1) Four key processes were needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: the synthesis of simple organic molecules, the assembly of these molecules into polymers, the origin of self-replicating molecules making inheritance possible, and the packaging of these molecules into membranes.
2) Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 sought to recreate early Earth conditions and demonstrated the formation of amino acids from simpler components in the atmosphere, supporting the hypothesis of chemical evolution.
3) Comets may have delivered organic compounds to Earth, as analysis shows they contain complex organic molecules and panspermia suggests hardy bacteria could survive in space.
Life on earth ultimately depends on energy derived from sun. Photosynthesis is the only process of biological importance that can harvest this energy.
Literally photosynthesis means ‘synthesis using light’. Photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to synthesize carbon compound that cannot be formed without the input of the energy.
Photosynthesis (Photon = Light, Synthesis = Putting together) is an anabolic, endergonic process by which green plant synthesize carbohydrates (initially glucose) requiring carbon dioxide, water, pigments and sunlight. In other words, we can say that photosynthesis is transformation of solar energy/radiant energy/light energy (ultimate source of energy for all living organisms) into chemical energy.
Unit 6: Diversity of Microbial Mats
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Definemicrobialmats.Describethe functional guilds of microbes in the different layers, and how they interact.
2. Foreachofthethreephylaof photosynthetic bacteria, contrast how each fixes C and gains energy and reducing equivalents from light.
3. Forthetwothermophilicbacterialphyla, describe their adaptations to life at high
temperature. Explain how they are primitive and deeply-branching.
Life, living matter are those that shows certain attributes that include responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation and reproduction.
In biology origin of life or abiogenesis is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
It means the emergence of heritable and evolvable self-reproduction.
It is a complex subject and oftentimes controversial.
Several attempts have been made from time to time to explain the origin of life on earth.
There are several theories which offer their own explanation on the possible mechanism of origin of life.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Life on earth ultimately depends on energy derived from sun. Photosynthesis is the only process of biological importance that can harvest this energy.
Literally photosynthesis means ‘synthesis using light’. Photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to synthesize carbon compound that cannot be formed without the input of the energy.
Photosynthesis (Photon = Light, Synthesis = Putting together) is an anabolic, endergonic process by which green plant synthesize carbohydrates (initially glucose) requiring carbon dioxide, water, pigments and sunlight. In other words, we can say that photosynthesis is transformation of solar energy/radiant energy/light energy (ultimate source of energy for all living organisms) into chemical energy.
Unit 6: Diversity of Microbial Mats
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Definemicrobialmats.Describethe functional guilds of microbes in the different layers, and how they interact.
2. Foreachofthethreephylaof photosynthetic bacteria, contrast how each fixes C and gains energy and reducing equivalents from light.
3. Forthetwothermophilicbacterialphyla, describe their adaptations to life at high
temperature. Explain how they are primitive and deeply-branching.
Life, living matter are those that shows certain attributes that include responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation and reproduction.
In biology origin of life or abiogenesis is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
It means the emergence of heritable and evolvable self-reproduction.
It is a complex subject and oftentimes controversial.
Several attempts have been made from time to time to explain the origin of life on earth.
There are several theories which offer their own explanation on the possible mechanism of origin of life.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
COMPLETE DETAILED DESCRIPTION ON EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH. MILLER UREY EXPERIMENT. SELF REPLICATING DNA. EARLY CELL LIKE STRUCTURE. PANSPERMIA . PHOTOSYNTHESIS. EMERGENCE OF HUMAN.
Unit 3: Microbiology of Early Earth
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
• Describe the early Earth environment, and prevailing theories for the origins of life.
• Describe the major events in the evolution of cellular life, and when they happened.
• Explain the lines of evidence that lead us to know when early life arose, and the scientific basis behind each line.
Evolutionary Biology: Based on CBCS (2019 Credit Pattern); Savitribai Phule P...Shoeb Ahmad
The Presentation contains following chapters with adequate contents based on CBCS (2019 Credit Pattern); Savitribai Phule Pune University Syllabus-
1.1 Concept of Evolution.
1.2 Origin of life.
1.3 Origin of eukaryotic cell (Origin of mitochondria, plastids & symbionts).
Evidences of Evolution:
2.1 Analogy and Homology.
2.2 Embryological Evidences of Evolution.
2.3 Evolutionary & Paleontological Evidences.
Historical Review of Evolutionary Concept:
