This document summarizes the key characteristics and types of animal tissues. It discusses that a tissue is composed of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and internal cavities. There are several subtypes of epithelial tissue including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, stratified, transitional and glandular epithelium. Connective tissues are widespread and fill spaces between other tissues. The main types are loose connective, dense connective, adipose, blood and lymph tissues. Loose connective tissue contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells and mast cells embedded in collagen and elastic fibers.
The prime purpose of writing an essay is to achieve the initial intent. Now you must be wondering how you can distinguish or present various types of an essay without losing touch with your creativity.
The prime purpose of writing an essay is to achieve the initial intent. Now you must be wondering how you can distinguish or present various types of an essay without losing touch with your creativity.
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
introduction to tissues-human body is made up of 4 basic tissues- connective tissues, epithelium tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue--biological tissues is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function and an embryological origin with similar structure , types of tissues , microscopic diagram, diagrams of tissues, epithelial tissue and types, connective tissue , its components and types
Types of tissues with characteristic's and distribution regions
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
introduction to tissues-human body is made up of 4 basic tissues- connective tissues, epithelium tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue--biological tissues is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function and an embryological origin with similar structure , types of tissues , microscopic diagram, diagrams of tissues, epithelial tissue and types, connective tissue , its components and types
Types of tissues with characteristic's and distribution regions
5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
A power point presentation made with hard work, collecting material from various authentic and reliable sources. Best ppt for under grad as well as for post grad students.
What is tissue?
Tissue is a group of cells which work together to perform a particular
functions.
Several kinds of tissue grouped together to form an organ.
Branch of biology that deals with the study of tissue is known as histology.
Word animal tissue was coined by – Bichat
Study of tissue – Histology
Histology word was given by – Mayar
Father of Histology – Bichat
Study of tissue is also called Microscopic anatomy.
Founder of microscopic anatomy – Marcello Malpighi
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Tissues
• from Old French tissu "a ribbon,
headband, belt of woven material"
• A tissue is an ensemble of similar
cells from the same origin that
together carry out a specific
function.
• Components of tissues including
cells with similar structure or
function and intercellular
substances 细胞间质.
• Intercellular substances (ground
substance) is the body substance in
which tissue cells are embedded,
e.g. water, protein, saccharides etc.
细胞外间质
‘Intercellular substances’ is generally used in the context
of connective tissue.
3. Tissue type
• Four type of animal
tissues:
• epithelial tissue
• connective tissues
• muscular tissue
• nervous tissue
4. Conclusion
• A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing and carried out cellular activities
includes digestion, respiration, excretion, stimulus perception, locomotion,
reproduction etc.
• Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular.
• Cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to
another to adapted to a special function or environment.
• A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the
same origin that together carry out a specific
function.
• Cells in a tissue have a similar structure and
function.
• Tissues contains cells with similar structure or
function and intercellular substances.
• Four type of animal tissues are epithelial tissue,
connective tissues, muscular tissue and nervous
tissue.
6. Epithelial tissue / epithelium
• from Latin epi- ‘above’ + Greek thēlē ‘teat (nipple).’
• Epithelial tissue lines the external surface of the body, inner surface
of various organs and cavities 体腔 (any fluid-filled space in a
multicellular organism other than those of vessels).
• Cells of an epithelium are tightly interconnected.
• Cells are arranged with little amount of intercellular substances.
• Its main function includes secretion, selective absorption, protection,
transcellular transport, and sensing.
7. Glandular epithelium may be made from
cuboidal cells or columnar cells.
May be ciliated
复层
单层
扁平 立方
cubical
柱状
移行
May be ciliated
纤毛
伪
8.
9. Seven types of epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissues are classified based on their shape (form) and
function.
• Squamous epithelium
• Cubical epithelium
• Columnar epithelium
• Stratified epithelium
• Transitional epithelium
• Ciliated epithelium
• Glandular epithelium
10. Squamous epithelium
• A single layer of flat cells in
contact with the basal lamina (a
layer of extracellular matrix 基底
层).
• Appearance of tiling from above.
• Cells are flat with flattened
nucleus.
• Allow small molecules to pass
through the cells quickly via
diffusion.
• Found in internal surface of
alveoli, blood vessels and
esophagus etc.
扁平上皮
11. Cubical epithelium / cuboidal epithelium
• A single layer of cube-like cells in contact with the basal lamina.
• The nucleus of these cells are large, spherical and central.
• Functions of the cells include protection, secretion and absorption.
• Found in parts of eyes, the surface of the ovaries, the inner linings of renal
tubules and the vesicle walls of thyroid gland.
立方上皮
12. Columnar epithelium
• A single layer of column-like cells in
contact with the basal lamina.
• Columnar epithelium may be ciliated
有纤毛 or non-ciliated.
