Ocean dumping involves disposing of various materials directly into ocean waters, including garbage, construction debris, sewage sludge, dredged materials, chemicals, and nuclear waste. Some hazardous and nuclear wastes are also disposed of illegally but pose serious dangers to aquatic and human life. The document discusses incidents where nuclear and toxic waste dumping in Somalia in the 1990s and off the coast of Japan in 2011 contaminated the marine environment and local populations with radiation and other pollutants. International laws now largely ban ocean dumping due to its harmful environmental and health impacts.

2. OCEAN DUMPING Ocean dumping is the dumping or
placing of materials in the ocean, often on the continental
shelf. A wide range of materials is involved, including
garbage, construction and demolition debris, sewage
sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear
waste. Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also
disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and
human life also.

3. 1) Many businesses generate wastes that are
considered hazardous or harmful to human
health or the environment because they are
flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic. Due to
the harmful potential of hazardous materials,
workers must remain aware of the safety
hazards and proper handling and disposal
procedures in order to protect the
environment, themselves, and comply with
state and federal regulations.

4. 2) Workers that generate or handle hazardous waste require training on the
hazards and safe, proper handling of these materials. Training should cover
the procedures for collection, labeling, and storage of the hazardous waste
before it is transported for final disposal or treatment. In addition, workers
should be trained on emergency procedures and accidental spill response for
the materials that they work with.
3) Hazardous materials should never be disposed of down the drain or in regular
trash receptacles. They should be put into proper and compatible containers
that can be securely sealed. Compatible container materials ensure that
wastes will not react with or corrode them. The containers should not be
completely full; a ―head space‖ allows for waste expansion. The sealed
containers should be labeled with the name and hazard class of the waste
along with the words ‗Hazardous Waste‘ and the date it was generated.
4) Waste containers should be stored in a secure manner and protected from
extreme environments. They should be segregated and stored in compatible
hazard classes (flammable, corrosive, oxidizers, etc.) to prevent hazardous
reactions if the wastes combine. The containers should remain closed during
storage, except when adding or removing waste.

5. 5) Proper handling and storage of waste containers can prevent
ruptures, overturns, or other failures. They should not be stacked or handled
in a manner that could cause them to fail. Some flammable material
containers may require grounding and containers should be seismically
secured, if possible, to prevent spills in an earthquake. Waste storage time
limits vary depending on the facility or material; workers should be familiar
with the requirements for their worksite and wastes.
6) Storage areas for hazardous wastes should be inspected at least weekly.
Secondary containment can prevent spills, but if a leak or spill
occurs, workers should follow facility spill and emergency response
procedures. Spill kits should be available for such emergencies; all cleanup
materials should be handled as hazardous waste.
7) Proper waste documentation is important to track and maintain
accountability for hazardous waste prior to shipment. Workers should be
familiar with the documents required for their facility and waste types
including EPA Identification numbers issued by the Environmental Protection
Agency and Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifests. Workers must receive
training before they can sign waste manifest documentation. Transportation
of hazardous wastes should be done according to regulation requirements
and by dedicated hazardous waste haulers.

6. 9) Proper training and knowledge can help workers ensure that hazardous
wastes are safely and properly handled from ―cradle to grave.‖

7.  The Ocean Dumping Act (ODA) regulates
 the dumping of materials into U.S. territorial ocean waters.
 the transportation of materials for the purpose of dumping.
 The purpose of the statute is to strictly limit ocean
disposal of any material that would negatively affect
human health.
 the marine environment.
 ecological systems.
 potential economic endeavors.

8. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in
concert with the Secretary of the Army and the
Secretary of the Coast Guard, is entrusted with the
responsibility for setting specific guidelines for
dumping and enforcing those guidelines.

9. Anyone may dump certain types of wastes into the
ocean with a permit from EPA. However, if the material is
"dredged material", which is material excavated from U.S.
navigable waters, you must obtain a permit from the
Secretary of the Army (via USACE) to place the material in
the ocean
 (http://www.epa.gov/region04/water/oceans/Dredged_
Material_Permit_Process.html).

10. As of December 31, 1991, ODA totally prohibits the
dumping of sewage sludge or industrial waste into
ocean waters for these types of wastes:
sewage sludge – solid, semisolid, or liquid waste from
a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
industrial wastes – solid, semisolid, or liquid wastes
generated by a manufacturing or processing plant.
The ODA also prohibits the dumping of
radiological, chemical, and biological warfare
agents, and high-level radioactive waste into the
ocean.

