Marine conservation aims to protect ocean ecosystems through planned management to prevent overexploitation of resources. It addresses issues like species loss, habitat degradation, and ecosystem changes. Conservation techniques include marine protected areas with different zones allowing varying human activities. Technologies help protect endangered species and habitats while benefiting fishermen. Notable protected areas include the Great Barrier Reef and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Laws govern conservation internationally and within countries.
Contents:
- Definition
- Chittagong City
- Water logging in Chittagong City
- Causes of Water logging in Chittagong City
- Effects of waterlogging
- Probable Solutions to waterlogging
Water scarcity is a growing problem in India due to rising population, overexploitation of resources, and poor management. The document discusses how India's growing population and economy are straining limited water supplies, with demand expected to exceed availability by 2025. It provides details on water scarcity specifically in Tamil Nadu, where less than 500 cubic meters of water is available per person annually and groundwater levels are falling dramatically. The key impacts of water scarcity mentioned are drought, crop failure, unemployment, and conflicts over access to water.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year, providing habitat for wildlife and plants. They filter and store water, absorb flood waters and winds, and offer recreational activities. Wetlands are classified as marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, or palustrine, and examples of each type found in Trinidad and Tobago include the Bon Accord lagoon, Caroni swamp, Godineau river, and Buccoo Bay freshwater marsh.
This document provides an overview of marine and freshwater ecosystems. It discusses key abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity. It also describes different zones within marine ecosystems and different types of freshwater ecosystems. The main biotic components of aquatic ecosystems are explained as producers (autotrophs), consumers (heterotrophs), and decomposers (detritivores). Examples of each are provided.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It emphasizes efficient agricultural water use and managing irrigation water for drinking. Conservation planning and least-cost planning are methods to balance supply and demand management.
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
Integrated coastal zone management md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
Bangladesh has over 734 km of coastline along the Bay of Bengal with a population of around 50 million people living in the coastal zone. The coastline is difficult with many rivers and is affected by natural hazards like cyclones. The coastal zone is classified into interior and exterior coasts and three regions: eastern, central, and western. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) aims to balance environmental, economic, and social concerns through a coordinated management process. ICZM in Bangladesh focuses on managing coastal resources and people sustainably while addressing issues like population growth, infrastructure needs, and environmental challenges.
Marine conservation aims to protect ocean ecosystems through planned management to prevent overexploitation of resources. It addresses issues like species loss, habitat degradation, and ecosystem changes. Conservation techniques include marine protected areas with different zones allowing varying human activities. Technologies help protect endangered species and habitats while benefiting fishermen. Notable protected areas include the Great Barrier Reef and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Laws govern conservation internationally and within countries.
Contents:
- Definition
- Chittagong City
- Water logging in Chittagong City
- Causes of Water logging in Chittagong City
- Effects of waterlogging
- Probable Solutions to waterlogging
Water scarcity is a growing problem in India due to rising population, overexploitation of resources, and poor management. The document discusses how India's growing population and economy are straining limited water supplies, with demand expected to exceed availability by 2025. It provides details on water scarcity specifically in Tamil Nadu, where less than 500 cubic meters of water is available per person annually and groundwater levels are falling dramatically. The key impacts of water scarcity mentioned are drought, crop failure, unemployment, and conflicts over access to water.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year, providing habitat for wildlife and plants. They filter and store water, absorb flood waters and winds, and offer recreational activities. Wetlands are classified as marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, or palustrine, and examples of each type found in Trinidad and Tobago include the Bon Accord lagoon, Caroni swamp, Godineau river, and Buccoo Bay freshwater marsh.
This document provides an overview of marine and freshwater ecosystems. It discusses key abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity. It also describes different zones within marine ecosystems and different types of freshwater ecosystems. The main biotic components of aquatic ecosystems are explained as producers (autotrophs), consumers (heterotrophs), and decomposers (detritivores). Examples of each are provided.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It emphasizes efficient agricultural water use and managing irrigation water for drinking. Conservation planning and least-cost planning are methods to balance supply and demand management.
