This document discusses matter, materials, and recycling. It defines matter as everything around us, formed by atoms and molecules. It describes the three states of matter - solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids take the shape of their container, and gases fill their container. Materials are made from matter and can be natural like wood, metal, and stone, or artificial like plastic and glass. The document outlines properties of materials like strength, flexibility, and weakness. It emphasizes the importance of recycling materials to preserve the environment and lists common recycling bins for different waste types.
Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and types of motion
State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
• Describe and explain diffusion (1 core)
• Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids (1 core)
Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation
Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory
Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and types of motion
State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
• Describe and explain diffusion (1 core)
• Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids (1 core)
Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation
Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory
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Class 9 Science introduces students to the fascinating realm of matter, the fundamental substance that makes up everything in the universe. In this article, we embark on a journey to understand matter, its various states, and its omnipresence in our surroundings.
I. Definition of Matter:
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. It encompasses a vast range of substances, from the air we breathe to the solid ground beneath our feet.
II. States of Matter:
Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. Each state exhibits distinct characteristics, and substances can transition between these states under varying conditions.
Solid: Solids have a fixed shape and volume. Examples include ice, wood, and metals.
Liquid: Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container. Water, oil, and milk are common examples.
Gas: Gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume and fill the entire space available to them. Air and oxygen are examples of gases.
III. Changes of State:
Matter can undergo changes in its state through processes such as melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation. For instance, water transitions from a solid (ice) to a liquid (water) when heated, and further to a gas (water vapor) upon reaching its boiling point.
IV. Importance of Understanding States of Matter
Understanding the states of matter is crucial in various scientific and practical applications. For example, knowledge of state changes is vital in the design of refrigeration systems, weather patterns, and industrial processes.
V. Brownian Motion:
The Brownian motion, discovered by Robert Brown, exemplifies the constant movement of particles in matter. It is visible when tiny particles, such as pollen, exhibit random motion when suspended in a fluid, revealing the dynamic nature of matter at the microscopic level.
VI. Diffusion:
Diffusion, another phenomenon related to matter, refers to the spontaneous movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. An everyday example is the spreading of fragrance in a room.
VII. Sublimation:
Sublimation is the process by which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state. Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) undergoing sublimation is a noteworthy example.
VIII. Applications in Daily Life:
Matter's significance extends to daily life, from cooking processes (water boiling) to the functioning of essential devices like refrigerators and air conditioners.
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The powerpoint presentation is all about matter, its different states and phase changes. This powerpoint presentation is created for the Grade 8 Science learners for their third quarter lesson in science 8.
This powerpoint presentation is created by grade 8 science teachers as learning material for the topic particulate nature of matter. this powerpoint presentation has a most essential learning competency that is to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on the particle nature of matter.
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2. INDEX
1. VOCABULARY
2. WHAT IS MATTER?
3. MATTER STATES:
3.1 SOLID
3.2 LIQUID
3.3 GAS
4. MATERIALS
WHAT ARE MATERIALS?
KIND OF MATERIALS
MATERIALS PROPERTIES
5. RECYCLING
4. 2. WHAT IS MATTER?
Matter is everything around you. Matter is formed by groups of
atoms that form molecules. The atoms that are in the molecules
stay linked because they share or change electrons.
Molecules are formed by 2 or
more atoms of 1 or more
elements. For example: a water
molecule is formed by 2 atoms
of hydrogen and 1 atom of
oxygen.
ATOM MOLECULE
5. 3. MATTER STATES
3.1 SOLID
Solids have a defined shape and volume, molecules are
so close together that they form a hard structure.
Examples: Wood, stone...
EXPLANATION:
When you take a
stone, wood, plastic…and change it
from one place to another, they don´t
change size or shape.
Shape and size of solids are the same as
long as we don´t transform them by
carving, cutting, hitting…
SOLID’S MOLECULES
Molecules in solids are tightly together.
They vibrate but they can´t move.
6. 3. MATTER STATES
3.2 LIQUID
Liquids fill up the shape of their containers. Liquids can
flow into any container and change their shape, while
they stay with the same volume.
Examples: Water, oil, milk, juice...
EXPLANATION:
When you pour water into a glass, the
water gets the shape of the glass. If you
change that water into a bowl, it gets
the shape of the bowl.
The amount of water doesn´t
change, only the shape.
LIQUID’S MOLECULES
Molecules in liquids are close together.
They move and slide past each other.
7. 3. MATTER STATES
3.3 GAS
Gases don´t have a defined shape or volume. They take
the shape and the size of their container. Gases are as
big as their containers.
Examples: Hydrogen, oxygen...
EXPLANATION:
Gases are all around us. They move and
grow as long as they have space to do it.
GAS’ MOLECULES
Molecules in gases are separated and free.
They move around and vibrate at high speed.
10. 4. MATERIALS
4.1 WHAT ARE MATERIALS?
Objects are made of matter. Matter that is used to
make objects is called material.
Wood, plastic and glass are materials.
All these things are
made out of wood.
11. 4. MATERIALS
4.2 KIND OF MATERIALS
Materials are classified into two main groups:
- Natural materials: Materials that are found around us.
To take them we have to dig them out the ground, or
take them from living things.
Examples: Wood, metal, stone...
- Artificial materials: Are natural materials transformed
by humans in many different ways.
Examples: Oil can be changed into plastic, glass is
made by heating sand...
12. 4. MATERIALS
4.3 MATTER PROPERTIES
Each material has different properties. These properties tell us
what they are like, and how we can use them:
- Strength: the property of a material to support weight without
breaking. Concrete and steel are strong, so they are used in
construction.
- Flexibility: the property of bending without breaking down.
Leather, paper and cloth are flexible materials.
- Elasticity: the property of recovering the shape after being
deformed. Rubber is elastic, so it is used to do wheels.
- Weakness: the property of being easily broken down. Glass and
pottery are weak materials.
13. 5. RECYCLING
Materials are used to do different kind of things.
Sometimes when things are useless we throw them
away, but it would be better to use them for something
different.
Recycle: process that changes something so it can be used
again.
Reuse: using something again without changing it.
Reduce: using less things as possible.
14. 5. RECYCLING
Recycling is very important to preserve the environment.
Plastic and metallic materials are very contaminant because
nature takes a long time to degrade them. To recycle all
these materials there are different containers for each kind
of waste:
- Green for glass.
- Blue for paper.
- Black/grey for organic wastes.
- Yellow for plastics and cans.
GLASS
ORGANIC
WASTES
PLASTIC
AND
CANS
PAPER
