This document discusses different types of matter and changes in states of matter. It defines matter as anything that takes up space and has mass, and describes the three common states as solids, liquids, and gases. Examples are given of materials in each state. Physical changes that do not alter the chemical makeup of a substance, like melting, boiling, and condensation, are distinguished from chemical changes where new substances are formed. The document also defines homogeneous materials as having identical properties throughout and heterogeneous materials as having varying properties due to different components.

2.  In this unit, you will know more about
acids, bases, and salts. As the result, you
should be able to:
1. Classify a change in substance as a
chemical or physical change.
2. Differentiate operationally a
homogeneous material from a
heterogeneous material

3. A book, your body, a rock, the heavenly
bodies, milk, bacteria, carbon dioxidein
soda, and carbon monoxide in
automobile in exhaust pipes are
examples of matter.
Matter is anything that takes up space and
has mass. Chemists separate all materials
into three states or phases- solids, liquids,
and gas.

4.  Some examples of solid matter are
spoons, tires, and dry ice. Milk, gasoline,
rubbing alcohol, shampoo, and muriatic
acid represent matter in the liquid state.
Steam, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, and
carbon dioxide from industrial factories
are example of gases.

5. How can you change the state of a
material into another state? If you place
some ice cubes in a beaker and allow it
to stand for thirty minutes, what will you
observe? The ice melts, that is, it
changes into water.

6. Place a container of water on a burner
and allow it to boil . When the water
boils, look at the bubbles at the bottom
of the container. These bubbles contain
water vapor which in the water form gas.
This process is called evaporation. The
reverse of this process is called
condensation.

7. Evaporation takes place when wet
clothes are hung on a clothesline in the
open air. The clothes will gradually dry. If
you leave a bowl of water in a warm
room, the water level will slowly
decrease, and in time the water will
disappear.

8. Evaporation has taken place in both
cases. When a liquid evaporates, its
molecule escape from the liquid and
make their way into the open air.

9. Nature offers many examples of
cindensation. When warm water vapor
in the air rises to cooler levels, it
condenses and forms the cluster of tiny
water droplets called a cloud. Dew is
another product of condensation when
the temperature increases.

10. Dry ice, or solid carbon dioxide, has a
very high rate of sublimation. As dry ice
sublimes, it encloses the substance to be
cooled with blanket of carbon dioxide
gas which serves as an effective
unsulation.

11. Identify each of the following as characteristic of
a solid, liquid, or gas.
1. Maintains its own volume but takes the
shape of the container.
2. Has a definite arrangement of particles.
3. Has a little or no attraction between
particles.
4. A substance that particles that are strongly
attracted to each other.
5. A substance that does not have a definite
volume nor a definite shape.

12. Several changes occur in our
environment every day. For example,
the burning of fuel in our kitchen, the
cooking of food, the preparation of
industrial products and medicines, and
many more.

13. These are chemical changes because
the properties of the original materials
and the products are not the same.

14. In addition, a new substance is formed
with entirely new properties. Consider
dissolving sugar or table salt in water.

15. This is only a physical change because
the solid can be recovered by drying the
solution. A physical change occurs when
no new substances are formed.

16. The heating of ice into water and
eventually into steam is another example
of physical change. The backward
reaction of cooling the steam to get
water and eventually ice is also a
physical change.

17. Heat Heat
Ice Water Steam
Cool Cool

18. Chemical Changes
Rusting of a nail
Baking a cake
Fermentation of rice washing
Tarnishing of a silver spoon
Dissolving antacid in water

19. Physical Changes
Setting of a jelly
Melting a butter
Boiling water
Sawing a board in half
Breaking a glass

20. Identify each of the following as a physical
or chemical change.
1. Digesting a chocolate bar
2. Bleaching a stain
3. Chopping a sweet potato
4. Developing a Polaroid picture
5. Inflating a Ballon

21. Answers:
1. Chemical 4. Chemical
2. Chemical 5. Physical
3. Physical

22. Some matter around you are made up
of materials that are similar while others
are made up of dissimilar components.

23. Materials with parts that are composed
of different properties are called
Heterogenous materials.

24. Examples of heterogenous materials are
wet sand; granite rock which is
composed of several phases of quartz,
mica and feldspar crystals; and concrete
soil.

25. Other materials have parts that are all
alike. The properties of one part are
identical with the properties of all the
other parts. These are the Homogenous
materials.

26. Examples of these materials are table
salt, dust-free air, charcoal, silver, filtered
ocean water, and alloys.

27. MATTER
HOMOGENEOUS
PURE SUBSTANCE
ELEMENTS
METALS NON-METALS
COMPOUNDS
SOLUTIONS
SOLID LIQUID GAS
HETEROGENEOUS

28. You already know that matter may be
classified into solids, liquids, and gases.
Matter can also be classified according
to its properties into pure substances and
mixtures.

29. Pure substances have definite
composition by mass. Elements and
compounds are two types of pure
substances. An element consists of two
or more different elements combined in
definite proportions.

30. Elements and compounds can be
designated by symbols and formulas,
respectively, while mixtures are
designated by a description rather than
by a name.

31. The composition of a mixture is a
variable. Its components may be
separated by filtration, mechnaical
separation, flotation, centrifugation,
distillation, fractional crystallization, and
chromatography.

32. Devise an experiment which will allow you
to separate a mixture of copper fillings
and salt.

33. CHEMISTRY, Second Edition, Estrella
Mendoza and Teresita Religioso, Melecio
Deauna, Coordinator, Phoenix Publishing
House