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
Integrated coastal zone management md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
Bangladesh has over 734 km of coastline along the Bay of Bengal with a population of around 50 million people living in the coastal zone. The coastline is difficult with many rivers and is affected by natural hazards like cyclones. The coastal zone is classified into interior and exterior coasts and three regions: eastern, central, and western. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) aims to balance environmental, economic, and social concerns through a coordinated management process. ICZM in Bangladesh focuses on managing coastal resources and people sustainably while addressing issues like population growth, infrastructure needs, and environmental challenges.
Power point presentation on protection of mangroves from destruction and degr...Navanitha Warrier
Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in coastal saline or brackish water. They play an important role in protecting coastlines from erosion and storms and provide habitat for many species. However, mangroves are declining worldwide due to threats like aquaculture, urbanization, and pollution. Several government and non-government organizations have undertaken conservation efforts like reforestation and raising awareness of the importance of mangroves. Further legal protection and community involvement are needed to help preserve these vital coastal ecosystems.
This document discusses animal competition through a group presentation on the topic. It begins by defining competition as a negative interaction that occurs when organisms require the same limited resources. It then discusses what organisms compete for (air, water, food, space), types of competition (interference and exploitative), and ways organisms avoid competition (geographic isolation, mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation, foraging differences). The document provides examples for each topic and concludes by stating competition acts as a regulator.
Status and strategies for wetland management in Bangladesh- Arifuzzaman arifMd. Arifuzzaman Arif
Wetlands cover about 50% of Bangladesh's landmass but recent estimates show they make up around 11% of the total area. Wetlands are important for ecological functions like water purification, flood control, and providing habitat. However, wetlands face threats from degradation, overharvesting, and mismanagement. The government of Bangladesh has taken several initiatives to protect wetlands, including forming a Ministry of Environment and Forest, joining the Ramsar Convention, and implementing community-based management projects. Successful strategies involve mapping wetlands, protecting critical areas, addressing issues through participatory planning, promoting conservation and development, and passing supporting legislation.
The document introduces limnology as the study of inland waters, including their physical, biological, and chemical aspects. It notes there are three main branches: physical limnology covers properties like water movement and basin geology. Biological limnology focuses on photosynthesis and productivity. Chemical limnology examines inorganic and organic compounds. The document provides examples of limnology studies on lakes, noting their formation, depth, residence time, zones, and trophic classification. It outlines the importance of limnology for conservation and understanding impacts of changes to watersheds.
Virtual water refers to the volume of water used to produce goods and services. It looks at the water footprint of various products taking into account both direct and indirect water use. There are three types of water footprints - green, blue, and grey water. The document discusses various approaches to accounting for virtual water, including top-down and bottom-up methods. It also examines current issues like large water footprints in water-abundant areas and the need for policies to encourage efficient and sustainable water use globally through concepts like water neutrality.
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
This document provides information about environmental change and water scarcity. It discusses how only 3% of the world's water is freshwater, and this freshwater is distributed unevenly. It then covers several causes of water scarcity like climate change, population growth, and pollution. Various impacts of water scarcity are explained such as lack of access to drinking water, hunger, disease spread, and conflict over water resources. Solutions to water scarcity discussed include recycling water, improving farming practices, and supporting clean water initiatives. The document also contains country-specific information about water scarcity in India.
The document discusses water resource management in India. It outlines several issues with declining surface water and increasing groundwater depletion. It advocates for integrated national water resource planning and management. Key areas of focus include water conservation, allocation priorities, groundwater development, irrigation, drinking water, and flood control. The document also discusses enhancing water availability, demand management, water pricing, climate change adaptation, and conservation of river corridors and infrastructure.
This document provides information on mangroves in India. It notes that 54 species of true mangroves are found across 16 families. Mangroves are distributed across several Indian states, especially Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Gujarat. In Tamil Nadu, mangroves are found mainly in Pichavaram, Muthupet, and Gulf of Mannar. The document outlines the dominant mangrove species in each region and associated flora and fauna. It discusses the ecological importance of mangroves and various threats to them, as well as conservation efforts and relevant laws and policies.