3.1 Theories of Evolution. 3.2 Lamarckism.
3.3 Darwinism and Neo Darwinism.
3.4 Mutation Theory.
3.5 Modern Synthetic theory.
4. Sources of Variations:
4.1 Variation and Mutations.
5. Isolation
6. Speciation:
6.1 Types of speciation (Allopatric & Sympatric).
6.2 Mechanism of speciation.
6.3 Patterns of speciation.
6.4 Factors influencing speciation.
7 Population Genetics:
7.1 Hardy-Weinberg Law & Genetic Drift.
7.2 Types of Natural Selection.
Origin of Man:
8.1 Evolution of Man (Evolution of anthropoids including man) - Kenyapithecus to Homo sapiens.
9. Zoogeographical Realms With reference to fauna
10. Extinctions:
10.1 Extinction - An Overview.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
2. D.1.1 Describe four processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth
1) The non-living synthesis of simple organic molecules
• Obviously if nothing was alive yet then the source of these molecules had to be abiotic
• We can presume that the early Earth had all of the base elements and compounds required
• They were somehow combined to make simple organic compounds
• Maybe the organic compounds were generated here, maybe they were extra-terrestrial!
2) The assembly of these molecules into polymers
• It makes sense, to make the larger molecules necessary for life, the simple organic
compounds would have to polymerise
3) The origin of self-replicating molecules made inheritance possible
• DNA can’t self replicate, it needs protein enzymes
• However some RNA can self-replicate, it can catalyse
the formation of copies of itself.
• They are called Ribozymes and are the basis of the
RNA World Hypothesis
4) The packaging of these molecules into membranes
with internal chemistry different from their
surroundings
• The formation of closed membranes an important step
• Closed membrane vesicles can form spontaneously
from lipids.
• This allowed differentiation between the internal and external environments
http://exploringorigins.org/resources.html
3. D.1.2 Outline the experiments of Miller and Urey into the origin of organic compounds
Earth’s atmosphere was ‘reducing’ in the early days. It did not contain
oxygen gas until after plants started photosynthesising
All molecules public domain from Wikimedia Commons, Background image http://www.flickr.com/photos/lrargerich/4587244190/
Can you
identify these
molecules?
4. D.1.2 Outline the experiments of Miller and Urey into the origin of organic compounds
Earth’s atmosphere was ‘reducing’ in the early days. It did not contain
oxygen gas until after plants started photosynthesising
The atmosphere contained:
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Water vapour
Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
All molecules public domain from Wikimedia Commons, Background image http://www.flickr.com/photos/lrargerich/4587244190/
The gases came from
abundant volcanic activity
5. These monomers mixed in the ‘primeval soup’, shallow oceans laden with chemicals
where it is thought that they reacted to form biological molecules
Miller and Urey tried to recreate these conditions in the lab in 1953
They were trying to demonstrate ‘chemical evolution’, the formation of more complex
molecules from simpler stock in the primeval soup
They combined the molecules from the previous page in a closed glass vessel
(simulated atmosphere), they heated the water (simulated volcanic activity) and
sparked electricity through the gases (simulated lightning)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/afeman/663646181/
7. After a week they found:
Thirteen of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids
Around 15% of the carbon was now in
organic compounds
8. http://www.flickr.com/photos/12057715@N00/354536849/
D.1.3 State that comets may have delivered organic compounds to Earth
Panspermia is the hypothesis
that life on Earth originated
from material delivered by a
comet, either in the form of
amino acids or as hardy
bacteria
Existing bacteria and archaebacteria have been found in odd
and extreme environments on Earth:
In hot springs, kilometres deep in the crust and even
embedded in ice cores from deep inside Antarctica
It is feasible that they could survive on or in a comet
Space is so
empty, yet full
of the
potential for
life
9. Cosmic radiation could provide
the energy for reactions that lead
to the formation of complex
organic molecules
Analysis of the spectra of light
coming from the comets reveals
the presence of hydrocarbons,
amino acids and peptides
The bombardment of
Earth by comets 4
billion years ago
could have ‘kick
started’ chemical
evolution
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jpstanley/2030855518/
10. D.1.3 Discuss possible locations where conditions could have allowed the synthesis of
organic compounds
Problem: The water in the Miller Urey experiment
tends to hydrolyse any polymers as they form and
prevents their formation. The conditions in the
ocean not ideal for polymerisation
Solution: “black smokers”, hydrothermal vents where
superheated steam escapes from within the crust.
The outflow is full of dissolved sulfides that crystallise around
the vent and may be a suitable environment for the formation
and concentration of complex biological compounds
http://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/5014975047/sizes/l/in/photostream/
11. Volcanoes may also have played a part:
Gases from above hot lava lakes have been found to
contain a higher than average level of fixed nitrogen Nitrogen fixation is the
formation of ammonia (NH4)
from nitrogen gas (N2).
