Matter II
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The document discusses different states of matter and types of changes that matter can undergo. It explains that matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases, and that physical changes alter a substance's state or shape without changing its chemical makeup. Chemical changes, by contrast, create new substances with different chemical properties. The document also defines mixtures as combinations of two or more materials that can be either homogeneous, where the components can't be seen, or heterogeneous, where they can. Common separation methods are described.
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Magnetic separation uses magnetic properties to separate magnetic and non-magnetic materials. Decantation involves allowing substances of different densities to separate, then pouring off the lighter material. Filtration removes solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a permeable barrier. Evaporation and distillation both remove liquids from mixtures, with distillation collecting the evaporated liquid through condensation.
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Oxidation occurs when metals react with oxygen in the air, changing their atoms and forming rust on iron. Apples and potatoes also oxidize when cut or peeled as they combine with oxygen and turn brown.
Fermentation is a chemical reaction where fungi or bacteria change organic substances, producing alcohol or lactic acid without oxygen. It is used to make foods like cheese and bread, and drinks like wine. Fermentation also helps decompose fruits and vegetables and can preserve foods.
Combustion is a chemical reaction that produces energy in the form of heat and light through the reaction of oxygen with fuels like wood, gas, or oil. During wood combustion, fuel turns to heat, ash, and smoke, while petrol
Spain today
The document provides information about Spain's constitution and government. It establishes that Spain is a parliamentary monarchy with a hereditary monarch as head of state. The king does not pass laws but is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The constitution was approved in 1978 by referendum and defines citizens' rights and responsibilities. Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, each with their own statutes and local governments.
The state
The document summarizes the three branches of government in Spain: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch is made up of the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the lower Congress of Deputies and upper Senate. The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister and comprises 22 government ministries. The judicial branch is led by the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court, which ensure laws are constitutional.
Chemical reaction experiment
This document discusses physical and chemical changes in materials. It describes how physical changes alter the form of a material but not its chemical composition, while chemical changes alter the molecular structure. An experiment is proposed to mix vinegar and baking soda to observe whether physical or chemical changes occur. The document provides instructions for conducting the experiment, forming a hypothesis about the expected changes, observing the results, and analyzing the findings. The goal is to explore how materials can be manipulated and changed through different types of reactions.
Matters
Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states and undergo physical changes between these states with the addition or removal of heat. Matter is composed of either pure substances that have consistent properties, or mixtures that are combinations of substances that can be separated. Chemical changes alter the composition of matter and create new substances through reactions like combustion, oxidation, and fermentation.
Spain in the 20th century, from dictatorship to democracy
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when General Francisco Franco led a military coup against the Spanish Republic. Spain was divided between Franco's Nationalists and the Republicans who supported the Republic. The Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. Under Franco, Spain experienced repression, lack of freedoms, and economic struggles until the 1960s. In 1969 Franco chose Prince Juan Carlos as his successor. After Franco's death in 1975, Juan Carlos oversaw Spain's transition to democracy, which was solidified with a new constitution approved in 1978.
The respiratory system
The respiratory system allows us to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. When we inhale, air enters through the nose and mouth into the trachea and bronchi, which divide into smaller bronchioles ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and passes back through the bronchioles and trachea when we exhale. Inhalation is driven by the diaphragm and ribs expanding the lungs, and exhalation occurs as they relax and the lungs contract.
Spain in the late 19th century II
During the Restoration period in Spain from 1875-1923:
- King Alfonso XII ruled as a constitutional monarch from 1875-1885 and brought greater stability, though political parties disliked the system of electoral fraud.
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo organized a new political system called the turno pacífico based on two dominant political parties, but it relied on pre-determining election results.
- Economic prosperity occurred but Basque and Catalan nationalism grew in opposition to the unfair political arrangements.
The circulatory system
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood received from the lungs through arteries and delivers it to tissues via capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins to repeat circulation. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that aid circulation and defense.
English grammar 10 past tense
This document discusses the different verb tenses in English grammar. There are 3 main tenses - present, past, and future. Each tense has 4 aspects - simple, perfect, continuous, and perfect continuous. In total there are 12 verb tenses in English used to talk about events and situations at different points in time. Examples are provided to illustrate the past tenses, including the past simple, past perfect, past continuous, and past perfect continuous.
English grammar 9 prepositional phrases adjectives
The document discusses how prepositional phrases can act as adjectives in sentences. It provides the example sentence "The birds were singing in the old oak tree" and rewrites it as "The birds in the old oak tree were singing." This shows that the prepositional phrase "in the old oak tree" is no longer describing the verb but instead describing the subject "birds" by specifying which birds were singing. Similarly, a phrase like "with blue spots" tells us what kind of birds were singing. The document concludes by listing words containing the suffix "/cious/".
