Interior Wall Finishes

Wall finishes:
As the name “Wall Finishes” itself suggests that it is
finish given to the wall to enhance the interior or
exterior look of the structure. Wall finishes used for
the interiors are quite delicate and need
maintenance. ... Surfaces may be smooth or textured
and better wall finishes are durable.

Structural Wall Finish:
1. Tiles
2. Wood
3. Terracotta
4. Marble Wash
5. Metals
6. Stone Finishes

1. Tile Finish:
Tiles. Available in a range of sizes, shapes, colors and
materials, tiles provide durable surfaces and finishes to both
interior and exterior spaces. Tiles are easy to care for, so they
are ideal for high-traffic areas or areas where there’s moisture
or dirt. Tiles have expanded to encompass a wide range of
materials, applications, patterns and designs. Wall tiles
specifically differ from floor tiles in that they are usually not
intended to be load bearing. The glazes used in the
manufacturing of a wall tile are also different, and are not
designed to resist wear from foot traffic. They are often lighter
and thinner than floor tiles.

Types of Tile Finishes:
 Ceramic or Porcelain
 Glazed Wall Tile
 Glass
 Mosaic Tile
 Natural Stone Tile

 Ceramic or Porcelain:
Ceramic and porcelain tiles differ namely on water absorption rates. Tile
that absorbs water at a slower rate is normally called porcelain, and is best
for high-moisture spaces like bathrooms. Porcelain tiles are produced from
a finer, denser, more impervious clay than ceramic. They’re fired at higher
temperature, making them stronger, harder and more damage resistant
than non-porcelain ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles are usually produced by
firing red or white clay in a kiln, and coating with a durable glaze which
carries the color and pattern. While ceramic tiles are not suitable for
outdoor use, they can be used in areas of light to moderate traffic. Also,
ceramic tiles are not as hard as porcelain, so they can be cut easier.

 Glazed Wall Tile:
Glazed tiles are typically used for wall applications,
and the most popular being subway tiles with width-
to-height ratio of about 2:1. Glazed tiles are usually
ceramic or porcelain. They are normally fired at a
high temperature to create a dense, durable tile
that’s resistant to moisture. The process of glazing
allows for brighter colors and can create a glass-like
surface.

 Glass:
Glass tiles are pieces of glass in various colors formed into uniform
shapes. They’re available as both mosaic collections with a mesh
backing and as individual tiles. Glass wall tiles can be used to
design a patterned or plain back splash in the kitchen or bathroom.
Glass wall tiles are much more solid, durable and moisture-resistant
than many tiles. They are also one of the easiest tiles to wash
because their surface is far less porous than the surface of ceramic
tiles. This means that they are not prone to excessive absorption of
different impurities. They can also be combined with many other
finishing materials, such as Dutch tiles, granite, wood, plastic, and
marble.

 Mosaic Tile:
Traditionally, mosaic tiles are decorative designs made up of
small materials arranged to create a pattern or image. A
mosaic is defined as an inlay design pattern with tiles smaller
than 2×2”. Individual mosaic patterns vary greatly, featuring
diverse materials, colors, and tile shapes. They are available
in shapes and styles like square, penny round, arabesque,
chevron or herringbone. Normally, mosaic tiles are used for
backsplashes and walls.

 Natural Stone Tile:
Natural stone tiles have been used for a very long time. The
tiles remain popular today due to their ability to withstand
wear and tear while retaining their aesthetics. Normally, stone
wall tiles are made from granite, marble, slate, and travertine.
These work well where moisture is not a concern. Natural
stone tile will have rectified edges. They can be heavy, and all
stone tiles are porous. Natural stone tiles can be found in a
variety of commercial and residential properties and
applications, mainly in kitchens, bathrooms, and hallways.

Maintenance & Durability:
Tiles are a versatile and durable product. In most cases, they
can be cleaned easily because dirt and liquids on the surface
can be wiped away. Smooth and glazed surfaces are usually
easier to clean than rough and unglazed ones. Wall tiles are
usually easy to maintain, and depending on the tile type, can
help provide a water-proof barrier to areas where moisture is
a concern. Some tiled applications can even last for
generations. Tiles are hardwearing and not susceptible to
fading from UV light. Careful selection can enhance and
protect a space or design and add to its capital value.

