There are three main views of conflict: the traditional view sees it as something to avoid; the human relations view sees it as natural and inevitable; the interactionist view sees some conflict as necessary for group performance. Conflict arises from differences and incompatibilities between parties and can be task-related, relationship-related, or process-related. Negotiation is the process of resolving conflict where parties determine how to allocate scarce resources through bargaining strategies like distributive or integrative bargaining. Personality traits, moods, emotions, and gender can influence negotiation effectiveness. Third parties can take on roles like mediator, arbitrator, conciliator, or consultant to help facilitate conflict resolution.

1. Conflict

2. A process that begin when party perceives that another party has negatively affected, something that the first party cares about. Transitions in Conflict Thought Traditional View – Avoid Conflict. Human Relation View – Conflict is natural & inevitable outcome in any group Interactionist View – Conflict is absolutely necessary for group to perform effectively.

3. Conflict was viewed negatively. It was used synonymously with violence – destruction irrationality -- Harmful and has to be avoided. Consistent with group behavior attitude in the 1930 & 1940 Conflict is dysfunctional outcome resulting from poor communication, lack of openness and trust between people, and the failure of managers to be responsive to the needs and aspirations of their employees. Conflict reduction results in high group of performance.

4. Conflict was natural occurrence in all groups. Conflict cannot be eliminated, there are times when conflict may benefit a group’s performance. Human Relations view dominated conflict theory from 1940 – 1970. The Internactionist View of Conflict It encourages conflict. Functional conflict support the goal of the group and improve its performance Dysfunctional conflict hinders group performance

5. There are 3 types of conflict Task: relates to the content and goals of the work – Low to moderate level. Relationship: focus on interpersonal relationships - High level. Process: relates to how the work gets done – Low level.

6. 1. Potential Opposition or Incompatibility. The first step is the presence of conditions that create opportunity for conflict to arise. Causes or sources of conflict: Communication: The potential for conflict increases when either too or too much communication takes place. Structure: It is used to include variable. Personal variable: Include personality, emotion, values 2. Cognition and Personalization .

8. Is the appearance of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise It divided into 3 categories Communication “ when too little or too much communication take in place” Structure “ Work nature , size , ambiguity “ Personal variable “ some people you don’t like with no reason “

9. If one or more of previous points raise up , we reach this stage Keep in mind 2 important things The point when the parties decides what the conflict is about The emotions play a major role in shaping perception

11. It includes the statement actions , and reactions made by the conflicting parties According to many conflict management techniques Problem solving Subordinate goals “ shared goals” Avoidance

12. According to behavior , the outcomes may be : functional , if the conflict improves the group’s performance “ Low or moderate conflict” or dysfunctional , if it hinders performance Diversity can usually improve group performance and decision making

14. Is a process that occurs when two or more parties decide how to allocate scarce resources Bargaining Strategies There are two general approaches to negotiation : Distributive Bargaining The most identifying feature is that it operates under zero-sum conditions, that is any gain I make is at your expense and vice versa. So the essence of distributive bargaining is negotiating over who gets what share of a fixed pie. Integrative Bargaining Operates under the assumption that one or more settlements can create a win-win solution . Both parties must be engaged for it to work.

15. Bargaining Characteristic Distributive bargaining Integrative bargaining Goal Get as much of the pie as possible Expand the pie so that both parties are satisfied Motivation Win-lose Win-win Focus Positions (I can’t go beyond this point on this issue) Interests ( can you explain why this issue is so important to you? ) Interests Opposed Congruent Information Sharing Low ( sharing information will only allow other party to take advantage) High ( Sharing information will allow each party to find ways to satisfy interests of each party) Duration of relationship Short term Long term

16. 5 steps of the negotiation process 1- preparation and planning Make sure that your goal stays paramount in your discussions Put your goals in writing and develop a range of outcomes to keep your attention focused. Assess what you think are the other party’s goals. Once you have gathered your information , use it to develop a strategy.

17. 2-Definition of ground rules: During this phase , the parties will exchange their initial proposals or demands. At this phase you are ready to begin defining with the other party the ground rules and procedures of the negotiation itself 3-Clarification and justification: At this phase both you and the other party will explain ,amplify , clarify and justify your original demands.

18. 4- Bargaining and problem solving: This is where both parties will undoubtedly need to make concessions. 5-Closure and implementation The final step in the negotiation process is formalizing the agreement that has been worked out and developing any procedures necessary for implementation and monitoring.

19. Three factors influence how effectively individuals negotiate : personality, mood & emotions , and gender. Personality traits in negotiation Negotiators who are agreeable or extraverted aren’t very successful in distributive bargaining as they are outgoing and friendly , they tend to share more information than they should . So the best distributive bargainer appears to be a disagreeable introvert , someone more interested in his or her own outcomes than in pleasing the other party and having a pleasant social exchange .

20. Moods and emotions in negotiation Emotions play an important part in the negotiation process, Negative emotions can cause intense and even irrational behavior, and can cause conflicts to escalate and negotiations to break down. On the other hand, positive emotions often facilitate reaching an agreement and help to maximize joint gains. Gender differences in negotiations Men have been found to negotiate better outcomes than women , although the difference is relatively small.

21. There are 4 basic third party roles Mediator Mediator is a neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasons and persuasion , suggesting alternatives . Arbitrator Arbitrator Is a third party with the authority to dictate an agreement. The big plus of arbitration over mediation is that it always results in a settlement .

22. Conciliator Conciliator Is a trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the opponent . Consultant Consultant is a skilled and impartial third party who attempts to facilitate problem solving through communication and analysis, aided by a knowledge of conflict management.