The document discusses different marine ecosystems including coral reefs, the open ocean, deep sea hydrothermal vents. It provides details on coral reefs such as the organisms found there like corals, anemones, and jellyfish. Corals contain algae called zooxanthellae which provide food through photosynthesis. Coral bleaching occurs when temperatures rise and zooxanthellae leave the corals. The open ocean below 1,000 meters is cold, dark, and high pressure with few scattered organisms. Hydrothermal vents are deep ocean springs where chemosynthetic bacteria use chemicals instead of sunlight to support unique ecosystems.
This document discusses wetlands in Pakistan. It begins by defining wetlands and describing different types, including natural wetlands like rivers and marshes, and man-made wetlands like ponds and fish farms. It then discusses four major wetland complexes in Pakistan and provides details on several important wetlands. The document also addresses threats to wetlands from degradation and loss, and provides suggestions for sustainable management and conservation.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
Wetlands provide many essential ecosystem services including fresh water purification and supply, flood control, biodiversity habitat, and carbon storage. However, 64% of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900 primarily due to land conversion for agriculture and development. This has negatively impacted over 1 billion people's access to water and contributed to a 76% decline in global freshwater species populations. International efforts like the Ramsar Convention are working to promote wise wetland management and conservation to help reverse these trends.
Biosphere reserve and marine national parkChhotokisku
The document discusses biosphere reserves and their importance. Some key points:
- Biosphere reserves were first established in 1979 under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere program to reconcile conservation and sustainable development.
- They contain three zones - core, buffer, and transition - with varying levels of protection and human activity.
- India has established 18 biosphere reserves to represent ecosystems and conserve biodiversity while allowing sustainable use of resources.
- Biosphere reserves provide benefits like research, education, sustainable resource management and resolving land use conflicts.
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Biodiversity hotspots around the world and in indiaAbhilash Panju
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world and in India. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with significant biodiversity that are threatened with destruction. 36 hotspots have been identified globally based on having at least 1,500 vascular plant species and having lost over 70% of original habitat. Two key hotspots in India are the Indo-Burma region spanning parts of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China, and the Western Ghats range along India's west coast, both home to many endemic species. The document outlines various conservation efforts focused on protecting hotspots.
Wetland conservation in China and Asia: Protection, management, and restoration.
Presentation given at a wetland conservation workshop in Heilongjiang, China. Prepared in connection with the UNDP CBPF Main Streams of Life (MSL) project, Strengthening the Management Effectiveness of the Protected Area Landscape in the Altai Mountains and Wetlands.
Experimental analysis of phytorid technology installed in sewageSHASHANK SRIVASTAVA
The document analyzes the performance of a phytorid technology sewage disposal system. Phytorid technology uses constructed wetlands with reeds to treat sewage through physical, biological, and chemical processes. The analysis tests parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD, and more on an experimental phytorid bed prototype treating 90 liters of sewage with a 24 hour retention period. Results found the system effectively treats sewage with negligible costs and maintenance needs while producing effluent water that can be reused. In conclusion, decentralized phytorid systems are an efficient wastewater treatment approach for local communities given sufficient land area.
Power point presentation on protection of mangroves from destruction and degr...Navanitha Warrier
Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in coastal saline or brackish water. They play an important role in protecting coastlines from erosion and storms and provide habitat for many species. However, mangroves are declining worldwide due to threats like aquaculture, urbanization, and pollution. Several government and non-government organizations have undertaken conservation efforts like reforestation and raising awareness of the importance of mangroves. Further legal protection and community involvement are needed to help preserve these vital coastal ecosystems.
This document discusses animal competition through a group presentation on the topic. It begins by defining competition as a negative interaction that occurs when organisms require the same limited resources. It then discusses what organisms compete for (air, water, food, space), types of competition (interference and exploitative), and ways organisms avoid competition (geographic isolation, mechanical isolation, behavioral isolation, foraging differences). The document provides examples for each topic and concludes by stating competition acts as a regulator.