• Non-ciliated type cells are found in
the inner linings of digestive tracts
(stomach and intestines) such as the
villi of small intestine.
• Absorption
• Ciliated type cells are found within the
bronchioles of the respiratory tract,
and in the oviduct of the uterus.
• Move mucus and other substances with
the cilia
柱状上皮
13. Stratified epithelium
• Stratified epithelium may be composed of squamous or columnar cells.
• Squamous stratified epithelium are flat cells arranged in layers upon the basal
lamina.
• Generally tightly packed cells with non intercellular spaces.
• The outmost layers are subject to abrasion 磨损 but it can be replaced before the
basal lamina is exposed.
• Found in the epidermis of human skin, inner linings of oral cavity.
复层上皮
14.
15.
16. Transitional
epithelium
• A tissue consists of multiple
layers of epithelial cells which can
contract and expand (undergoes
transition of states).
• Cells of the basal layer are
cuboidal and columnar.
• Cells of the superficial layer vary
in appearance depending on the
degree of distension 膨胀.
• Relax – cuboidal with a domed apex
• Stretched – squamous and irregular
• Found in the urothelium 尿路上
皮, i.e. the endothelium of the
urinary tract 尿路 (the renal
pelvis, urinary bladder, the
ureters, the superior urethra, and
the prostatic and ejaculatory
ducts of the prostate)
移行上皮
17. Ciliated epithelium
• May be arranged as
pseudostratified epithelium.
• All cells make contract with the
basal lamina though appears
as though several layers of
cells are present
• Cilia move mucus,
dust, virus, eggs
etc. on the surface
of the epithelium.
• Found in the inner
linings of oviduct,
trachea
(respiratory duct)
etc.
纤毛上皮
18. Glandular epithelium
• A gland secrets specific product such as hormones and enzymes to release
into the bloodstream, cavities inside the body or outer surface of the body.
• Glandular epithelium contains secretory cells such as goblet cells.
• Found in the digestive tracts (digestive glands), surface of the skin (exocrine
glands), thyroid (endocrine glands)
19. Quiz
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and is capable of
distention 膨胀?
A) stratified cuboidal epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) transitional epithelium
D) stratified columnar epithelium
20. Quiz
• The outer layer of the skin is composed of _____________________.
A) transitional epithelium
B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) simple squamous epithelium
21.
22. Conclusion
• Ciliated epithelium are
epithelial cells with cilia
to move substances on
the free surface.
• Glandular epithelium
are epithelial cells that
specialized for
secretion.
25. Connective tissue
• Widely spread in every part of the organism in order to fill up the spaces in
between adjacent tissues and the organs.
• Cells of the connective tissues possess variety shapes and are arranged
loosely.
• The intercellular substances are well developed.
• Five types of connective tissues:
• Loose (areolar) connective tissue
• Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
• Adipose tissue (a type of loose c.t.)
• Blood
• Lymph
• Bone
• Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibro)
26. Loose connective tissues
• It is composed by cells, intercellular substances, and fibres (except blood and
lymph).
• Fibers includes collagen fibre 胶原纤维, elastic fibre 弹性纤维.
• The cells of connective tissue are diverse.
• The cells are fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and fat cells.
27. Fibres of the loose connective tissue
Collagen fibre 胶原纤维
• Made from protein collagen.
• Collagen is the most common
fibre in animal.
• Collagen is a strong protein fibre
that provide structural support.
Elastic fibre 弹性纤维
• Made from protein fibrin.
• Elastic fibre provide stretchiness.
• Elastic fibre can be found in skin,
lungs, arteries, veins, ligament etc.
28. Cell of the loose connective tissue
Type of cells Functions
Fibroblasts
成纤维细胞
• Make extracellular matrix by secreting proteins (e.G. Collagen) to make fibres, and
produce intercellular substances.
Macrophages
巨噬細胞
• A type of white blood cell
• Engulf and digest bacteria and foreign bodies
Plasma cells
(plasmacytes)
浆细胞
• A type of white blood cell, also known as the plasma B cell.
• Produce antibodies to defense body from pathogens
Mast cells
(mastocytes)
肥大細胞
• A type of white blood cell
• Produce anticoagulant substance
• Cause inflammation 发炎 by secreting histamine etc.
Fat cells
(adipocyte,
lipocyte)
脂肪细胞
• Fill with oil droplets.
29. Fibroblasts
成纤维细胞
• Latin fibra “fibro-” + Greek βλαστός (blastos) “bud“
• Make extracellular matrix
• secrete proteins (e.g. collagen) to make fibres
• produce intercellular substances
30. Macrophages
巨噬細胞
• Greek μακρος (makros) “large”
+ φαγειν (phagein) “to eat”
• A type of white blood cell
• Engulf and digest bacteria and
foreign bodies
High magnification view of an area of loose
connective tissue. Collagen fibres (type I) are stained
pink. fibroblasts (Fb), stained purple. have an ovoid
or spindly-shaped nucleus. Macrophages (Mph)
have a more rounded nucleus and the cytoplasm of
these cells is often frothy or granular because of
cytoplasmic inclusions and lysosomes.
