1) Vaccines are biological preparations that help improve immunity against specific diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of pathogens that stimulate immune system memory without causing illness. 2) Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796 using cowpox to provide immunity to smallpox. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and recombinant vector vaccines. 3) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens. This triggers production of antibodies and memory cells that can fight the pathogen if exposed in the future, providing immunity. While vaccines have many benefits like disease prevention and eradication, some risks also exist.

1. FRONTIER
HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE
Assignment No : 1
Submitted to :
Submitted By : Faisal Ahmed
Subject : PEDs
Topic : VACCINE

2. Semester : 7th (B.H.M.S)
Vaccines Assignment Help, Types of vaccine, Immunology
Vaccines
Introduction
A vaccine is a biological preparation that helps to improve immunity for a particular disease. It is
an intentional method of injecting less harmful or dead pathogen into the body which has its
antigen to induce the immune response for future prevention from that disease. This solution
usually contains a component which resembles that particular disease causing organism which is
made from weakened killed form of microbes, toxins or surface proteins. This stimulates the
immune system to recognize the microbes as foreign agent and destroys it. Immunization is
very important, all the immunization should be done before the age of 1 year.
History
Edward Jenner made the world's first vaccine in 1796 made cow pox and small pox vaccination
by taking the pus from the affected person's lesions.
Types of vaccine
1) Live attenuated vaccine - it contains living microbe which is weakened in lab so that it
doesn't cause disease.
2) Inactivated vaccines - The microbes are killed using chemical, radiation and heat and used
dead.
3) Subunit vaccines - It contains only special antigens and not all molecules of the microbes.
4) Toxoid vaccines - They are used when bacterial toxins are main cause of disease.
5) Conjugated vaccines - polysaccharide coating disguise a bacteriums antigen so that immune
system or infants do not respond to them.
6) DNA vaccines-this vaccine invokes a strong antibody response to free floating antigens.
7) Recombinant vector vaccines - These are experimental viruses which uses vector to introduce
microbial DNA to cell body.
Vaccine List
1) Adenovirus 2) Anthrax 3) Diphtheria

3. 4) Hepatitis A
5) Hepatitis B
6) Hib
7) HPV
8) Flu
9) Measles
10) Mumps
11) Pertussis
12) Pneumococcal
13) Polio
14) Rabies
15) Rotavirus
16) Rubella
17) Small pox
18) Tetanus
19) Tuberculosis
How does vaccine work?
Immune system is a complex system in which various specialised cells like macrophages, B-cells,
T-cells. Cells are basically identified by the markers on the surface of the microbe made of
molecules; the markers are specific for specific microbes hence they distinguished with the help
of their markers. So the microbe which identifies them and kills the foreign molecules are called
antigens. Each microbe carries its specific antigens which are helpful in making vaccines. The
foreign microbes are killed and they leave the antigens in the lymph node where T-cells takes
over identifies the affected cells and damage it completely with the help of chemical compound
released after binding to them. Next comes B-cells which secrete antibodies which bind to
antigen and coat the microbes,so due to antigen antibody interaction the microbe is unable to
function and hence becomes inactive.One antibody can fit with only one antigen and hence lot
of antibodies are produced by the body after identifying foreign antigen by producing many b-
cells. The antibodies secreted by B-cells then kill the microbes floating in the blood stream. After
body eliminates disease the B & T cells becomes memory cells and becomes plasma and
arranges army of microbes to fight if exposed to infection in future.
Pros
1) Prevention of disease - This helps in preventing the most common and letehal disease
occurring in common population to be safe to lead a better and healthy life.
2) Eradication of disease - This helps in completely eradicating the disease like polio in India. It
took long time but government's initiation and public's cooperation helped to eradicate the
diseases. There is many more disease aimed to be eradicated.
3) Money saved - As the vaccination has prevented public from various diseases the revenue for
medical health has been saved for other purpose.
Cons
1) Artificial immunity will compromise body's immunity to defend for a long time as everything
has an expiry date.
2) Risk of harmful and toxic chemicals being introduced in body can cause certain diseases
which can be lethal for the being.

4. 3) A too high dose of vaccine has started creating problems in certain kids worldwide which has
created awareness to reduce the dose and duration of the vaccine. A new protocol should be
made and followed.
4) There have been reports that there is occurrence of disease even after taking vaccine because
its effect stops in few days which leads to recurrence of disease in future.
Vaccine war
It is the movement in which parents were asked to vaccinate their kids at the age of 6 again to
increase their immunity but many parents refused for it by hearing a lot about the consequences
of the different vaccines on different kids but few parents agreed for it. When all kids are
vaccinated the herd immunity is created which means the entire society is safe from that
particular disease.
Importance of vaccine in academic curriculum
It should be introduced in the schools and colleges as a subject to give them information about
the immune system and the working and necessity of vaccine in our population. They should
then be encouraged to spread the awareness in the uneducated population too. There are
various disorders but one among them is for preventing cancer which is the cervical cancer. It is
the second most widespread cancer in India, it is caused by human papilloma virus commonly
called as HPV for which vaccination is an initial step taken by medical facilities to prevent this. It
is therefore necessary to educate people about the reason of occurrence of cervical cancer and
what are the healthy and safety measures to be followed to prevent it. Population should be
made aware of the condition and given them knowledge about it so that they can accept it and
help in the coordination of this programme to be successful. Every woman now irrespective of
age and symptoms should be advised for pap smear by clinicians because the clinicians
themselves lack the awareness of the spread of this disease in the population. This is caused
after the sexual intercourse and hence people hesitate to discuss about it but this mentality
should be kept aside and free conversation should be carried with the youths so that they can
be aware of the exact situation and may follow safety measures for their good health and
survival