2. Wood Panelling:
Panelling is a wall covering constructed from rigid or semi-
rigid components. These are traditionally interlocking wood,
but could be plastic or other materials. Panelling was
developed in antiquity to make rooms in buildings more
comfortable. The panels served to insulate the room from the
cold stone. In modern buildings such panelling is often
installed for decorative purposes. Wall paneling is a great way
to enhance the aesthetic of your home and provide much-
needed insulation.

Types of wood panelling:
 Shiplap
 Board and batten
 Plank wall
 Tongue and groove
 Flat panels
 Bead board
 Raised panels

 Shiplap:
This style of paneling features horizontally-running grooved
boards that are positioned tightly together to form a
weatherproof seal (shiplap used to be primarily used for home
exteriors). The place where the boards meet is called a
“rabbet”. It offers clean, crisp lines to the room with plenty of
visual interest. This type of wall paneling can also withstand
much more abuse compared to mere drywall. Thus, it’s a
reasonable choice for the homeowner that wants decorative
yet rugged walls. Unfortunately, because of the grooves,
shiplap is difficult to clean and keep clean. It will take a little
more time and effort to keep up with the cleaning. Also,
ensure that you install your shiplap correctly to prevent it from
warping or rotting over time.

 Board And Batten:
Installation of board and batten wall paneling gives a 3-
dimensional texture for the home. The word “batten” refers to
the piece of molding that’s placed over the joint between the
board. It adds a touch of sophistication to any room. These
pieces can be painted in whatever color. Use bold color or
keep it fresh in white tones. If maintained it will last for years.
It is of low-maintenance when treated well. It is more
expensive due to the amount of material and precision
required. Cost will depend on the type of material used for the
paneling. Board and batten paneling is most commonly
crafted from either wood or vinyl.

 Flat Panels:
Flat panels produce very clean lines and an unmistakable
polished look. The flat panel style originated in the 19th
century and has grown in popularity over the years. Flat
panels are simpler approach as formal looks of raised panels.
The height of the panel can be chose. Common choices are
chair-rail height (28 to 32 inches), three-quarters of the way
up the wall. The texture of the flat panels complements to the
elements found in the room.

 Plank Wall:
With wooden plank wall creates a texture-rich, aesthetically-pleasing
space. Install the planks horizontally, vertically, or even in another type of
pattern like herringbone or diagonal of various choice. Planks are available
in various sizes.
The overall feel of the space will be determined by the type of wood, finish
and color put on it, and the pattern in which it’s laid out. This type of wall
paneling looks great in any style of home.
The cost of the planks depends on the type of wood used and the area
covered. Purchasing sheets of wood and having cut (or cut them yourself)
reduces cost.

 Tongue And Groove:
It is similar to shiplap in appearance unlike the rabbet joints of
shiplap, this style of paneling requires a “tongue” and “groove”
connection. That means that the panels fit together in this
design.
The tongue and groove connection is an excellent way to
keep the wood panels held tightly together. The look is clean
and cohesive. Tongue and groove is an excellent way to keep
dirt and dust out. A downside of using tongue and groove wall
paneling is the time required for installation. Since each piece
has to get put in place, the installation process could be
lengthy.

 Bead board:
This decorative style of wood paneling features evenly spaced grooves
along the paneling. The panel can be installed to the full height of the wall
or partially. The typical width between each groove (the flat part of the
panel) is 1.5 inches or 3 inches. However, the width can be customized.
Bead board provides a traditional, classy look to any room. It pairs well
with nearly any type of material used in the room’s design. One thing to be
mindful of when using bead board is the cleaning process. Since the
panels have grooves in them, it can be more susceptible to trapping dirt.
The cost of bead board will vary depending on the quality of the wood and
the amount required for the area.

 Raised Panels:
Raised panels features 3-dimensional look to the space.
wood panels elevated over their adjoined horizontal and
vertical rails. The six parts that make up this style of panel
include the cap molding, cove molding, top rail, stile, raised
panel, and bottom rail.
The look created from this type of paneling is classic and eye-
catching. A notable thing about the panels is that they’re
beveled. It gives up an image of the interior style of houses
set in the colonial era.

