This document summarizes key aspects of several pancreatic hormones. It discusses the structure and functions of the pancreas, noting its exocrine and endocrine parts. It then provides details on the four main cell types in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. For each hormone, it outlines their source of secretion, chemical structure, half-life, and effects on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.

1. Manish Dev
BDS 2nd year

2.  - mixed gland
 - consists of two parts- a) exocrine
b) endocrine
- Exocrine part – secrets the digestive juices
- Endocrine part – secretes hormone
- function performed by islets of
langerhans

4.  Contains four types of cells
a) α cells – secrete glucagon
b) β cell – secrete insulin
c) δ cell – secrete somatostatin
d) F cells or PP cells – pancreatic polypeptide

6.  CHEMSITRY AND HALF LIFE
- Polypeptide having 51 amino acid
- Mol. Weight of 5808.
two chains linked by disulfide bonds.
A chain – contain 21 amino acid
B chain – contain 30 amino acid
- by disulfide bond
- Half life is 5 minutes.

10.  Insulin receptor
- tetramer, 4 sub unit , α2β2
α -- extracellular and contain insulin binding site
β – tyrosinase kinase activity

12.  by three distinct mechanism
a) insulin receptor mediated signal transduction
b) insulin mediated glucose transport
c) insulin mediated enzyme synthesis

13. Activation of tyrosine kinase activity of intracellularβunit ofinsulin receptor
Generation of signals which are transduced toβunit
Conformational change inαsubunit of insulin receptor
Insulin bind to receptor

14. Promote activation of protein kinase and phosphaatse--which shows
biological actions
Insulin receptor substrate
Receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylates

16. Insulin
binding to
protein
Insulin receptor
complex
Translocation of
vesicles
Fuse with glucose
transporters
Insulin mediated
uptake of glucose
by cells

18.  promote synthesis of glucokinase,
phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
 by increased transcription followed by translation.

19. On carbohydrate metabolism
- insulin reduces the blood glucose level by its following
action
a)increase transport and uptake of glucose by the cells
- by increasing the permeability of cell membrane to
glucose

20. b) promote peripheral utilization of glucose
c) promote storage of glucose – glycogenesis
d) inhibits glycogenolysis
e) inhibit gluconeogenesis

21.  a) facilitating the transport of amino acids into the cell
from blood increasing the permeability of
cell membrane for amino acids
 b) accelerating protein synthesis
transcription of DNA and translation of mRNA
 c) prevention of protein catabolism
 d) preventing conversion of protein into glucose

22.  a) synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerids
 b) Transport of fatty acids into adipose tissue
 c) storage of fat

23. -From A cells or α cells in the islets of langerhans of
pancreas
-- from A cells of stomach and L cells of intestine

24. - polypeptide with a molecular weight of 3,485
- contains 29 amino acid
- half life is 3 to 6 minutes
Sythesis :
preproglucagon to proglucagon and then to glucagon

25.  on carbhohydrate metabolism
a) increasing glycogenolysis in liver and releasing
glucose from the liver cells into blood
b) increasing gluconeogenesis
c) facilitating glucose transport into liver cells

26. a) increases transport of amino acids into liver cells
b) increases utilization of amino acid for
gluconeogenesis

27.  a) increases lipolysis
 b) promote ketogenesis

29. source of secretion
- hypothalamus
- D cells in islets of langerhans
- D cells in stomach and upper part of small intestine
chemistry and half life
- polypeptide
- sythesized in two form: a) somatatostatin -14
b) somatostatin – 28
- half life is 2 to 4 minutes

30.  - inhibit secretion of both insulin and glucagon
 - inhibits the motility of stomach , duodenum and
gallbladder
 - reduces secretion of GIT hormones gastrin , CCK ,
GIP , VIP

31. -- hormones whose molecules are peptide or protein
respectively
- Peptide/protein hormones are water soluble.

32.  Insulin
 Glucagon
 ADH
 oxytocin

35. Thank u