HELLO GUYS, THIS PRESENTATION IS ABOUT CONVENTIONAL CONTRAST STUDY USED IN RADIOGRAPHY FOR EXAMINING LOWER URINARY TRACT AND TO CHECK VARIOUS PATHOLOGIES OR VESICO URETRO REFLUX. CONTRAST MEDIA IS USED TO VISUALIZE THE TRACT. M.C.U. is also known as Voiding Cystourography.
Ductography is a special type of contrast
enhanced mammography used for imaging the
breast ducts.
•
Ductography can aid in diagnosing the cause of
an abnormal nipple discharge and is valuable in
diagnosing intraductal papillomas and other
conditions.
•
It is also called as Galactography or
Ductogalactography
It is a test to look inside your muscles and organs while poop with the help of a fluoroscopy machine or an MRI
It's a study of your body mechanism when the patient poop
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
A presentation about Imaging the urinary tract using contrast.
contains 45 slides, and covers the following methods :
1 - Antegrade urography
2 - Retrograde urography
3 - Retrograde cystography
4 - Voiding cystography
5 - Retrograde Urethrography
Intravenous urography is covered in a separate presentation, that you can read and download from here :
http://www.slideshare.net/abdallamutwakil/intravenous-urography-ivu-35107052
This presentation was prepared and presented by me in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
Ductography is a special type of contrast
enhanced mammography used for imaging the
breast ducts.
•
Ductography can aid in diagnosing the cause of
an abnormal nipple discharge and is valuable in
diagnosing intraductal papillomas and other
conditions.
•
It is also called as Galactography or
Ductogalactography
It is a test to look inside your muscles and organs while poop with the help of a fluoroscopy machine or an MRI
It's a study of your body mechanism when the patient poop
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
A presentation about Imaging the urinary tract using contrast.
contains 45 slides, and covers the following methods :
1 - Antegrade urography
2 - Retrograde urography
3 - Retrograde cystography
4 - Voiding cystography
5 - Retrograde Urethrography
Intravenous urography is covered in a separate presentation, that you can read and download from here :
http://www.slideshare.net/abdallamutwakil/intravenous-urography-ivu-35107052
This presentation was prepared and presented by me in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
IVU is the radiographic examination of urinary tract including renal parenchyma, calyces and pelvis after intravenous injection of contrast media. Study was carried out at UCMS, Bhairawa, Nepal.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. URETHROGRAPHY ?
• RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF URETHRA, USING IODINATED
CONTRAST MEDIA.
Can be done by 2 types:-
1. Ascending – where contrast is injected to the urethra.
use to visualize post. Urethra
2. Descending - similar to MCU
Use to visualize ant. Urethra
MCU is done to visualize the lower urinary tract and helps to detect the
existence of any VUR, Bladder pathology, congenital anomalies.
4. M C U / VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY
• Fluoroscopic study of the lower urinary tract mainly to assess the
- URINARY BLADDER
- BLADDER PATHOLOGY
- VESICO UTERAL REFLEX
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
- BLADDER OUTFLOW TRACT
5. INDICATIONS
CHILDREN
• UTI
• VOIDING DIFFICULTIES – DYSURIA, THIN STREAM, DRIBBLING, URGENCY.
• VESICO URETRIC REFLEX
• CONGENITAL ANOMALIES LIKE , Meningomyelocele, Sacral agenesis, Rectal
anomalies
• Prior to lower Urinary Tract surgery
• Pelvic trauma
• P U VALVES
• RENAL FAILURE TO EXCLUDE REFLUX
• HAEMATURIA
IN ADULTS
1. TRAUMA TO URETHRA
2. URETHRAL STRICTURE
3. URETHRAL DIVERTICULA
OTHER CONDITIONS:-
1. UTI
2. REFLUX NEPHROPATHY PRIOR TO RENAL
TRANSPLANT
3. FOLLOW UP OF PATIENTS WITH SPINAL
CORD INJURY.