Status and strategies for wetland management in Bangladesh- Arifuzzaman arifMd. Arifuzzaman Arif
Wetlands cover about 50% of Bangladesh's landmass but recent estimates show they make up around 11% of the total area. Wetlands are important for ecological functions like water purification, flood control, and providing habitat. However, wetlands face threats from degradation, overharvesting, and mismanagement. The government of Bangladesh has taken several initiatives to protect wetlands, including forming a Ministry of Environment and Forest, joining the Ramsar Convention, and implementing community-based management projects. Successful strategies involve mapping wetlands, protecting critical areas, addressing issues through participatory planning, promoting conservation and development, and passing supporting legislation.
The document introduces limnology as the study of inland waters, including their physical, biological, and chemical aspects. It notes there are three main branches: physical limnology covers properties like water movement and basin geology. Biological limnology focuses on photosynthesis and productivity. Chemical limnology examines inorganic and organic compounds. The document provides examples of limnology studies on lakes, noting their formation, depth, residence time, zones, and trophic classification. It outlines the importance of limnology for conservation and understanding impacts of changes to watersheds.
Virtual water refers to the volume of water used to produce goods and services. It looks at the water footprint of various products taking into account both direct and indirect water use. There are three types of water footprints - green, blue, and grey water. The document discusses various approaches to accounting for virtual water, including top-down and bottom-up methods. It also examines current issues like large water footprints in water-abundant areas and the need for policies to encourage efficient and sustainable water use globally through concepts like water neutrality.
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
This document provides information about environmental change and water scarcity. It discusses how only 3% of the world's water is freshwater, and this freshwater is distributed unevenly. It then covers several causes of water scarcity like climate change, population growth, and pollution. Various impacts of water scarcity are explained such as lack of access to drinking water, hunger, disease spread, and conflict over water resources. Solutions to water scarcity discussed include recycling water, improving farming practices, and supporting clean water initiatives. The document also contains country-specific information about water scarcity in India.
The document discusses water resource management in India. It outlines several issues with declining surface water and increasing groundwater depletion. It advocates for integrated national water resource planning and management. Key areas of focus include water conservation, allocation priorities, groundwater development, irrigation, drinking water, and flood control. The document also discusses enhancing water availability, demand management, water pricing, climate change adaptation, and conservation of river corridors and infrastructure.
This document provides information on mangroves in India. It notes that 54 species of true mangroves are found across 16 families. Mangroves are distributed across several Indian states, especially Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Gujarat. In Tamil Nadu, mangroves are found mainly in Pichavaram, Muthupet, and Gulf of Mannar. The document outlines the dominant mangrove species in each region and associated flora and fauna. It discusses the ecological importance of mangroves and various threats to them, as well as conservation efforts and relevant laws and policies.
The document discusses different marine ecosystems including coral reefs, the open ocean, deep sea hydrothermal vents. It provides details on coral reefs such as the organisms found there like corals, anemones, and jellyfish. Corals contain algae called zooxanthellae which provide food through photosynthesis. Coral bleaching occurs when temperatures rise and zooxanthellae leave the corals. The open ocean below 1,000 meters is cold, dark, and high pressure with few scattered organisms. Hydrothermal vents are deep ocean springs where chemosynthetic bacteria use chemicals instead of sunlight to support unique ecosystems.
This document discusses wetlands in Pakistan. It begins by defining wetlands and describing different types, including natural wetlands like rivers and marshes, and man-made wetlands like ponds and fish farms. It then discusses four major wetland complexes in Pakistan and provides details on several important wetlands. The document also addresses threats to wetlands from degradation and loss, and provides suggestions for sustainable management and conservation.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
Wetlands provide many essential ecosystem services including fresh water purification and supply, flood control, biodiversity habitat, and carbon storage. However, 64% of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900 primarily due to land conversion for agriculture and development. This has negatively impacted over 1 billion people's access to water and contributed to a 76% decline in global freshwater species populations. International efforts like the Ramsar Convention are working to promote wise wetland management and conservation to help reverse these trends.
Biosphere reserve and marine national parkChhotokisku
The document discusses biosphere reserves and their importance. Some key points:
- Biosphere reserves were first established in 1979 under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere program to reconcile conservation and sustainable development.
- They contain three zones - core, buffer, and transition - with varying levels of protection and human activity.
- India has established 18 biosphere reserves to represent ecosystems and conserve biodiversity while allowing sustainable use of resources.
