SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 22
Managing Change and Conflict Chapter 14   Ready Notes For in-class note taking, choose Handouts or Notes Pages from the print options, with three slides per page.
Chapter Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Objectives  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Change: Organizational and Individual Perspectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Change: Organizational and Individual Perspectives  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Change: Organizational and Individual Perspectives  (cont’d)
Individual Reactions to Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Individual Reactions to Change  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Do Employees Resist Change? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Do Employees Resist Change?   (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Why Do Employees Resist Change?   (cont’d)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Why Do Employees Resist Change?   (cont’d)
Overcoming Resistance to Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Making Change Happen ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planned Change Through Organization Development (OD) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planned Change Through Organization Development (OD)  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Planned Change Through Organization Development (OD)  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Unofficial and Informal  Grassroots Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Managing Conflict ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Managing Conflict  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Managing Conflict  (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Career Advancement Behaviors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

Organizational change- Organizational behavior
Organizational change- Organizational behaviorOrganizational change- Organizational behavior
Organizational change- Organizational behaviorshrinivas kulkarni
 
Decision Making Process
Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process
Decision Making ProcessJolene Rennie
 
change management -Types of change
change management -Types of changechange management -Types of change
change management -Types of changemounika ramachandruni
 
Strategic interventions
Strategic interventionsStrategic interventions
Strategic interventionsUsman Khan
 
Conflicts and negotiation
Conflicts and negotiationConflicts and negotiation
Conflicts and negotiationEman Rashed
 
Organizational development interventions
Organizational development interventionsOrganizational development interventions
Organizational development interventionsDebbie Nell Geronimo
 
Building High Performing Teams
Building High Performing TeamsBuilding High Performing Teams
Building High Performing TeamsMarion Stone
 
5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution
5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution
5. Organizational Conflicts and ResolutionDr. Parveen Kaur Nagpal
 
Organizational Restructuring ppt
Organizational Restructuring pptOrganizational Restructuring ppt
Organizational Restructuring pptK. Gaanyesh
 
Group Decision Making
Group Decision MakingGroup Decision Making
Group Decision MakingAvinash Kumar
 
Conflict mba
Conflict mbaConflict mba
Conflict mbaHitesh Goyal
 
Organizational Culture and Climate
Organizational Culture and ClimateOrganizational Culture and Climate
Organizational Culture and ClimateISAAC Jayant
 
Organisational conflicts and resolution
Organisational conflicts and resolutionOrganisational conflicts and resolution
Organisational conflicts and resolutionrenujain1208
 
Group decision making
Group decision makingGroup decision making
Group decision makingAHMED ZINHOM
 

What's hot (20)

Conflict Management
Conflict ManagementConflict Management
Conflict Management
 
Organizational change- Organizational behavior
Organizational change- Organizational behaviorOrganizational change- Organizational behavior
Organizational change- Organizational behavior
 
Decision Making Process
Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process
Decision Making Process
 
change management -Types of change
change management -Types of changechange management -Types of change
change management -Types of change
 
Conflict management
Conflict managementConflict management
Conflict management
 
Strategic interventions
Strategic interventionsStrategic interventions
Strategic interventions
 
Conflict management
Conflict management Conflict management
Conflict management
 
Change management
Change management Change management
Change management
 
Conflicts and negotiation
Conflicts and negotiationConflicts and negotiation
Conflicts and negotiation
 
Organizational change
Organizational changeOrganizational change
Organizational change
 
Organizational development interventions
Organizational development interventionsOrganizational development interventions
Organizational development interventions
 
Building High Performing Teams
Building High Performing TeamsBuilding High Performing Teams
Building High Performing Teams
 
5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution
5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution
5. Organizational Conflicts and Resolution
 
Organizational Restructuring ppt
Organizational Restructuring pptOrganizational Restructuring ppt
Organizational Restructuring ppt
 
Group Decision Making
Group Decision MakingGroup Decision Making
Group Decision Making
 
Conflict mba
Conflict mbaConflict mba
Conflict mba
 
Organizational Culture and Climate
Organizational Culture and ClimateOrganizational Culture and Climate
Organizational Culture and Climate
 