The Haber process is a
modern industrial way to fix
nitrogen and it requires high
pressures (200 atm) and high
temperatures (400 °C)
Volcanoes and geysers
may have provided a suitable
location for the formation of
biological compounds
The hypothesis that life originated
on Earth is called abiogenesis
(ab bio genesis)
(aboriginal – life – creation)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/storm-crypt/3043902298/
12. The hypothesis that life came an extraterrestrial source:
http://images.cdn.fotopedia.com/flickr-2406913018-hd.jpg
As previously mentioned, organic molecules are out there
Mars is smaller than Earth and therefore cooled down more
quickly, life could have begun there while Earth was still scorching
Meteorites and comets impacting on mars could have thrown up debris with
early life attached, this could then have crashed on Earth.
Meteorites of Mars origin have been found in Antarctica
There is no evidence that life has been transferred in this way. Every now and then
there is a news story about “Fossils found in Mars meteorite”
but so far this has not been confirmed
The extraterrestrial hypothesis still doesn’t address how life formed,
just how it could move around the galaxy
13. D.1.5 Outline Two properties of RNA that would have allowed it to play a role in the origin of life
http://genetics.mgh.harvard.edu/szostakweb/exploringOriginsDownloads/centralDogma.jpg
RNAs can store, transmit and replicate genetic Information
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can catalyse reactions
(Hey! You told us that all enzymes are proteins! Liar!)
Some can polymerise nucleotides using ATP
Some can break chemical bonds, including peptide bonds
Ribosomes are themselves Ribozymes (huh?).
The part that catalyses the peptide bonds is RNA, the protein part of a ribosome
seems to have a purely structural function
Evolution by natural selection requires variation and heritability. RNA possesses these traits
14. D.1.6 State that living cells may have been preceded by protobionts,
with an internal chemical environment different from their surroundings
(Proto = first, or precursor)
Coacervates are droplets of polymeric molecules.
Coacervates containing enzyes can absorb
and concentrate substrate molecules
and then release the products to
their surrounds
If they absorb a lot of material they
can divide into two smaller
coacervate droplets
This is not true reproduction though
so they are not alive.
http://exploringorigins.org/protocells.html
An illustration of a protocell,
composed of a fatty acid membrane
encapsulating RNA ribozymes.
15. • Protobionts may have arisen from coacervates.
• Coacervates containing RNA may have started synthesising proteins
• Enzyme controlled binary fission may have arisen.
• The first true cells probably heterotrophic (maybe getting energy from
sulfur chemistry) and anaerobic (there was no free oxygen)
Microspheres: are another candidate
for a structure that might have given
rise to protobionts.
They form when amino acids are
heated and polymerise to form
simple proteins (thermal proteins)
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/microsphere.html
One milligram of
thermal proteins can
make 100 million
microspheres!
They divide like coacervates
and can catalyse some reactions
16. D.1.7 Outline the contribution of prokaryotes to the creation of an oxygen-rich atmosphere
Remember: there was little free oxygen in the early
atmosphere
Small amounts were made by UV light splitting water
vapour in the atmosphere
The oxygen concentration rose to 0.45% of the atmosphere
Not much compared to today’s 21%, but it coincides with the rise of the Eukaryotes
COINCIDENCE? Probably not.
The increase in Oxygen led to:
• The breakdown of the chemicals in the ‘chemical soup’ to carbon dioxide
and oxidised sediments
• The formation of the ozone layer, which blocked out UV and stopped the
production of more of the ‘soupy’ molecules
After about 2 billion years of prokaryote life (2 billion years ago) there
was an Earth changing event: a form of chlorophyll appeared in
bacteria that allowed oxygenic photosynthesis
17. D.1.8 Discuss the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis is the theory
that chloroplasts and
mitochondria were once free-
living prokaryotes that were
engulfed by larger prokaryotes
and survived to evolve into the
modern organelles
Evidence in support:
1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their
own DNA that is more like bacterial DNA
than what is found in the nucleus
2. The structure and biochemistry of
chloroplasts is similar to cyanobacteria
3. New organelles are made by a process that
resembles binary fission
4. Both organelles have a double membrane
which resembles the structure of
prokaryotic cells
5. Their ribosomes resemble those of bacteria
(70S)
6. DNA analysis suggests that some DNA in
plant nuclei was previously in the
chloroplast
7. Some proteins coded for in the nucleus are
transported to the organelles. The
organelles have lost the DNA to make it
themselves.