11. Penalties for violations, including dumping without a permit, and
dumping materials inconsistent with the specific limitations on your
permit, are punishable by up to a $65,000 fine for each first violation, and
$157,500 for each subsequent violation.
Penalties for someone who knowingly violates ODA include
imprisonment for up to five years;
forfeiting any property derived directly or indirectly from the violation;
forfeiting property intended to be used in the commission of the
violation.
Additionally, a related law, the Shore Protection Act, has made it a crime
to transport any commercial waste within coastal waters by a vessel
without a permit and number or other marking.

12.  In 1991, the government of Somalia – in the Horn of Africa –
collapsed. Its nine million people have been teetering on
starvation ever since – and many of the ugliest forces in the
Western world have seen this as a great opportunity to steal the
country’s food supply and dump our nuclear waste in their seas.
 YES NUCLEAR WASTE
 As soon as the government was gone, mysterious European ships
started appearing off the coast of Somalia, dumping vast barrels
into the ocean. The coastal population began to sicken. At first
they suffered strange rashes, nausea and malformed babies.
Then, after the 2005 tsunami, hundreds of the dumped and
leaking barrels washed up on shore. People began to suffer from
radiation sickness, and more than 300 died.

13. • Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, the UN envoy to Somalia, tells me:
―Somebody is dumping nuclear material here. There is also lead, and
heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury – you name it.‖ Much of it
can be traced back to European hospitals and factories, who seem to be
passing it on to the Italian mafia to ―dispose‖ of cheaply. When I asked
Ould-Abdallah what European governments were doing about it, he said
with a sigh: ―Nothing. There has been no clean-up, no compensation, and
no prevention.‖

14. PLACES WHERE OCEAN DUMPING(HAZARDOUS) HAS
BEEN DONE
•SOMALIA,LOCA
TED ON EASTED
PART OF AFRICA
NEAR BY THE
GULF OF ADEN.
•GREEN LINE
INDICATES
WHERE
DUMPING HAS
TOOK PLACED.

15. ANOTHER EPISODE
•At present, ocean dumping is predominantly banned by international
law. The motivation for banning ocean dumping was sparked by the
shutdown of beaches due to contaminated wastes from sewage-
derived micro-organisms, the closing of shellfish beds due to metal
contamination, and infection of fish by lesion-causing parasites.
•Coastal oceans continually enriched by nutrients in waste products
that run off the land suffer from eutrophication resulting in an increase
in toxic algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels, both of which can
kill fish populations.
•With more than 80 percent of the ocean at depths of more than 3,000
m, the deep-sea floor may seem safe from the man-made disturbances
that threaten terrestrial and coastal ocean environments.
•And yet most environmental litter from both natural and artificial
waste—such as sewage sludge, mining tailings, fly ash from power
stations, dredged spoils from harbors and estuaries, dangerous man-
made organic compounds used for pesticides, weapons, and industrial
uses, as well as packaged goods—makes its way to the sea floor over
time.

16. The three-person submersible Alvin can dive to just under 15,000 feet, enabling it
to reach 86 percent of the world's ocean floor. The sub typically makes 150-200
dives each year.

17. •The vast and remote deep-sea floor could make it appear like an attractive
alternative for dumping. To determine the impact of waste disposal on bottom-
living animals, the National Undersea Research Program (NURP) has recently
supported numerous projects in the oceans and Great Lakes.
•Of particular concern to researchers are the effects of dumping on living
resources and deep-sea biodiversity, as well as the transmission of
contaminants back to the human population.
• In the most detailed study ever done related to the impacts of ocean
dumping, NURP-funded scientists documented the impact of 42 million tons
of wet sewage sludge dumped 2,500 m (8,000 ft) off the Mid-Atlantic coast
between 1986 and 1992. One of the most significant environmental impacts
detected at the "106-mile dumpsite," named for its location 106 nautical miles
southeast of New York Harbor, was the restructuring of a community of deep
sea organisms.
•Two momentous developments laid the foundation for observations made at
the 106-mile dumpsite. The first development was the invention of the box
corer, a stainless steel trap that takes relatively undisturbed bites out of the
seafloor, enabling biologists to count the number of species in each core and
compare them to cores collected elsewhere in the deep ocean. The second
development was an ecological survey conducted for the U.S.