- Biosphere reserves provide benefits like research, education, sustainable resource management and resolving land use conflicts.
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Biodiversity hotspots around the world and in indiaAbhilash Panju
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world and in India. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with significant biodiversity that are threatened with destruction. 36 hotspots have been identified globally based on having at least 1,500 vascular plant species and having lost over 70% of original habitat. Two key hotspots in India are the Indo-Burma region spanning parts of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China, and the Western Ghats range along India's west coast, both home to many endemic species. The document outlines various conservation efforts focused on protecting hotspots.
Wetland conservation in China and Asia: Protection, management, and restoration.
Presentation given at a wetland conservation workshop in Heilongjiang, China. Prepared in connection with the UNDP CBPF Main Streams of Life (MSL) project, Strengthening the Management Effectiveness of the Protected Area Landscape in the Altai Mountains and Wetlands.
Experimental analysis of phytorid technology installed in sewageSHASHANK SRIVASTAVA
The document analyzes the performance of a phytorid technology sewage disposal system. Phytorid technology uses constructed wetlands with reeds to treat sewage through physical, biological, and chemical processes. The analysis tests parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD, and more on an experimental phytorid bed prototype treating 90 liters of sewage with a 24 hour retention period. Results found the system effectively treats sewage with negligible costs and maintenance needs while producing effluent water that can be reused. In conclusion, decentralized phytorid systems are an efficient wastewater treatment approach for local communities given sufficient land area.
Phytorid Wastewater Treatment Technology- Decentralised & Ecosystem Based ...Nitin Kumar
Phytorid technology is a decentralized and ecosystem-based wastewater treatment approach that uses subsurface constructed wetland systems. It combines physical, biological, and chemical processes to remove pollutants such as total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, and phosphorus from wastewater to meet reuse standards. The system uses various plant species that provide filtration, adsorption, decomposition, and nutrient uptake capabilities. Phytorid technology has advantages over conventional wastewater treatment in that it has lower capital and operating costs, requires less land and skilled labor, and produces an effluent suitable for reuse in irrigation or restoration of lakes and streams.
This document provides an overview of decentralization and theories of migration. It discusses concepts of decentralization including city evolution driven by factors like the motor age and globalization. It describes nodes for decentralization like recreational, educational, and technological areas. The document also summarizes push-pull factors and theories of migration. Specific examples of cultural intricacies in migration patterns in regions like the Middle East, Africa, and North Africa/Southwest Asia are provided. The concept of an aerotropolis centered around an airport is introduced with examples.
Wetland conservation; a way forward to ensure economic prosperityKumar Deepak
1) Kanwar Lake is a large freshwater lake in Begusarai, Bihar that has shrunk significantly in recent decades due to rising ignorance of its economic and ecological benefits.
2) The lake provides many tangible services like food, water, and materials as well as intangible services like climate regulation, carbon storage, water purification, and habitat.
3) An UN assessment valued the lake's ecosystem services at over 15 billion rupees annually, highlighting its importance for the local economy and environment. However, the lake faces threats from pollution, encroachment, and lack of proper management.
1) Rising food prices in recent years have led to hunger riots in over 25 countries as millions struggle to afford adequate nutrition. Small farmers who depend on agriculture for their livelihoods face challenges like soil degradation, water shortages, and high input costs that threaten their food security.
2) Factors driving the sharp increase in global food prices include higher energy costs, the shift to biofuel production, increased meat consumption, commodity speculation, and poor weather affecting harvests.
3) While some net food exporting countries benefited from higher prices, net importing countries struggled to meet domestic demand, harming the poor the most through limited diets
The Ramsar Convention and the Conservation and wise use of forested wetlandsWetlands International
This document discusses forested wetlands in the context of the Ramsar Convention. It provides an overview of the Ramsar Convention, its mission to conserve and promote wise use of wetlands. It defines different types of forested wetlands recognized by Ramsar, including intertidal forested wetlands, forested peatlands, and freshwater tree-dominated wetlands. It highlights the economic and ecosystem services values of forested wetlands, as well as examples of Ramsar sites that contain forested wetlands.
