Karachi, the metropolitan city of Pakistan, facing different problems which not only effect the public health but also the environment. We as a human being are the main reason for the deterioration of our environment. Our modern lifestyle causes sustainability issues which darken the future of next generation. In this presentation, an overview of the marine pollution was given along Karachi coastline.

1. MARINE POLLUTION & ITS
CONTROLALONG KARACHI
COASTLINE
By:
Minza Mumtaz
EN-15/2019-20
Course Instructor:
Dr. Sadia Khan
Associate Professor
EN-502: Environmental Applied Sciences
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

2. BACKGROUND
Karachi, the nourishing city of over 18 million people also
known as the city of lights, spread over 70km long shoreline
and have the busiest ports in Pakistan as shown in Figure 1.1.
In everyday of life, this metropolitan city not only faces
different problems, but its water bodies also challenge itself by
sinking different forms of pollutants from lithosphere,
atmosphere or even from the microbial activities in it every
day, which highlight the problems occurs in the marine
environment and the adjacent coastal areas and need to be
monitored and managed.
KARACHI

3. Index Map of
Karachi, Sindh,
Pakistan.

4. INTRODUCTION
Ocean have the ability to sink all
pollutants. It absorbs C02 through diffusion
from two different sources:
 From the atmosphere,
 From the photosynthesis in plankton and
algae.
The solubility of gases decrease with the
rise in temperature, hence, cold water can
absorb more carbon than warm water. The
recent study shows that the pH of ocean is
decreased from 8.2 to 8.1. REASON???

5. Pollution
“Something in the wrong place at the wrong
time in the wrong quantity [4].”
What is marine pollution?
The concentration of contaminants dumped in the
water bodies make it pollutant. The most frequent way
for the contaminants to enter the marine environment
is through estuaries. These pollution can either be
degradable or non-degradable or in between the range
as found in aquatic environment depend on their
sources whether point sources or non-point sources.
If this is the case, then
what is pollution?

6. FACTOR CONTRIBUTES TO MARINE POLLUTION
 There are different sources which contribute to the marine pollution, among them,
the major contributor is anthropogenic activities or land pollution because 80%
(approx.) of the pollution comes from the land to the marine environment [3].
 These pollutants can either be degradable or non-degradable or in between the
range as found in aquatic environment depend on their sources whether point
sources or non-point sources.
What is point source and
non point source???

7. Non-Point &
Point sources
of Pollution

8. FACTOR CONTRIBUTES TO MARINE POLLUTION
NON-POINT SOURCES
Pollution or a pollutant that
does not arise from a single
identifiable source.

9. FACTOR CONTRIBUTES TO MARINE POLLUTION
POINT SOURCES
Any single identifiable source of
pollution from which pollutants are
discharged.
• Municipal waste water treatment plant
• Storm sewer system
• Animal feeding operation
• Industrial waste water discharge, etc.

10. FACTOR CONTRIBUTES TO MARINE POLLUTION
 The other source would be the pollutants
from the atmosphere, as the particulate
pollutants may fall-out and get into sea
directly while the non-particulate enters
through precipitation.
 From the study, only the total global input
of lead from the natural or man-made
sources to the sea is estimated to be
400,000 tons/year of which half of this
because of atmospheric pollution [5].

11. SOURCES OF MARINE LITTER
1. Litter dropped in towns and
cities
2. Overflowing litter bins
3. Litter dropped at the beach
4. Poorly managed Industrial waste
discharges
5. Lost shipping containers
6. Lost/discharged fishing gear
7. Recreational litter blown by the
wind
8. Poorly managed landfill sites
9. Microbeads from personal care
products
10.Sewage related litter

12. STATE OF POLLUTION ALONG KARACHI HARBOUR
There are three main location of Karachi, from which the sea water receives discharge
namely [6]:
The Manora channel, receives the effluents from the Layari river. The effluents
from the commercial (S.I.T.E area) and municipal sector of northern and central
districts turned this river into open drain which not only affect the port but the fish
harbor and the adjacent beaches.
The discharge from the Malir river has received by The Gizri creek, while
The discharge from the southern district of Karachi and untreated wastewater are
received by the channel between the Manora and Gizri creek.

