Polio is a highly infectious viral disease that can cause paralysis. It was first documented in the United States in 1894 and major outbreaks occurred in the early 20th century. By 1952, Jonas Salk developed the first effective polio vaccine. Today, polio remains endemic in only Afghanistan and Pakistan, though global efforts through the GPEI aim to eradicate it worldwide. The virus is transmitted person-to-person and primarily affects children under 5 years old. While there is no cure for polio, vaccination provides effective prevention and has drastically reduced global cases.

3. POLIO

4. Objectives
At the end of the presentation, learners will
be:
1. Knowing the history and first outbreak of
the disease
2. Able to define polio and its causes
3. Knowing about the the epidemiology of
polio
4. Knowing the symptoms, diagnostic tests
and preventive measure.
5. Will have information about the GPEI

5. CONTENT:
 Definition
 History
 Epidemiology
 Mode of transmission
 Incubation period
 Clinical features
 Differential diagnosis
 Complications
 Treatment and prevention

6. HISTORY:
 The first major documented polio outbreak in the United
States occurs in Vermont; 18 deaths and 132 cases of
permanent paralysis are reported.
 2 physicians in Vienna, Karl Landsteiner and Erwin
Popper, discover that polio is caused by a virus.
 In 1916, A major polio outbreak in New York City kills
more than 2,000 people. Across the United States, polio
takes the lives of about 6,000 people, and paralyzes
thousands more.
 In 1952 Jonas salk prepared the first safe and effective
vaccine and in 1960, US government licensed the OPV
prepared by Dr. Albert Sabin

7. Definition:
‘Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious
viral disease caused by the poliovirus. The
virus spreads from person to person and can
infect a person's spinal cord, causing
paralysis.’
 It mostly affect the children under the age
of 5 years.

9. Epidemiology:
Distribution:
By time: Rainy season(July to September)
By place: Poor hygiene/sanitation
Contaminated food or water
By person: affects children under the age of
5 years (6 months to 3 years)

10. Continued…
Determinants:
Primary determinant: Polio virus(type 1,
type 2 and type 3)
It is a member of larger family known as
Picornavirus
It is one of the smallest RNA viruses
measuring around 25 nm in diameter.
Secondary determinant:
Lack of immunization
Poor hygiene/sanitation
Intake of contaminated food or water

11. Contd…
Frequency:
The annual number of wild poliovirus cases
has declined by more than 99.9%
worldwide.
Only two countries (Afghanistan and
Pakistan) continue to report polio virus.
In 2019, 147 reported cases were there.
In October 2021, there have been 1
documented cases in Pakistan in 2021, and
84 documented cases in Pakistan in 2020

13. Infection occurs in two forms:
Asymptomatic/inapparent form:
• Accounts for 90-95% 0f the cases
• General symptoms of discomfort,
uneasiness, fever occurs.
• Virus stays in intestinal tract and
does not affect nerves
Symptomatic/apparent form:
 It includes flaccid paralysis and
affects central nervous system
Clinical features

15. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

16. COMPLICATIONS:
 Cor pulmonale
 Lack of movement
 Paralytic ileus
 Permanent muscle paralysis, disability,
deformity
 UTI’s
 Pulmonary edema
 Shock
 Aspiration pneumonia

17. PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT:
 There is no treatment for polio. some interventions are done to alleviate
symptoms.
 Polio is prevented by Polio vaccine.
 The first candidate polio vaccine, based on one serotype of a live but
attenuated (weakened) virus, was developed by the virologist Hilary
Koprowski.
 Jonas Edward Salk was an American virologist and medical researcher
who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines (Salk
Vaccine) in 1952 at University of Pittsburgh.
 Subsequently, Albert Sabin developed another live, oral polio vaccine.
 Available in two forms: IPV and OPV
 Four shots are given : 2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months and ‘booster’
shot is given at 4 to 6 years,

18. GPEI(GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION
INITIATIVE)
 Rotary International launched a global effort to immunize the
world's children against polio in 1985 followed by the establishment
of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988.
OBJECTIVES:
 Its goal is to interrupt transmission of poliovirus as soon as
possible, so no child ever again suffers paralytic poliomyelitis.
 It contributes to healthcare system developments and strenghtens
routine immunizations.
 To make sure each child gets vaccinated and also receives booster
shot.
 It also makes sure survillenace of other communicable disesses.
PROGRESS:
GPEI has developed evidence based stratergies and implements timely
interventions which resulted in significant reduction in number of
polio endemic-countries from more than 125 in 1988 to 3 in 2015.

19. REFRENCES:
 http://www.emro.who.int/entity/polio/index.html
 https://polioeradication.org/polio-today/history-of-polio/
 https://www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio/lab-
testing/diagnostic.html
 https://polioeradication.org/
 https://www.who.int/docs/default-
source/searo/myanmar/preventing-polio-
(english).pdf?sfvrsn=21c44290_0