The document discusses reservoir planning and provides details about various investigations required for reservoir planning. It outlines the main purposes of reservoirs which include water supply, irrigation, flood control, fish culture, hydropower generation, sedimentation control and navigation. It describes the key investigations needed such as engineering surveys, geological surveys and hydrological surveys to evaluate site selection, storage capacity, soil conditions and water flow. The document provides examples of existing reservoirs in India and references used to gather information.
Reservoirs are created by retaining excess water from periods of high flow to be used during low flow periods. Their purposes include irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply. Planning a reservoir involves engineering surveys to determine storage capacity and area, geological investigations to evaluate the foundation and basin, and hydrological investigations to study runoff patterns and floods. Key considerations in reservoir site selection include suitable dam location, minimum submerged land, avoiding high sediment rivers, and maximizing storage capacity. Reservoirs have zones like normal pool level, minimum pool level, and maximum pool level. Yield depends on inflow and storage changes. Mass and demand curves help determine required reservoir capacity and safe yield.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Fatima Abdullah AL ALawi. It includes personal details like name, date of birth, contact information, education history with degrees from Oman Tourism College and Hail AL-Awamer General Education for Girls. It also lists professional certifications, participation in workshops and events, languages spoken, software skills, interests and availability of references. Recommendations are provided from three lecturers from Oman Tourism College.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
La relación entre la ética y la tecnología es importante para la humanidad porque la tecnología beneficia la vida diaria y mejora la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, algunas personas usan la tecnología para dañar a otros en lugar de usarla de manera productiva. La ética y la tecnología van más allá de los valores, ya que algunos buscan la tecnología como medio de ayuda mientras que otros como medio de herir.
Este documento resume los conceptos básicos de informática. Explica que la informática estudia el procesamiento automático de información mediante sistemas como las computadoras. Luego describe que la informática está compuesta por hardware y software. El hardware incluye componentes físicos como la placa madre, mientras que el software incluye sistemas operativos y aplicaciones.
The document is a teacher resource packet for an exhibition at the Museum of Arts and Design titled "New Territories: Laboratories for Design, Craft and Art in Latin America." It includes introductory information about the exhibition's themes of navigating space, repurposing objects, developing new markets, cultivating experimentation, craft legacy, and experimenting with materials. The packet provides discussion topics, hands-on activities, and lessons to help students explore the key concepts and ideas from the exhibition both before and after their visit.
The document outlines the key details of a home sale including the purchase price of $450,000, a closing date of January 15, 2023, and contingencies requiring the home to pass inspection and the buyer to obtain financing by December 15, 2022.
Este documento presenta el trabajo de tecnología e informática en el Instituto Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá. Tiene como objetivos servir de apoyo al área técnica y a otras áreas con el fin de profundizar conceptos y generar un aprendizaje significativo a través del desarrollo de habilidades para el uso de tecnologías de información. Busca desarrollar en los estudiantes destrezas básicas para el manejo de información, elaboración de animaciones, y programación a través de diagramas de flujo y lenguajes especial
Linda Mauger has over 25 years of experience in the aging field and has held leadership roles focused on integrating telemedicine and enhancing care for older adults. She is currently leading community health integration efforts at Optimized Care Network. Previously, she was Director of the Office of Geriatrics and Gerontology at Ohio State University for 24 years. She has extensive community involvement in aging initiatives and organizations in Ohio.
This document provides guidance for using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) to assess protected area sites. The METT was developed by the World Bank and WWF to evaluate progress toward improving management effectiveness of protected areas.
The guidance discusses the purpose and structure of the METT. It is intended to be a simple, rapid assessment tool completed by protected area managers. The METT is based on the World Commission on Protected Areas framework and assesses six elements of management effectiveness: context, planning, inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes.
The guidance outlines how to complete the two sections of the METT - the datasheets and assessment form. The datasheets collect site information and identify threats. The
The document summarizes the launch and activities of the FAO's Task Force on Monitoring for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. The Task Force has over 270 experts working to develop a Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring (FERM) to provide indicators, guidance, and case studies for monitoring ecosystem restoration and to support Decade reporting. FERM will include a geospatial platform for accessing monitoring data and tools. The Task Force is testing the integration of FERM with the Dryland Restoration Initiative Platform to support monitoring and evaluation of dryland restoration projects.