Terracotta is a ceramic material that has been used for
building construction and decorative arts since ancient times
in cultures around the world. Terracotta, which literally means
"baked earth," is made from natural clay, which gives it a
characteristic reddish-brown color. The color varies slightly
depending on the clay used. Terracotta is hard-baked,
brownish red earthen ware, often glazed for extra durability or
to provide color. Usually hand-made and varies in color,
texture and appearance. The colors range from natural earth
tones such as gray and brownish yellow to various shades of
red. It is a waterproof and very sturdy material.

 The terracotta consist of dry clay, Ground glass, crushed
pottery and clean white sand.
 Terracotta is a refractory clay product used for making
Terracotta tiles and Terracotta bricks.
 There are two types of terracotta product, polish and
porous terracotta.
 The terracotta tiles color can be changed by varying iron
oxide content in clay. Terracotta is widely used for making
terracotta bricks and terracotta tiles in modern world.
Terracotta tiles improves the aesthetic appearance of the
building.
 Terracotta tiles are impervious, cheap and hard.

Types of terracotta:
1.Porous terracotta:
 Porous terracotta is manufactured by mixing clay with finely
manufactured fragmented rocks.
 Porous terracotta is light weight.
 Porous terracotta is fire resistant and they are resistant to
weathering action.
 This types of terracotta are sound proof

2.Polish terracotta:
 It is used for improving the aesthetic appearance of the
building
 The polish terracotta is manufactured from refractory clay
mixing with quartz sand and chalk.
 The polish terracotta is also called terracotta that is twice
burnt. The production process of this types of terracotta
involves two stages of burning.
 It is hard and strong.
 Leak proof and resistant to weathering.
 Any color can be given to them.

Uses of terracotta:
 The terracotta are used for making terracotta tiles
and terracotta bricks. These are a refractory clay
product.
 They are used for making cornices and arches
 They are used for ornamental works.
 They types of terracotta are used for sound
insulation.

 Marble-lime wall finish is a multi-purpose dry mineral interior plaster
with good adhesion capability for creating structured surfaces.
 Its grainy texture comes from fine marble screenings.
 The plaster can be used to even out smaller irregularities in the base
surface and structured using different surface finishing techniques.
 It is suitable for all durable and slightly absorbent interior surfaces such
as mineral plasters, drywall, concrete.
 Its high pH level (13), in the finish will act as a natural fungicide, making
it especially suitable for humid rooms.
 Powder to be mixed with water. The plaster produces an even diffuse
bright white surface.
 The finish is odorless, preservative-free and does not need to be
painted.
 The plaster can be tinted with pigments up to 5% of its weight.

Marble Advantages:
 Its hardness, its extraordinary polished finish, its natural
textures, variety and rich colors are only some of the
qualities that have made of marble one of the materials
preferred by decorators and architects.
 The tonality of marble remains inalterable over time,
particularly when used in interiors. If you wish to retain the
original natural gloss, it only requires a polish and the stone
will go back to being as radiant.
 It is resistant to UV radiation and so maintains its color.
 The marble surface is resistant to high temperatures.

METAL
Metal architecture is all around, it is used to
make roofs, gutter systems and is growing in
popularity for wall applications in commercial
and residential buildings. If decided to use
metal wall panels in house or business, it’s
important to familiarize with the basics of metal
wall panels before purchasing.

One of the most popular metals used in commercial
construction is steel, but wall panels can be made
from a variety of materials, including:
 Aluminum
 Copper
 Stainless steel
 Steel
 Titanium
 Zinc

Buildings that uses metal wall panels, are:
 Banks
 Homes and condominiums
 Hospitals
 Hotels or restaurants
 Industrial plants
 Manufacturing facilities
 Offices
 Recreation facilities
 Retail stores
 Schools
 Warehouses

Types of Metal Wall Panels:
 Single skin metal panels
 Metal Composite Material (MCM) Metal
Panels
 Insulated Metal Panels

1. Single skin metal panels:
 Single skin metal panels are also referred to as preformed
or roll formed panels. They typically are just a single
interlocking layer of prefinished or natural metal.
 Most wall panels of this type can be installed horizontally
or vertically in less time and with less of the cost of other
metal panel systems.
 They can come insulated or uninsulated, and can be made
with protective coatings that help fight corrosion and fading.
 They are less rigid than other types of metal wall panels,
they are still very susceptible to damage, especially at
ground level.
 It is lightweight and easy to install
 This metal panels are 100% recyclable
 It can be installed in almost any weather condition and
environment.