31. Plasma cells (plasmacytes)
浆细胞
• Greek πλάσμα (plasma) “something molded or formed”
• A type of white blood cell, also known as the plasma B cell.
• Produce antibodies to defense body from pathogens。
32. Mast cells (mastocytes)
肥大細胞
• German Mastzelle,
equivalent to Mast “fattening
of animals for slaughter” +
zelle “cell”
• A type of white blood cell
• Produce anticoagulant
substance
• Cause inflammation 发炎 by
secreting histamine etc.
33. Fat cells (adipocyte, lipocyte)
脂肪细胞
• Fill with oil droplets
(triglycerides).
• Form adipose tissue when occurs
in large quantities.
34. Adipose tissue
• A special type of loose connective tissue
• Function of adipose tissue
• Insulation - helping to reduce heat loss through the skin.
• Protection - providing mechanical protection ("padding") and support around
some of the major organs, e.g. kidneys.
• Energy storage – excess food is converted into triglyceride and stored in the
body.
Not included in textbook
35. Dense connective tissue
• Contain large amount
of lightly-packed
collagen fibre.
• Found in tendons
(connect muscles to
bones), ligaments
(join bones together
at joints) and skin
(dermis).
Not included in textbook
Tendons, ligaments
Skin
36. Blood
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue, i.e.
the cells circulate in a liquid
extracellular matrix.
• It is composed by plasma (intercellular
substances) and blood cells.
• Blood cells are produced by bone
marrow of long bones.
• Blood cells includes red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
A scanning electron microscope image from normal circulating
human blood. There were red blood cells, several white blood
cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and
many small disc-shaped platelets.
37.
38. Function of blood
• Blood has regulating, transporting and protective functions.
• Supplies nutrients (e.g. amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose) water, and
hormones
• Remove waste
• Temperature regulation (remove heat)
• Acidity regulation (remove lactic acid)
• Red blood cells
• Non-nucleated and contain hemoglobin.
• Carry oxygen to other parts of the body
and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
• White blood cells
• Fight pathogens
• Destroy old and useless cells
• Platelets are necessary for blood clotting
39. Lymph
• As blood, lymph is a fluid connective
tissues.
• Lymph contains a liquid matrix and
white blood cells.
• Lymphatic capillaries are more
permeable than blood vessels and it
drains into the blood vessels.
• Hence it is able to deliver allowing larger
molecules and excess fluid that could not
otherwise directly enter the bloodstream
e.g proteins and excess interstitial fluid
back to the blood, and transport absorbed
fats from the intestine to the blood.
• Lymph nodes are rich in lymphocyte (a
group of white blood cells e.g. natural
killer cells, T cells and B cells) and are
important line of defense.
Not included in textbook
Lymph vessels (L) does not contain white blood cells as blood vessels (V).
40. Bone
• Cells are embedded in a matrix of
collagen and are hardened by mineral
deposits such as calcium (calcification).
• Bone provides protection to organs,
supports the heavy weight of the body,
act as a place of storage, and perform
hematopoiesis (the process of forming
blood cells).
• Bones connect to other bones and
muscles through ligaments and tendons
which are composed of dense regular
connective tissue.
Not included in textbook
41. Cartilage
• Cartilage less amount of
calcium compare to bones.
• It is soft and elastic.
• Cartilage can grow faster
and possess better
repairing ability than
bones.
• It provides mechanical
support to the organs,
reduce fiction and absorb
shock.
45. Muscular tissue
• Muscular tissue is composed
of muscle cells, which are able
to contract in order to
produce movement of the
body parts.
• Muscle cells have an
elongated form, hence they
also are known as muscle
fibres.
• Three main type of muscle are
striated muscle (skeletal
muscle), cardiac muscle and
smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
46. Striated muscle /
Skeletal muscle
• Skeletal muscle is called
“striated” 橫紋 because of its
appearance consisting of light
and dark bands (striation) visible
using a light microscope.
• Striated muscle cells (myocytes,
muscle fibre) are elongated,
cylindrical, unbranced and
arranged parallel and have many
nuclei that are located at the
periphery of cells.
• Both ends of a muscle anchor to
the bone with tendons.
横纹肌/骨骼肌
47. Organization of skeletal muscle
• A bundle of myocytes enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue is called a
muscle fascicle.
• Several fascicle enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue to form a muscular
bundle.
• Several muscular bundles are enclosed by connective tissues to form a muscle.
