The document summarizes common industrial processes for producing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. For hydrochloric acid, chlorine and hydrogen gases are reacted and passed through a burner nozzle into a graphite combustion chamber where they ignite to form hydrogen chloride gas. This gas is then cooled and absorbed in water to produce hydrochloric acid. Nitric acid is produced via the Ostwald process where ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen monoxide, then to nitrogen dioxide, which is absorbed in water to form nitric acid. Sulfuric acid is made via the contact process where sulfur is burned to form sulfur dioxide, which is further oxidized to sulfur trioxide then reacted with

1. Hydrochloric Acid
• Burner Process:
Chlorine and Hydrogen react to form Hydrogen Chloride
H2 + Cl2  2 HCl (+184 KJ)
The gases are passed through a burner nozzle
They are ignited inside a combustion chamber (chamber is made of graphite)
The chamber is cooled by water such that the HCl gas produced cools down and absorbed into water to
make HCl acid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJvn-rH_lLQ&ab_channel=IITKharagpurJuly2018
https://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/hydrogen-chloride.html

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_Kge2-EoEg&ab_channel=SMahendraAcademy

3. Use of HCl
• Metal Cleaning
• Pickling of Metals
• Manufacturing of metal chlorides
• Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl  PbCl2 + 2HNO3
• Neutralization in inorganic and organic
chemistry
• Hydrolysis of proteins and carbohydrates
• Manufacture glue
• Purify common salt
• Bleaching in textile industry
• Chemical reagent in laboratories
Laboratory preparations
• NaCl + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + HCl
• NaCl + NaHSO4  HCl + Na2SO4

4. Nitric Acid / Aqua fortis / Oxy-acid of Nitrogen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjuA6d8LL1w&ab_channel=COLLEGECHEMISTRY
OSTWALD’s Process:
Step 01: Oxidation of NH3 to NO
NH3 + excess air  NO (Catalytic chamber (Pt) / Converter)
To ensure up to 95% of NH3 converts to NO:
• Temperature: 550 – 600C
• Pressure: 4 – 5 atm
• Excess of Oxygen
• Pt catalyst
NO is passed through chiller with temperature 150C

5. OSTWALD’s Process:
Step 02: Oxidation of NO to NO2 Step 03: Formation of HNO3
NO2 enters the absorption tower where NO2 is
absorbed by water
Laboratory preparation of nitric acid
KNO3 + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HNO3
NaNO3 + H2SO4  NaHSO4  HNO3

7. Sulphuric acid
https://byjus.com/chemistry/mass-production-of-sulphuric-acid/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSBDUTD2hSI&ab_channel=PravendraTomarllT-JEE%2FNEET
Contact Process
Step 01: formation of SO2
• S + O2  SO2
• 4FeS2 + 11O2  2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Step 02: formation of SO3
2SO2 + O2  2SO3 (+46.98 Kcal) / Platinized asbestos or V2O5
Step 03: Pyrosulfuric acid / Oleum formation
SO3 + conc. H2SO4  H2S2O7
Step 04: dilution of H2S2O7 to get desired conc. of H2SO4

8. Contact Process

9. Lead Chamber process
https://gkscientist.com/manufacture-of-sulfuric-acid/