Types of team
Types of teamTypes of team
Types of team
 
Organisational conflicts and resolution
Organisational conflicts and resolutionOrganisational conflicts and resolution
Organisational conflicts and resolution
 
Group decision making
Group decision makingGroup decision making
Group decision making
 

Similar to Managing Change & Conflict

Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02
Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02
Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02tigerjayadev
 
Mba i ob u 4.3 organization CHANGE
Mba i  ob  u 4.3 organization CHANGEMba i  ob  u 4.3 organization CHANGE
Mba i ob u 4.3 organization CHANGERai University
 
Managing Change
Managing ChangeManaging Change
Managing ChangeCornybrian
 
Chapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and Diversity
Chapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and DiversityChapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and Diversity
Chapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and Diversitydpd
 
Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13
Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13
Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13D
 
Organizational Change and Stress Management.pptx
Organizational Change and Stress Management.pptxOrganizational Change and Stress Management.pptx
Organizational Change and Stress Management.pptxMuzammil Hussain
 
Oc and resistance3
Oc and resistance3Oc and resistance3
Oc and resistance3Aditya Kumar
 
Org chgmgt ppt95
Org chgmgt ppt95Org chgmgt ppt95
Org chgmgt ppt95Khaled Kassem
 
Change Management
Change ManagementChange Management
Change ManagementRizwan Qamar
 
Organisational change and development
Organisational change and developmentOrganisational change and development
Organisational change and developmentPandurang Shinde
 
Organisational change and development
Organisational change and development Organisational change and development
Organisational change and development Pandurang Shinde
 
Running Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docx
Running Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docxRunning Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docx
Running Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docxanhlodge
 
Aventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and Change
Aventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and ChangeAventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and Change
Aventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and ChangeMP Sriram
 
Leadership and change management to succeed in process improvement
Leadership and change management to succeed in process improvementLeadership and change management to succeed in process improvement
Leadership and change management to succeed in process improvementKailiford
 

Similar to Managing Change & Conflict (20)

Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02
Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02
Organizationalchange 120113214516-phpapp02
 
Mba i ob u 4.3 organization CHANGE
Mba i  ob  u 4.3 organization CHANGEMba i  ob  u 4.3 organization CHANGE
Mba i ob u 4.3 organization CHANGE
 
Change Management
Change ManagementChange Management
Change Management
 
Day 7
Day 7Day 7
Day 7
 
Organizational Change
Organizational ChangeOrganizational Change
Organizational Change
 
Organisational Change
Organisational ChangeOrganisational Change
Organisational Change
 
Managing Change
Managing ChangeManaging Change
Managing Change
 
Day 7
Day 7Day 7
Day 7
 
Chapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and Diversity
Chapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and DiversityChapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and Diversity
Chapter 6 - Managing Change: Innovation and Diversity
 
Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13
Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13
Chapter 13 Understanding Individual Behavior Ppt13
 
Managing change
Managing changeManaging change
Managing change
 
Organizational Change and Stress Management.pptx
Organizational Change and Stress Management.pptxOrganizational Change and Stress Management.pptx
Organizational Change and Stress Management.pptx
 
Oc and resistance3
Oc and resistance3Oc and resistance3
Oc and resistance3
 
Org chgmgt ppt95
Org chgmgt ppt95Org chgmgt ppt95
Org chgmgt ppt95
 
Change Management
Change ManagementChange Management
Change Management
 
Organisational change and development
Organisational change and developmentOrganisational change and development
Organisational change and development
 
Organisational change and development
Organisational change and development Organisational change and development
Organisational change and development
 
Running Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docx
Running Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docxRunning Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docx
Running Head; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE CONSULTANCY AND MANAGEMENT1.docx
 
Aventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and Change
Aventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and ChangeAventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and Change
Aventus Partners on Organisation Behavior and Change
 
Leadership and change management to succeed in process improvement
Leadership and change management to succeed in process improvementLeadership and change management to succeed in process improvement
Leadership and change management to succeed in process improvement
 

More from Khalid Nasr

Effective Time Management
Effective Time ManagementEffective Time Management
Effective Time ManagementKhalid Nasr
 