Energy
Energy comes from various sources including the sun, coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, wind, and water. It exists in different forms such as kinetic, potential, chemical, thermal, light, sound, electrical, nuclear, and gravitational. Energy sources are either renewable, coming from sources that replenish, like solar, wind, and hydropower, or non-renewable, from finite sources like coal, oil, and natural gas. While non-renewables are widely used, they cause pollution, global warming, and acid rain, harming health and the environment. Small steps like recycling, reusing, reducing waste, and conserving electricity can help protect the planet.
English grammar 8 prepositional phrases
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and are often followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. The document provides examples of prepositions that can be turned into prepositional phrases, including at, in, above, on, after, and without. It asks the reader to identify the adverb in the sentence "Stan recently broke his arm" and how we know that "recently" is the adverb. The document also includes a spelling list featuring words containing "ci" that make the /sh/ sound.
Nutrition vol.1
The document discusses the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems and their connection to nutrition. The digestive system breaks down food, the circulatory system transports nutrients through the body, the respiratory system provides oxygen, and the excretory system removes waste. Together these systems work in harmony to keep the body healthy by providing energy and nutrients from food and removing waste.
Spain in the late 19th century vol.1
Spain experienced political instability in the late 19th century.
Isabel II was forced to abdicate in 1868, which began a period of instability. Her successor, King Amadeo I, also faced conflicts between political parties, rebellions, and problems with the army. Unable to govern effectively, he returned to Italy in 1873.
This led to the establishment of Spain's first republic, but it only lasted 11 months as the country faced three simultaneous civil wars. In 1874, General Manuel Pavia staged a coup which ended the republic and restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII.
Pregnancy and birth
Human reproduction involves a male sperm fertilizing a female ovum. The fertilized egg then divides and multiplies, becoming an embryo that implants in the uterus and develops into a fetus over 9 weeks. The fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the placenta via the umbilical cord until birth, which is signaled by contractions that push the fetus through the birth canal.
Industrial revolution
The document lists several key inventions from the Industrial Revolution in Britain in chronological order:
1. Britain's first factory was built in 1771.
2. The first steam engine was invented in 1776.
3. In 1830, the first ever passenger train took people from Liverpool to Manchester.
4. In 1838, the first ever functioning camera took its first photo.
5. In 1793, the first steam powered ship the “SS great western” crossed the Atlantic.
6. The first underground railway was built in London in 1854.
Unit 1 the spanish empire
The Spanish Empire controlled most of Central and South America as well as the Philippines in Asia at the start of the 19th century. However, between 1810 and 1825, inspired by the French Revolution, most of Spain's American colonies gained independence as Spain was weakened from fighting France. In 1898, Spain fought the Spanish-American War against the United States over its remaining colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico in America and the Philippines in Asia, which it ultimately lost, marking the end of the Spanish Empire.
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Matter II
- 2. HOW THE WORLD WORKS MATTER AND MATERIALS
- 3. MATTER The Universe is made up of matter. Matter is found in three different states: solid, liquid and gas. Matter cannot be created or destroyed; it just changes from one state of form to another. Matter also makes up different materials. Different materials have different properties.
- 4. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES PHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMICAL CHANGES
- 5. PHYSICAL CHANGE A physical change occurs when matter changes shape or state. Physical changes happen to water in the water cycle. The water changes shape and state. Its chemical properties, however, do not change; throughout the water cycle, it remains as water.
- 6. PHYSICAL CHANGE A physical change also occurs when we break a vase. We change the appearance of the vase but the pieces are still glass and have the same chemical properties as before.
- 7. CHEMICAL CHANGES A chemical change is when a substance is produced. The new substance has different chemical properties from the original substance. Combustion, oxidation and putrefaction are examples of chemical changes.
- 8. MIXTURES Most things around us are mixtures. A mixture is something that contains two or more different materials. We can find many examples of mixtures in nature. Air is a mixture of gases. Salt wáter in the sea is a mixture of wáter, salt and other minerals. Many rocks are a mixture of different minerals. We can classify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
- 9. MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES It isn’t possible to see the different substances. Mayonnaise is a homogeneous mixture. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES We can see the the individual substances that make up a heterogeneous mixture.
- 10. Methods of separating mixtures We can separate the substances in mixtures in different ways. Sieving, filtration and evaporation are different methods of separation.
- 11. MIXTURE SEPARATION CHALLENGE Work together and decide how you can separate this mixture of: - water - salt - sand - pebbles