48. Function of skeletal muscle
• Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control 自主控制
• Movement of the skeleton, including locomotion (movement of limbs etc.),
maintenance of posture
• Movement of tissues of facial expression e.g. ability to smile and to frown.
49. Cardiac muscle
• Cardiomyocytes (myocardial cells, cardiac
muscle cell) is short, cylindrical, branched,
striated, and a has single central nucleus.
• Cardiomyoctes are interconnected by
cellular bridges called intercalated disc 闰
盘 to form a net-like arrangement.
• ‘Glue' the myocytes together so that they do
not fall apart when the heart contracts
• Allow an electrical connection between the
cells
心肌
50. Function of cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle is under involuntary control非自主控制
• Make up the bulk mass of the heart
• Pump bloods that circulate the body
Kid's around a life-size model of a whale heart at the Carnegie
Museum
51. Smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle cells are long, narrow spindle shaped cells with a single
central nucleus.
• There are no visible striations
on the cells.
• Majority of smooth muscle
cells are arranged in bundles
or sheets.
52. Function of smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle is under involuntary control非自主控制
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs (intestines and
stomach, respiratory tract, uterus, bladder, eyes) and blood vessels.
• Peristalsis 蠕动 movement of smooth muscle tissue in the human
gastrointestinal tract that propels ball of food down the digestive tract.
• The pupillary sphincter muscle in the eyes control the size of the pupils.
平滑肌
53.
54. Conclusion
• Elongated
• Cylindrical
• Unbranced
• Straited
• Have many nuclei
• Arranged parallel
myocytes
↳ muscle fascicle
↳ muscular bundle
↳ muscle.
• Short
• Cylindrical
• Branched
• Striated
• A has single central nucleus.
• Interconnected by intercalated disc
• Long
• Narrow spindle shaped cells
• Unbranched
• No striation
• A single central nucleus
• Arranged in bundles or sheets
56. Nervous tissues
• Tissues that controls and
coordinate bodily function
and activities.
• It is composed of
• neurons 神经细胞
• neuroglia 神经胶质细胞
57. Neurons
• A.k.a nerve cells
• A typical neuron is divided into three parts: the soma or cell body,
dendrites, and axon.
• Information are transmitted through electrical and chemical signals from
the dendrites, to the soma, and to the long axon.
58. Function of neurons
• Act as an receptor to sense
environmental stimuli 刺激
• Free nerve ending (FNE) or bare nerve
ending in the dermis layer 真皮层
detect temperature, mechanical stimuli
(touch, pressure, stretch) or danger
(intense chemical, mechanical, or
thermal stimuli).
• Transmits information (stimuli/ nerve
impulses 神经冲动)
• Cone cells and rod cells in human eyes
are stimulated by light and transmit
signals to the ganglion cells of the optic
nerve. The ganglion cells are neurons,
but cones and rods are not.
59. Neuroglia
• A.k.a glial cells, glia
• Greek γλία and γλοία
"glue“
• Non-neuronal cells in the
nervous tissues that
• Support the neurons by
holding them in place and
insulate them
• Provide the neurons with
nutrients and oxygen
• Protect the neurons by
destroying pathogens and
removing dead neurons
Provide and support
Defense and protect
epithelial lining
Provide and support
Provide and support
60. Conclusion
• Nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglia.
• Neurons detect environmental stimuli and transmitted nerve
impulses.
• Neuroglia supports the neurons by holding them in place and insulate
them, provide the neurons with nutrients and oxygen, and protect
the neurons by destroying pathogens and removing dead neurons.
Greek κόλλα (kólla), meaning "glue", and suffix -γέν, -gen, denoting "producing"
Reticular fibre is the delicate version of collagen fibre.
http://www.scitecnutrition.com/en/catalog/guide_to_vitamins/images/guide_to_vitamins-05.jpg?v=2
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CBJruS4mDcw/UskuPk2vZMI/AAAAAAAAPF4/q1k1xeKH5lg/s400/elastin.jpg
1) Skeletal muscle cells are long tubular cells with striations (3) and multiple nuclei (4). The nuclei are embedded in the cell membrane (5) so that they are just inside the cell. This type of tissue occurs in the muscles that are attached to the skeleton. Skeletal muscles function in voluntary movements of the body.2) Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped (6), and each cell has a single nucleus (7). Unlike skeletal muscle, there are no striations. Smooth muscle acts involuntarily and functions in the movement of substances in the lumens. They are primarily found in blood vessel walls and walls along the digestive tract.
3) Cardiac muscle cells branch off from each other, rather than remaining along each other like the cells in the skeletal and smooth muscle tissues. Because of this, there are junctions between adjacent cells (9). The cells have striations (8), and each cell has a single nucleus (10). This type of tissue occurs in the wall of the heart and its primary function is for pumping blood. This is an involuntary action.
References: http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muscle_Tissue_(1).svg