2. Metal Composite Material (MCM) Metal Panels:
These panels are formed by joining two thick metal
skins (predominantly aluminum but can also be
made of steel, zinc, copper, stainless steel or
titanium) to a core that is made of polyethylene or
other fire-retardant plastic material, and bonded
under a specific temperature, pressure, and tension.
The end product is a metal/plastic composite with
greater benefits than just using a solid metal panel of
the same thickness.

3. Insulated Metal Panels:
 As the name suggests, this metal wall panel is made with an insulating
foam center (typically expanded polystyrene) sandwiched by two
aluminum or steel metal face panels. They make an excellent choice for
commercial or industrial buildings and climate-controlled facilities.
 These metal panels need to be sealed properly to prevent water
intrusion. Climate also plays a deciding factor, so take into
consideration the humidity, temperature, and air movement of the
location to plan before installing these metal wall panels.
 They come in numerous colors, widths, profiles, and finishes so can
achieve almost any look we desire.
 They provide superior energy-efficient insulation
 They are quick to install

Advantages Of Using Metal Wall Panels:
 Aesthetics. Metal panels create a beautiful appearance for
exterior and interior applications. Shiny and matte finishes can
be shaped into a wide range of patterns, to look ultra-modern or
vintage.
 Fireproofing. While fire is always a risk in any building, metal
walls can act as a barrier to fire to help keep an active fire from
spreading and the affected area cool during intense heat.
 Rain Screen. Metal panels act as a rain screen and barrier,
keeping water from entering a building and spreading from room
to room. In rainy climates, metal barriers can prevent mold and
decay of other building materials.

 Energy Savings. Metal's density saves energy, lowering expenses for
building owners. Metal walls are eco-friendly and meet building
regulations for sustainable materials.
 Durability. Metal walls hold up extremely well to daily wear and tear,
with hardness varying slightly depending on the type of metal. These
panels do not dent or ding easily. They maintain their beauty for years.
 Low Installation and Maintenance Costs. In most cases, metal wall
panels can be installed more quickly than brick, granite, precast and
other materials. They're typically lighter, requiring less support
structure.
 Design Flexibility. Metal walls make it easy for architects and interior
designers to meet their unique design specifications. An extensive
selection of colors, textures and designs can be adapted for most
commercial and residential projects.

STONE WALL FINISH:
1. Gypsum artificial stone
2. Concrete “stone” lining
3. Porcelain stoneware
4. Ceramic facing tiles

1.Gypsum artificial stone:
 One of the most popular ways to create a spectacular and, at the same time,
compliant in terms of installation stone imitation is the use of gypsum.
 Low cost and excellent technological qualities
 It has excellent aesthetic qualities and it is low weight.
 Even a large amount of facing material is easy to transport and mount.
 Externally, the gypsum analogue of the stone is very similar to the sandstone.
 Gypsum artificial stone can be easily combined with other types of finishing –
painting, wallpapering with wallpaper and with decorative plaster.
 The gypsum material has a porous structure. The advantage of such a structure
is partially letting in air.
 But the drawback of such material is that the gypsum stone perfectly passes
moisture. It must be covered with special varnishes and impregnations to
prevent the destruction and spread of the fungus.

2.Concrete “stone” lining:
 Products that mimic natural stone consist of sand,
hardening components, plasticizers and color pigments.
The following components can be added in concrete in
order to give the surface look of artificial “stone”:
 Pumice;
 Ceramic fine particles;
 Granules of expanded clay (helps to not only change the
structure).

3.Porcelain stoneware:
 It includes special elements that enhance the properties of strength,
wear resistance, durability and resistance to mechanical stress. The
following composition allows porcelain stoneware to withstand the
heavy loads:
 Several varieties of clay;
 Mineral fillers;
 Feldspar;
 Pigments of different colors.
 Porcelain stoneware very often have a glossy surface. The use of
abrasive cleaning agents for coatings from this type of finishing material
is undesirable. The tiles can be used for both wall finishing and flooring.
The floor tiles have a rough surface to prevent slipping.