13. From one of the report, around 472 mgd (millions gallon per day) of industrial and
municipal wastewater is generated which is directly disposed (treated/ untreated form)
to marine environment through rivers or their estuaries (mainly Layari and Malir
river), from which 26% of the effluent carries by the Malir river and enters the sea
through Gizri-Korangi creek while the Layari river carries 73.5% which reach
through Karachi harbor. These effluents contain load of pollutants, that’s why, the
monitoring of the coastline and the marine water becomes essential because of these
discharged discussed above which causes the adverse effect not only to the marine life
but to the eco-system as well [2].
STATE OF POLLUTION ALONG KARACHI HARBOUR

14. STUDY OF THE POLLUTANTS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT OF KARACHI
 A recent study was carried out to suspect the pollutants present in the marine
environment along the Karachi coastline by Seema Jilani [7].
 Samples were collected from Layari river and adjoining costal areas of Karachi
namely: Fish harbor (FH), netty jetty (NJ), west wharf (WW), naval dockyard
(ND) and sandspit.
 These samples were tested, and the results were compared to USEPA coastal water
quality standards.
 The concentration of Zn exceeded the quality standards at Fish harbor (FH).

15. Index Map of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Parameters (mg/L) US EPA guidelines
Copper 0.0031-0.02
Lead 0.008-0.1
Manganese 0.05-0.1
Iron 0.1-0.3
Zinc 0.1-0.5
Nickle <0.01
The distribution of heavy metals found from the study: Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu > Ni >Pb
STUDY OF THE POLLUTANTS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT OF KARACHI

16. The graph were made between the
concentration obtained from the past
research paper and the current study,
the obtained graph showed increment
in the total solids and volatile solids
concentration from the previous
research.
STUDY OF THE POLLUTANTS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT OF KARACHI

17. KARACHI AT PRESENT 2020
We, as human beings are the main
reason for the deterioration of our own
environment. The figures shown below
is the current status of wastewater
effluents discharge to the sea and is the
true representation that how we
changed the natural waterbodies to the
open drains.

18. Discharge of effluents from municipal and commercial wastewater to marine environment

19. Effluents from the adjacent areas.

20. Effluents from the Layari river, sewage water treatment plant and from Industrial area.

21. Municipal discharge from Shah Faisal to Malir river estuaries.

22. IMPACT OF MARINE POLLUTION
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
Ocean acidification is the
ongoing decrease in the pH
of the Earth's oceans, caused
by the uptake of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.

23. IMPACT OF MARINE POLLUTION
MARINE DEBRIS
Marine debris, also known
as marine litter, is human-
created waste that has
deliberately or accidentally
been released in a sea or
ocean.

24. CONCLUSION
The current profile of pollutants present in
the marine environment of karachi leads to
the alarming situation, if it is not started to
control yet then the sustainability goal will
become more difficult to achieve, because as
the concentration of pollutants increase it
will cause the adverse effect to the marine
communities and health effect to human
beings as it is a close cycle.
A drain in Karachi Korangi town carries raw
sewerage, is flowing towards Arabian Sea

25.  The monitoring of the karachi costal area should be done on
yearly basis.
 The untreated discharge of sewage water to estuaries should
be done after treatment, while the proper management
system and environmental guidelines should be followed
for fisheries, ports or harbors.
 Awareness programs should be conducted, and application
and feasibility of the research should approach.
RECOMMENDATION

26. ANY QUESTIONS?

27. REFERENCES
[1] W. of Pakistan, “Section 5: Coastline.” [Online]. Available:
http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm.
[2] S. Jilani, “Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Lyari river and adjoining coastal areas of Karachi,” Journal of
Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 208–214, 2015.
[3] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?,”
06/25/18. [Online]. Available: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pollution.html.
[4] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Nonpoint Source Pollution.” [Online]. Available:
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_pollution/welcome.html.
[5] G. Kiely, Environmental Engineering. McGraw- Hill, 1998.
[6] M. arshed ali Beg, “Ecological imbalances in the coastal areas of Pakistan and Karachi Harbour,” Pakistan
Journal of Marine Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 159–174, 1995.

28. [7] S. Jilani, “Present pollution profile of Karachi coastal waters,” Journal of coastal conservation, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.
325–332, 2018.
1. https://www.pngitem.com/middle/immRmJR_sources-of-marine-litter-hd-png-download/
2. https://www.pngitem.com/middle/JmRiob_impacts-of-marine-debris-impacts-of-marine-litter/
3. https://www.slideshare.net/pearlgod/coastal-pollutionppt-2
4. https://www.slideshare.net/hassanahmedkhan/water-pollution-in-pakistan
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_pollution#/media/File:Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png
6. https://livinggreenmag.com/2013/01/28/energy-ecology/interesting-facts-about-the-contaminated-world-we-live-in-infographic/
7. https://www.dawn.com/news/1264186
8. https://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/ocean-acidification-process
9. https://dailytimes.com.pk/7631/world-oceans-day-karachi-pollution-slowly-killing-arabian-sea/
REFERENCES