18. Eel pout, about 0.5 m long, seen from ALVIN's starboard viewing port while collecting re-
suspended sediment at the 106 Mile Dump Site. This species of deep water fish was frequently
attracted to the lights and sampling activity on ALVIN dives in this area

19. •In a series of 233 cores taken for the survey along a 176-kilometer track off the
coast of New Jersey and Delaware during a two-year period, Grassle and
Maciolek found an incredible diversity of animals, most of which were unknown.
•They picked out 798 species, 171 families, and 14 phyla at around 2,100 m
(6,720 ft)—a sampling that revealed much richer life at those depths than earlier
samples had hinted. They reserved their count to the tremendous diversity of
tiny invertebrate mud dwellers too big to slip through their sieves.
•One aspect of the deep-sea biodiversity study was not apparent until sewage
sludge dumping began at the 106-mile dumpsite around the same time period. A
shallower site in the New York Bight Apex had shown unacceptably high
pathogen levels and signs of fish disease, which led to its closure.
•As an alternative, roughly eight million tons of sludge a year began to be
dumped at the 106-mile deepwater site on the continental rise adjacent to the
New York Bight starting in 1986.
•Researchers Grassle and Maciolek found themselves with a baseline of
information on deep-sea organisms right around the dumpsite, which other
scientists could use for comparison in determining whether damage might be
caused to deep-living communities.

20. •During the course of the next six years, NURP sponsored studies to determine
the fate and effects of the sewage sludge at the sea floor.
•All of the evidence indicated that the sludge material dumped by barges did
reach the ocean bottom slightly west of the area where it was discharged, and
that it had significant effects on the metabolism, diet, and composition of
organisms that lived there.
•There was a presence of sludge in sediments at the dumpsite, and the level of
silver was 20 times higher at the site relative to an unaffected reference area.
This was confirmed by chemist Michael Bothner of the U.S. Geological Survey.
•The submersible Alvin used by Bothner and his colleagues helped them collect
the silver samples in sediment cores to make the determination. They were also
able to observe how contaminants introduced to the sediments from dumping
penetrated to a depth of 5 cm below the sea floor as organisms living in the
sediments burrowed through them. However, during a 10-month period of
sampling, researchers observed seven occasions where the currents were
strong enough to resuspend the contaminated sediments.
•During the same period, chemist Hideshige Takada of Tokyo University and
Bothner reported elevated levels of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), widely used as
surfactants in synthetic detergents, and coprostanols, a fecal marker of animals,
at the dumpsite

21. •The Physicians for Social Responsibility said NO amount of radiation is safe in
food/water and now the world's ocean is being used as a dumping ground for
highly contaminated water. "The level of radioactive substances in the water is
up to 500 times the legal limit permitted for release in the environment.―
•"The dumping of tons of radioactive water from a waste treatment facility at the
crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility into the ocean has started, Tokyo
Electric Power Company officials said Monday. The additional dumping of water
from reactors Nos. 5 and 6 will begin within hours, they said.
•In all, about 11,500 tons of radioactive water that has collected at the nuclear
facility will be dumped into the Pacific Ocean, officials said Monday, as workers
also try to deal with a crack that has been a conduit for contamination.
•The radiation levels were highest in the water from reactor No. 6, the officials
said.
•Officials with Tokyo Electric, which runs the plant, proposed the release of
excess water that has pooled in and around the Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 reactors into
the sea. But most of the dumped water -- 10,000 tons -- will come from the plant's
central waste treatment facility, which will then be used to store highly
radioactive water from the No. 2 unit, an official with the power company said."

22. •"If this situation continues for a long time and the amount of radioactive leakage
adds up, it will have a big impact on the ocean even if it spreads and dilutes,"
Edano said. "We need to stop this as soon as possible, so (the government)
instructed Tepco to take steps immediately.
•" NOTE -
The TOXIC water leaking from reactor number two has a radioactivity exceeding
1,000 millisieverts per hour. The water that is leaking directly into the ocean is
from reactor number two...
"Authorities know the water in the cracked concrete shaft is emitting at least that
much radiation -- which equates, at a minimum, to more than 330 times the dose
an average resident of an industrialized country naturally receives in a year."
•The Pacific Ocean's current's will eventually bring radioactive trash to the
United States making that phrase One Mans Trash Is Another Mans Treasure
doubtful.
•Update Radioactive Fish is no joke!! "Readings from samples taken Saturday in
the concrete pit outside the turbine building of the No. 2 reactor -- one of six at
the crisis-plagued plant -- had radiation 7.5 million times the legal limits, a TEPCO
official said. Newer findings, from Tuesday afternoon, showed a sizable drop to 5
million times the norm.
•Both the utility and Japan's nuclear safety agency say they don't know how
much water is leaking into the sea from reactor No. 2. But engineers have had to
pour nearly 200 tons of water a day into the No. 2 reactor vessel to keep it
cool, and regulators say they believe that is the water leaking out.