4.Ceramic facing tiles:
 Ceramic tile is used for tiling the walls of the hallway.
Basically it is used as a material for creating panels in the
lower part of the walls.
 Ceramic tiles are durable; they are not exposed to moisture
and sunlight, not subject to burnup and have high
resistance to mechanical stress.
 Ceramic tiles are often used to imitate such natural stone
as marble.
 Natural material is expensive and heavy. In addition, it
requires special maintenance.
 It is all at times simpler with ceramic tiles. All it requires is
usual cleaning with the use of liquid cleaners.

Advantages of Stone Wall Finish:
 High strength and durability;
 No response to sunlight or moisture;
 Unrivaled appearance;
 A wide range of color and textural solutions created by
nature itself;
 High environmental friendliness and safety, both for
humans and the environment;
 Excellent soundproofing qualities.

Disadvantages:
 High cost of raw materials and services for its
installation (complexity of material processing)
 Large weight of products, which imposes
prohibitions on use on certain surfaces;
 Heterogeneity of the material, the complexity of
selecting products of one size or absolutely
identical color and textural solutions.

GLASS
Glass has become an increasing popular
choice for splash backs and glass wall
coverings are used in recent years, due to its
polished high-end finish and versatile style.
Hardwearing and easy to maintain, it looks
smart and sophisticated for many years.

1. Frosted Glass:
Frosted glass has a cloudy, foggy
Use of frosted glass appearance
 Conference room walls: If your office’s conference room is located in the
center of an open plan, using glass walls can separate it from the rest of the
workspace. Using a frosted glass finish on those walls can keep curious
individuals from looking inside the room during meetings and can also allow the
people working in the space to avoid distractions.
 Exterior windows of an office: Using frosted glass on the exterior window of a
ground-floor office can keep curious passers-by from looking in. Daylight can
still come in through the window.
 Decorative signs on the exterior of a building: Frosted glass can do more
than provide privacy. It can also act as a decorative touch. For example,
company’s logo can be etched into a glass panel that’s used on the exterior or
interior wall of the building.
 Glass partitions in a restaurant dining room: Glass partitions can separate
the bar area from a dining area or a private banquet room from the main dining
room.

2. Satin Glass:
A satin glass finish has things in common with a frosted glass finish. Both
are examples of glass that are opaque. Like etched frosted glass, satin
glass is created by exposing a clear sheet of glass to hydrofluoric acid.
Perhaps the biggest difference between satin glass and frosted glass
finishes is their appearance. Satin glass, true to its name, looks smooth
and silky. It’s also less shiny and more matte in appearance than other
types of glass finishes.
 Partition walls at banks: Satin glass partition walls create a sense of
privacy while maintaining the open flow and layout of a bank.
 Glass paneled doors: Using satin glass panels in the doors can help
create privacy without cutting off the light source to the interior space.
 Fitting rooms at clothing stores: Satin glass partitions can create a
modern look in a store’s fitting room while still giving shoppers privacy
as they try on clothing.
 Partitions at car dealerships: Satin glass partition walls create privacy
for people who are in the final stages of buying a car and can separate
the sales area from the busier sales floor.

3. Reflective Glass:
 Reflective glass is plain, clear or tinted glass that has a metallic
coating on one side. The metallic coating causes the glass to
reflect light, creating a mirror effect. Depending on its thickness,
reflective glass can act like a one-way mirror. People passing by
on one side see themselves reflected. Meanwhile, people on the
other side of the glass can look through it.
 Reflective glass works on both the interior and exterior of
buildings. When it’s used on glass panels inside a building, it can
help small rooms and areas look larger. Since it can reflect light,
it can also help to brighten up places that were once dark or in
shadow.
 On the exterior of a building, reflective glass can help to prevent
heat gain and increase the energy efficiency of a building, at
least in the summer months. Instead of absorbing the heat from
the sun, the mirrored glass reflects it out.

