Conclusion:
In this mechanism of salt absorption many theories have been
explained by different scientist but active absorption concept
more supported than passive absorption of salt. So, it have
been believed that one or both of these mechanism may be
involved in the salt absorption. But more work has to be done
to explain the mechanism in clear and correct manner.