Social Responsibility & Business Ethics
Social Responsibility & Business EthicsSocial Responsibility & Business Ethics
Social Responsibility & Business EthicsKhalid Nasr
 
Managing Groups & Teams
Managing Groups & TeamsManaging Groups & Teams
Managing Groups & TeamsKhalid Nasr
 
Influencing & Leading
Influencing & LeadingInfluencing & Leading
Influencing & LeadingKhalid Nasr
 
Designing Effective Organizations
Designing Effective OrganizationsDesigning Effective Organizations
Designing Effective OrganizationsKhalid Nasr
 
Decision Making & Problem Solving
Decision Making & Problem SolvingDecision Making & Problem Solving
Decision Making & Problem SolvingKhalid Nasr
 
Communicating For Results
Communicating For ResultsCommunicating For Results
Communicating For ResultsKhalid Nasr
 
Challenging Environments
Challenging EnvironmentsChallenging Environments
Challenging EnvironmentsKhalid Nasr
 
The Miracles Of Brain Power
The Miracles Of Brain PowerThe Miracles Of Brain Power
The Miracles Of Brain PowerKhalid Nasr
 
Manifesting
ManifestingManifesting
ManifestingKhalid Nasr
 

More from Khalid Nasr (10)

Effective Time Management
Effective Time ManagementEffective Time Management
Effective Time Management
 
Social Responsibility & Business Ethics
Social Responsibility & Business EthicsSocial Responsibility & Business Ethics
Social Responsibility & Business Ethics
 
Managing Groups & Teams
Managing Groups & TeamsManaging Groups & Teams
Managing Groups & Teams
 
Influencing & Leading
Influencing & LeadingInfluencing & Leading
Influencing & Leading
 
Designing Effective Organizations
Designing Effective OrganizationsDesigning Effective Organizations
Designing Effective Organizations
 
Decision Making & Problem Solving
Decision Making & Problem SolvingDecision Making & Problem Solving
Decision Making & Problem Solving
 
Communicating For Results
Communicating For ResultsCommunicating For Results
Communicating For Results
 
Challenging Environments
Challenging EnvironmentsChallenging Environments
Challenging Environments
 
The Miracles Of Brain Power
The Miracles Of Brain PowerThe Miracles Of Brain Power
The Miracles Of Brain Power
 
Manifesting
ManifestingManifesting
Manifesting
 

Recently uploaded

Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfTechSoup
 
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parentsnavabharathschool99
 
Grade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptx
Grade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptxGrade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptx
Grade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptxChelloAnnAsuncion2
 
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course  for BeginnersFull Stack Web Development Course  for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for BeginnersSabitha Banu
 
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choomENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choomnelietumpap1
 
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptxKarra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptxAshokKarra1
 
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designMIPLM
 
Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)
Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)
Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)lakshayb543
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdfACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdfSpandanaRallapalli
 
Science 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptx
Science 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptxScience 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptx
Science 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptxMaryGraceBautista27
 
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptxmary850239
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17Celine George
 
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxMULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
 
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
 
Grade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptx
Grade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptxGrade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptx
Grade 9 Q4-MELC1-Active and Passive Voice.pptx
 
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptxRaw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
 
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course  for BeginnersFull Stack Web Development Course  for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
 
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdfTataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
 
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choomENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
ENGLISH6-Q4-W3.pptxqurter our high choom
 
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptxKarra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
Karra SKD Conference Presentation Revised.pptx
 
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
Computed Fields and api Depends in the Odoo 17
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
 
Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)
Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)
Visit to a blind student's school🧑‍🦯🧑‍🦯(community medicine)
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptxECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - PAPER 1 Q3: NEWSPAPERS.pptx
 
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdfACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
ACC 2024 Chronicles. Cardiology. Exam.pdf
 
Science 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptx
Science 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptxScience 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptx
Science 7 Quarter 4 Module 2: Natural Resources.pptx
 
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
 
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxFINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxMULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
 

Managing Change & Conflict

  • 1. Managing Change and Conflict Chapter 14 Ready Notes For in-class note taking, choose Handouts or Notes Pages from the print options, with three slides per page.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.