Here are a few examples of where reflective glass can be a
good choice:
 In stores: Since reflective glass can create a one-way
mirror effect, one way to use it is to prevent or minimize
shoplifting in stores.
 On tall buildings: Reflective glass is often used on the
facades of skyscrapers and other commercial buildings to
increase privacy on the interior and minimize solar heat
gain.
 In small office spaces: A mirrored surface that reflects light
can make a small office space feel larger than it is.

4. Tinted Glass:
 Glass doesn’t have to be clear. Tinted glass comes in a
rainbow of hues, such as red, yellow, green and blue, as
well as dark hues such as gray and brown. There are two
ways to create tinted glass. One way is to add metal oxides
or pigments to the glass itself, altering its color
permanently.
 Another way to tint glass is by applying a tinted film over its
surface. The glass film can be removed and changed
based on the season or your decor preferences.
 Tinted glass comes with several benefits aside from adding
visual appeal to a workplace. The color of the glass can
increase privacy in an area as well, and it filters out sunlight
and minimizes heat gain.

Tinted glass can be both practical and decorative. Here are a few
ways to use it:
 As part of a mural: A colorful glass panel or two can add visual
appeal to a mural.
 As an accent wall: An accent wall or partition that’s made up of
colorful glass, such as a company’s or school’s signature colors,
can be a stand-out piece of decoration in a lobby or other high-
traffic area.
 In an office that gets too much sun: If an office receives a lot
of sunlight — making it difficult for people to see during the
workday — or if the sun causes the office to heat up too much,
tinted glass can help to block the excess sunlight.
 In a store that gets a lot of sunlight: Tinted glass used in the
windows of a storefront can minimize the amount of light that
streams in, protecting inventory.

5. Glass Film:
 Although frosted, satin, tinted and reflective glass finishes are
often created by physically altering glass in some way, glass
films can create a similar effect. These films are adhesive and
firmly attach to smooth glass surfaces.
 Depending on your goals and the intricacy of your design, a
glass film might be the best option for you. Films are available in
a wide range of textures, colors and patterns. They can even be
custom-printed with your company’s logo or brand name.
 For companies that are renting a space, one considerable
benefit of glass films is that they’re removable. You can often
peel them off and reuse them when you change offices or
storefronts.

Paint Wall Finish
 Paints are mixture of four important ingredients:
pigments, additives, binders and solvents.
 Pigments render color and opacity.
 Additives give special properties such as resistance to
rust and fungus.
 Binders hold the paints together and bind it to the
surface for durability.
 Solvents enable brushing and rolling across a surface.

Characteristics of a good paint
 It should stick to the surface well and should be able to seal
the pores.
 Its consistency should provide easy workability.
 The paint film should dry rapidly.
 The thickness of the paint film should be adequate for good
protection and decoration of the surface.
 The dried paint film should be able to withstand the effect of
adverse weather for long time.
 It should offer resistance to cracking and flaking.
 It should possess good moisture maintenance.
 Its color should not fade with the passage of time.

 Cellulose paints: This type of paint is made from celluloid
sheets and amyl acetate substitutes. It dries very quickly
and possesses the additional advantages of hardness,
flexibility and smoothness.
 Enamel paints: This type of paint is made by adding white
lead or zinc white to a vehicle comprising a varnish. On
drying, it forms a smooth, glossy, relatively hard and
permanent film. It is commonly used for painting porches,
decks, stairs, concrete surfaces and so on.
 Oil paints: This type of paint can be used for almost all
surfaces, from wood work to fabrics. Oil paints are
manufactured in different shades and grades and are very
commonly used.

Types of paint
 Alkyd paints: – These paints are based on synthetic resins
combined with a vegetable oil such as linseed oil. These
are generally easier to apply and have better durability and
wearing properties than older types paint. They have good
opacity and excellent fastness to light as well. They are
available in a wide range of colors.
 Aluminum Paints: –These are used for painting wood and
metal surfaces. Aluminum forms the base in this type of
paint. This paint is well established for its good water
proofing and weather-resisting qualities. It is commonly
used for painting metal roofs, machinery, oil or gas storage
tanks etc.
 Anti corrosive paints: – these generally used as metal
protection paints. Linseed oil is generally used as a vehicle.