6. CONTRAST MEDIA
• WATER SOLUBLE CONTRAST MEDIA IS USED LIKE
Conray - 280
Trivideo 400 mg
Urograffin 60%
It is diluted with normal saline in 1:3 ratio.
7. Procedure :-
• Catheter Bladder
• Feeding tube of 5F with side holes for children & in older 8F OR 10F
polyethylene or soft rubber catheters with end holes are suitable.
• IN GIRLS
- After an initial inspection of the perineum to identify any local genital
abnormalieties like cystoceles or labial fusion, etc., the urethral
catheter is inserted. When it enters, various amount of urine will flow
through it. If there is no flow the catheter is advanced until urine is
obtained. Suprapubic pressure is sometimes helpful in expressing a
small amount of urine in the near empty bladder. If no urine is obtained
the catheter may have been inserted into the vagina.
8. In Males
- The foreskin is retracted and catheter is introduced. The catheter should be
lubricated with an anaesthetic jelly and inserted slowly and gently into the
urethra holding the penis is a vertical position.
- The normal bladder capacity in children is estimated in ounces as age (in
yrs) x 2.
- In newborns, 30 – 50 cc can be instilled with ease.
- From about 3 yrs., girls can hold upto 200 – 250 cc and from 12 yrs even
more.
- The capacity in boys is 100 – 150 cc upto 5-6 yr of age and 250 cc in older
boys.
- Adequate capacity is reached when the child become uncomfortable and
begins voiding aroud the catheter.
9. Filming:-
In Children-
Children upto the age of 2 yrs is filled by hand injection. For older
children contrast medium is instilled from a bottle elevated one metre
about examination table.
During filling, fluoroscopic screening is performed at short intervals to
see if vesicouretral reflux, diverticuli or other abnormalities are
present. The child is turned oblique on both sides to ensure that
minimal reflux is not overlooked.
If reflux appears, films are taken in the appropriate oblique projection.
If the bladder appears normal, one film is taken in the frontal
projection at the end of filling.
10. • voiding starts in infants the moment the cathether is removed. At the end of voiding, a
frontal film is made of the entire abdomen including the kidney region in order to prevent
overlooking the vesicouretral reflux which is apparent only on termination of voiding and
may reach the upper collecting system.
In Adult Male:-
- Bladder is filled in the usual way as in a older child and voiding filming is done in both
oblique position.
Difference in adult voiding is that voiding is done against resistane i.e., either by
compression of the distal part of penis or by using a penile clamp. also c/d CHOKE
CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY. which enhances the visualization of urethra by the artificial
distention.
In Adult Female:-
- procedure is same.
in addition to standard exposures, a double exposed film taken at rest and during straining
demonstrates the degree of bladder descent if any.
11. COMPLICATIONS :-
1. Danger of attendant infection due to catheterization of bladder.
2. Adverse reaction may result from absorption of contrast medium by
mucosa of bladder.
3. Due to techinique:
• acute uti
• catheter trauma causing dysuria, frequency hematuria and urinary
retention.
• complication of bladder filling, e.g. perforation by the catheter or
from over distention.
• catheterization of vagina or ectopic ureteral orifice.
• Radiation effect : VCU is a diagnostic procedure that inevitably
exposes gonads to some radiation. It should be kept to a minm.
12. 4. Autonomic dysreflexia : In a paraplegic patients due to spinal cord
injury at or above T6 level forceful injection of contrast causes severe
headache, sweating and hypertension with bradycardia due to forceful
opening of the bladder neck. Treatly by promptly relieving vesical
distention or give diazoxide 3-5 mg/kg.
13. Other Techiniques :-
• Excretion MCU (MCU followed by IVU)
- This method makes use of conrast media accumulated in the urinary bladder
during ivu.
Advantages-
• Avoidance of physical and psychological trauma of catheterization.
• Avoidance of possible infection by urethral catheterization.
• More physiological procedure hence can be more reliable
Disadvantages:-
• Visualization is not usually adequate.
• Takes longer time
• VRU cann't be visualized properly.