23. •About the same time as the Tokyo Electric news, Japanese Chief Cabinet
Secretary Yukio Edano said the presence of radioactive iodine "in one sample of
fresh fish" prompted authorities to regulate the radiation in seafood for the first
time." Tuesday, April 5, 6:30 p.m. ET, Tokyo.
•Fish contamination is now emerging. The Ibaraki fish association announced it
detected a high contamination level of iodine 131 (4,080 Bq per kilogram) and
cesium 137 (526 Bq per kilogram). The Ministry of Health and Welfare is now
assembling an advisory committee to establish safety standards for radioactive
contamination (only temporary standards exist now).
There's No Such Thing as Safe Radiation

24. RADIOACTIVE TUNA(FISH)
•Marine life got
radio active during
the dumping of
radio active water
and waste in pacific
ocean.
•All the fishes on
which Japan eats
got radio active.
•Due to this
thousands of people
suffered.

25. HOW RADIATION IS TRANSMITTED

26. AREAS WHERE DUMPED CHEMICAL
WEAPONS CAUSED ACCIDENTS

27. TEPCO RELEASING DUMPING VESSELS IN PACIFIC
OCEAN
•Tokyo Electric Power
Company
officials(TEPCO),
DUMPING WASTE IN
OCEANS.
•IN THE SAME MANNER
US,UK,RUSSIA AND
OTHER COUNTRIES
DUMPED THEIR WASTE
IN OCEANS.

28. HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTE DUMPED
•More than 47800
containers and 14500
cylinder were dumped
in west of SAN
Francisco, many of these
are in gulf of the
farallones National
Marine Sanctuary.
•This containers and
cylinders were found
when survey was done
with sonar.

29. Iron fertilization.
• USE OF FERTILIZERS IN
COASTAL AGRICULTURE
CAN ALSO POLLUTE THE
SEAS, AS IF IN SPREADS IN
SEAS AND OCEANS CO2
WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
TRANSFER FROM
ATMOSPHERE TO SEA.
• AS IRON REACTS WITH
SALT AND CO2.
• IT’LL AFFECT MARINE LIFE
DIRECTLY.

30. Large amount of steam hazardous
waste left of from power plant at
JAPAN

31. EXPLOSION TOOK PLACED DUE TO NUKES
DUMPED IN OCEAN
This explosion took
place on Bikini Atoll in
the Marshall islands, the
site of many American
nuclear tests and
dumping area.

32. DUMPING OF REMAINS OF WASTE
DONE DURING WAR

33. SURVEY OF OCEAN DUMPING
DONE BY NEW INSTRUMENTS LIKE
SONAR

34. RADIO ACTIVE WASTE DUMPED
•PLACE AT SANTO
DOMINGO IN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC COUNTRY.
•DARK RED COLOUR
STAR REPRESENTS
LARGE AMOUNT OF
RADIO ACTIVE WASTE
DUMPING.
•STARS WITH CIRLE
REPRESENTS SMALL
SCALE OF DUMPING
AND OTHER SMALL
SYMBOLS
REPRESENTS LEAST
SCALE OF DUMPING.

35. THERMAL MAP OF OCEAN

36. ACCIDENTALLY OCEAN DUMPING
TAKES PLACE BY ACCIDENTS

37. DEATH OF MARINE LIFE DUE TO OCEAN
DUMPING
DUE TO MARINE
POLLUTION AND
DUMPING, THE
DIFFUSION OF
OXYGEN TAKES
PLACE AT VERY
LOWER RATE,SO
RESPIRATION
PROBLEMS
OCCURS WITH
POLLUTANT
CONTAINING
WATER.

38. VESSELS OF DUMPED WASTE IN OCEAN
BED FOUNDED BY DIVERS.

39. REFERENCE TAKEN FROM:-
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.OAR.NOAA.GOV
WWW.HIGHBEAMRESEARCH.COM
WWW.EDIS.IFAS.UFL.EDU
WWW.STATEFUNDCA.COM
WWW.POLLUTIONISSUES.COM

40. BHARGAV ROHIT
PARUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(PIT)
ELECTRICAL
110870109040
SHWETA ENGINEER AND P OOJA