 Asbestos paints: This type of paint is especially suitable for
patching up or stopping leakage in metal roof. Asbestos or
fibrous coatings are sometimes used as moisture proof
covering coats for the outer face of the basement walls as
well.
 Bituminous paints: These are alkali resistant and are chiefly
used for painting exterior brickwork and plastered surfaces.
They are also used for waterproofing and protecting iron
and steel, and are commonly applied on structural
steelwork that is underwater.
 Bronze paints: This type of paint is often used for painting
interior of exterior metallic surfaces. Aluminum bronze,
copper bronze and copper powder are the pigments
commonly used in this type of paint.

Wall Paper
 Wallpaper is a material used in interior decoration to
decorate the interior walls of domestic and public buildings.
 It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall
using wallpaper paste.
 Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" (so that it can
be painted or used to help cover uneven surfaces and
minor wall defects thus giving a better surface), textured
with a regular repeating pattern design, or, much less
commonly today, with a single non-repeating large design
carried over a set of sheets.
 The smallest rectangle that can be tiled to form the whole
pattern is known as the pattern repeat.

Types of Wallpaper
 Vinyl Wallpaper: Vinyl based wallpaper is the most popular option in
wall coverings due to its versatility. It’s easy to install, easy to remove,
and easy to clean.
 Lining Paper: – A preliminary covering of plain paper that gives the
wall an even porosity, which helps when painting. On surfaces such as
painted walls, this can be essential. There are various grades. It is best
to avoid thin papers and use a heavy grade to conceal uneven walls.
 Surface-printed papers: – The cheaper papers are called pulp. Higher
quality papers, known as grounded papers, are given a coating of color
before the design is printed on these. Such wallpapers vary in weight
and thickness. Thin papers are cheap, but tear easily when wet.
 Washable papers: – A transparent waterproof film stop moisture from
damaging design. These are especially suitable for bathroom and
kitchens. They can be easily cleaned with damp sponge.

 Embossed papers: – The design is pressed into paper to
make it stand out in relief. This process produces wood-like
grain, imitation leather and textile effects. Duplex-
embossed papers have designs with more depth, since two
layers of papers are bounded together before design is
impressed.
 Metallic papers: – these are made from patterned foil
glued to paper backing. Their reflective surface accentuates
any unevenness in the walls, however, so they should be
used only on a perfectly flat surface.
 Hand printed papers: -each roll is prepared separately
and therefore costs more than machine printed paper. The
designs are outlined more sharply.

Advantages of wallpaper:
 The ability to be paste to any surface: plaster, painted surfaces,
prefabricated panels, concrete, brick, the surface of mud brick, etc.
 Working with them is relatively easy and does not require special skills
or expensive materials
 Easy to maintenance. Paper wallpaper cannot be washed with water,
just wipe with a clean cloth or soft brush. There are wallpapers that can
be wiped clean with a damp cloth, and washable wallpaper washes
easily with water and detergents. Detergents aggressive enough,
 Wallpapers will last a long time (if they are of good quality and with
proper care), about 15-20 years, retaining its color and appearance
unchanged.
 Wallpapers can be, if desired, easily removed, and then, on the same
surface, you can paste other wallpaper or paint it.
 They look nice and relatively cheap.
 In addition, their use does not cause so much trouble, as the painting of
the walls.

Mural
 A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly
on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surfaces. A
distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that the
architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously
incorporated into the picture.
 Some wall paintings are painted on large canvases, which
are then attached to the wall but the technique has been in
common use since the late 19th century.

Preparing the wall for Mural:
 Clean the wall
 Priming the wall because the primer will help the paint to stick to the
wall.
 Now either start painting directly onto the wall. This is what most people
will wanted to do.
 Either you can add texture to the wall (for example, by applying plaster).
This can create an interesting surface, but be aware of how it will affect
the final painting.
 If you prefer to paint on canvas, you can adhere a large piece of pre-
primed unstretched canvas to the wall, similar to the way you would
hang wallpaper, using an adhesive like Jade glue, Unibond, or
wallpaper paste. However, don't attempt to glue up a finished painting
on unstretched canvas, because it will be really difficult to get it to
adhere correctly.

