Manufacture of Nitric acid by chile saltpetre
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The document describes the process for manufacturing nitric acid (HNO3) using Chile saltpeter. Chile saltpeter contains sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium nitrate, and sodium chloride. In the process, a mixture of Chile saltpeter and sulfuric acid is heated in a cast iron retort. The vapors produced are cooled and condensed to collect concentrated HNO3. Any uncondensed vapors are scrubbed with water to collect dilute HNO3. The key reaction is between sodium nitrate and sulfuric acid to produce sodium bisulfate and nitric acid.
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Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced through the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst. It is used to make explosives, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Proper storage of nitric and hydrochloric acids is important due to their corrosive nature and potential for dangerous reactions. They should be kept in acid-resistant containers in a well-ventilated chemical storage area.
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1. The heat generated by the exothermic reactions is utilized to maintain the high temperature needed for the ammonia oxidation reaction, reducing energy costs.
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This document provides a design for a plant to produce 400,000 metric tonnes of nitric acid per year using the Ostwald process. It selects a single pressure process as most advantageous after considering several factors such as efficient energy management. The process involves vaporizing ammonia at 1000 kPa and 35°C using process heat, then superheating it to 80°C with steam before mixing it with compressed air in a converter reactor over a platinum catalyst to produce nitrogen oxides, which are then absorbed in water to form the nitric acid product. The plant is estimated to cost ₦5.41 billion with a 26.25% return on investment and a 3 year, 7 month payback period, making the project technically
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2) From propylene by oxidizing it with nitric acid in two steps to form alpha-nitratolactic acid then oxalic acid.
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Industrial preparation of Sodium carbonate
This presentation will help you in the conceptual understanding of commercial and industrial preparation of washing soda, also known as soda ash.
technical-packages.pdf |Goel scientific | Canada
We are technical packages Manufacturer, technical packages supplier, technical packages provider, technical packages in Canada
4746 4750.output
This document describes a patent for improving the vacuum carbonate process for separating acid gases like hydrogen sulfide from coal carbonization gases. Specifically, it addresses three problems with the existing process: vacuum pump plugging due to polymer formation, ammonia contamination of separated gases, and clogging of condenser lines by high melting point hydrocarbons like naphthalene. The invention reduces vacuum pump compression ratios to eliminate hard polymer formation and introduces solvent oil vapors to dissolve contaminants and prevent clogging of condensers. This results in continuous operation of the vacuum carbonate plant for ten months without shutdowns for pump cleaning.
07 syn gas
Synthesis gas, also known as syngas, is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is primarily produced from natural gas and oil through steam reforming and the water-gas shift reaction. Syngas has many uses as a chemical feedstock and in producing derivatives like methanol and alcohols. Some of the major engineering challenges involved are removing sulfur from hydrocarbon feeds, efficiently supplying heat for the endothermic reforming reactions, preventing carbon formation on catalysts, and absorbing byproducts like carbon dioxide.
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Instability of emulsion
Deviation from the ideal behavior of an emulsion is known as instability of emulsion.
The slide show details of this.
Output devices of Computer
An output device is computer hardware that uses received data and commands from a computer in order to perform a task.
Any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for display, projection, or physical reproduction.
Computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by a computer to the outside world.
Computer Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
Without memory there would be no computer, as we know it today.
Modern computers use semiconductor memory
It is made up of thousands of circuits (paths) for electrical currents on a single silicon chip
This can be divided into three categories
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Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer Structures
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
Vitamins
Vitamin is an organic compound required in small amounts to sustain life.
Addition of fats, carbohydrates, protein, mineral etc.
Human body either does not produce enough of them or none at all.
Ph valu of soil
Soil pH is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity in soils.
The optimal pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.0.
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Corrosion has continued to be a major concern for manufacturers of fertilizers due to corrosive nature of raw materials used in the production process.
Bomb Calorimeter
A bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to hold the fuel sample, oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, and a thermometer. It is used to measure the calorific value of fuels by completely combusting a fuel sample with excess oxygen in the sealed bomb. The bomb is submerged in a water bath and the temperature increase of the water is measured, allowing the heat of combustion released by the fuel sample to be calculated. This provides a direct measurement of the fuel's calorific value in calories or joules by unit of mass.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions. They are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze and have a complex three-dimensional globular structure. Enzymes specifically bind to substrates through their active sites to lower the activation energy of reactions, speeding up the formation of products. The mechanism of enzyme action was originally proposed to be lock-and-key binding, but is now understood to involve induced fit, where the enzyme and substrate mutually adjust their shapes for catalysis. Enzymes can be regulated by various factors like substrate concentration, temperature, pH, inhibitors, and activators.
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waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
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Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Manufacture of Nitric acid by chile saltpetre
- 1. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE Name: Shaikh Ashraful Alam ID: 20131107045 Dept. of Applied Chemistry And Chemical Engineering Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University COURSE TITLE: Chemical Technology I COURSE CODE: ACCE-250
- 3. CHILE SAITPETRE PROCESS Use in early day HNO3 extracted from chile saltpeter or KNO3 . Chile saltpeter 35-60% NaNO3 some KNO3 and rest NaCl
- 4. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE
- 5. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE A mixture is heated in cast iron retort. Furnace NaNO3 + H2SO4
- 6. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE The vapours of HNO3 are cooled and condensed. Cooling Water system Cooled Silica pipes
- 7. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE Acid is collected in the stone ware receiver. Conc. HNO3
- 8. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE The uncondensed vapours are scrubbed with water. The dil. HNO3 collected in the receiver. scrubber Water or dil. HNO3 Stoneware Balls Dil. HNO3
- 9. MANUFACTURE OF HNO3 BY CHILE SAITPETRE The reaction of this process: NaNO3 + H2SO4 = NaHSO4 + HNO3
- 11. References [1]B.K SHARMA,Industrial Chemistry(2006),KRISHNA Prakashan Media(p) Ltd.,Delhi. [2].Sam kk.January 23,2012. Nitric Acid Production from Chile saltpeter Process. Online document, Retrived on November 2, 2016.Web address: < http://www.inclusive-science- engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Manufacture-of- nitric-acid-from-chile-saltpetre.jpg>