Mural Techniques:
 Sponging
Sponging is a good way to create the sense of texture in a mural, such as
clouds in the sky or leaves on a tree. You can also sponge a color on top
of another color to create more of a sense of depth and interest, rather
than leaving an area as a flat, single block of color.
Sponging is also one of the handy mural techniques for quickly filling in
large areas with color.
 Stippling
Stippling is one of the popular mural techniques for creating detail without
worrying about smooth blending. For instance, if you're painting a green
field, you can bring it to life by stippling other colors into the green. You
can repeat this mural technique as many times as you need (with as many
colors as you want) until your desired area is covered.
This is a nice mural technique for creating the illusion of a field alive with
shades of green, dappled in yellow sunlight.

 Stenciling
Stenciling is a popular mural technique because it is fairly simple and anyone can
do it .
Stencils are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, from alphabet letters to
farm animals to wildlife, trees, planets, etc.,
 Antiquing
This makes your mural look old, bringing a sense of history into the room. To
antique a wall, mix your desired color (usually siena or umber to create an aged
look) with an acrylic glazing medium, using the ratio of 4 to 5 parts glaze to 1 part
paint. Brush the mixture onto your wall and quickly - while the paint is still wet - run
a clean rag or cheesecloth over the paint to spread it around. For an added effect,
you can use this technique to add even darker color to the corners and edges of
the wall.
 Glazing
To create acrylic glazes on a wall, mix the acrylic paint with an acrylic medium
golden glazing liquid. This will thin and stretch the paint making it more translucent.
When you paint a glaze on the wall the color underneath will show through.

Fabric wall coverings
 Wall fabrics fall into two main categories: fabric that actually surface a wall like
a wall paper and those that are draped loosely across a wall.
 Tapestry, canvas and silk fabrics are most commonly used. Almost any fabric
can be used as a wall covering. It should be remembered that wool materials
may be attacked by moth and if adequate precautions are not taken.
 Wild silk and other beautiful fabrics are often padded for heat and sound
insulation, and for effect they may be stretched, gathered or pleated into frame.
Silk tapestries are expensive wall coverings and thus are more usually found in
luxury establishments.
Care and cleaning of fabric wall coverings:
 Remove surface dust by brushing or vacuum cleaner attachments.
 For the more beautiful hangings, when necessary, send to a firm of dry cleaners
who is specialized in this type of work.
 Where canvas is stuck to the walls, scrub very lightly using warm water and
synthetic detergent where necessary.

Metal wall coverings
 Metals may be used on walls for their decorative and hygienic
qualities. Metal such as copper and anodized Aluminum are
decorative and may be used for effect in such areas as bars,
where the metal – in combination with rows of bottles and
interesting lighting – is most impressive. Other metals, usually
stainless steel in the form of tiles, may be used in kitchens,
where they present a durable, easily cleaned hygienic surface
area. Metal skirting boards provide coved edges between
walls and floor surfaces. The metal foils are durable and
washable.
Care and cleaning of metallic wall coverings:
 Soft brush is required to clean the indented portions.
 Daily dusting is required.
 Wipe with sponge wrung out in mild detergent, dry with a
duster.

Mirror
 Mirrors in interior design can be used in a variety of
ways. One fairly obvious place to use mirrors is on
wardrobe doors to conceal storage. Not only is this visually
appealing but it is very practical as the doors can then be
used as a vanity mirror as well. Everyone needs a mirror
when getting ready and what better place to have one than
along a whole wall in the bedroom.
 It is a known fact that mirrors can make a room or space
feel bigger. A full wall of mirror will visually expand a room
and make it seem more spacious. A mirror can also reflect
natural light making the room not only feel bigger, but seem
brighter as well. In the evenings, a mirrored wall can reflect
candlelight and give the room a soft, romantic glow.

 This mirrored wall at one end of the dining room makes the
room feel longer than it really is. Not only does it expand
the space but the mirror also accentuates the peaked
ceiling makes it a focal point of interest.
 Finally, a mirrored wall finish can really be a statement
piece and can add dramatic visual appeal. Mirrors can be
used in grid or panel form adding dimension to the
room. The mirror can also be tinted or given an antiqued
look, which is becoming quite popular.
 Mirrored wall panel is gorgeous and adds a subtle reflection
of the room’s serenity. This wall gives the room personality
and character.
 Unfortunately there is one disadvantage to having a
mirrored wall is that it needs care and maintenance.

Interior Wall Finishes

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