This document discusses tools for quantifying the outcomes of conservation practices related to climate and water quality. It provides context on why quantification is important, reviews 10 tools based on criteria like usability and functionality, and shares preliminary findings. The document recommends establishing standardized reporting requirements for field data to calibrate and validate models. It also discusses a new American Farmland Trust grant project that will quantify economic, soil health, water quality, and greenhouse gas outcomes of conservation practices using specific tools.
This document provides an overview of the CPWF Volta Basin Project "Integrated Management of Rainwater for Crop-Livestock agro-ecosystems" (V2) which aims to increase crop and livestock productivity through identifying, evaluating, adapting and disseminating best-fit integrated rainwater management strategies. The project is being conducted in northern Ghana and Burkina Faso, with research questions focusing on determining best strategies under different conditions, assessing impacts on productivity, and fostering adoption. Key outputs include baseline characterization, recommendations, tools for analysis, dissemination, and capacity building.
1034+1038_Hayes_Promoting_Avoidance_For_Conservation_final_revisedgenevieve hayes
This document discusses tools and frameworks for avoiding negative impacts on biodiversity from development projects. It presents four levels of avoidance: 1) pre-site selection, 2) spatial, 3) temporal, and 4) design. Several specific tools are described that can help with pre-site selection avoidance, including the BirdLife Migratory Soaring Bird Sensitivity Map, Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment (TESSA), and Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT). The document also provides examples of spatial avoidance in various sectors and discusses how genetic analysis could help with spatial avoidance decisions.
This project applied a Systematic Conservation Planning approach to identify priority areas for conservation in Abu Dhabi, the UAE, and the Arabian Peninsula region. It involved stakeholder engagement to collect spatial biodiversity data, from which six key layers were derived - Habitats, Habitat Condition, Protected Areas, Species, Ecological Processes, and Opportunities/Constraints. Two headline indicators were generated from analyses of these layers: Ecosystem Threat Status assessed intact vs degraded ecosystems, and Ecosystem Protection Level assessed representation in protected areas. A spatial prioritization using MARXAN identified Priority Focus Areas for conservation activities. The outputs provide a foundation for more detailed biodiversity planning and ecosystem protection across the region.
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Management Effectiveness Assessment for Wetlands Conservation and its Application in Harike Wetland, Punjab, India
1. 1
Management Effectiveness Assessment for
Wetlands Conservation and its Application in Harike
Wetland, Punjab, India
Summer internship presentation at WETLANDS INTERNATIONAL
-MEGHA GUPTA
-M.Sc. NRM 2nd year
2. Objective
Its specific objectives are as follows:
• To map the relevance of protected area categories for
wetlands.
• To track management effectiveness assessment of protected
areas.
• To compare and contrast different management effectiveness
tracking tools.
• Application of METT in one Ramsar site i.e. Harike Wetland,
Punjab for a superior comprehension of wetland
administration in India.
• Objective was achieved using GEF software, review of
literature and information accessible on the web.
2
3. IUCN- The World Conservation Union defines PROTECTED AREA as: land
and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of
biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and
managed through legal , other effective means, in six categories:
Ia,
5.00%
Ib,
1.00%
II,
4.00%
III,
20.00%
IV,
27.00%
V,
6.00%
VI,
4.00%
no IUCN
categor
y,
33.00%
Ia
• Strict Nature Reserve
• Ex: Wetlands located within core area of National
Parks
Ib
•Wildnerness area
•Ex:High altitude wetlands
II
•National Park
•Ex: Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Bihar
III
•Natural monument or feature
IV
• Habitat/Species Area Management
• Ex: Wetlands important for the perspective of species
habitat
V
•Protected landscape/ Seascape
•Ex: Coral Reefs
VI
• Protected Area with sustainable use of natural
resources
• Ex: Most compatible with wise use approaches
Source: Google
4. What is a wetland?
According to Ramsar Convention of
Wetland Treaty, Wetlands are areas of
marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether
natural or artificial, permanent or temporary,
with water that is static or flowing, fresh,
brackish or salt, including areas of marine
water the depth of which at low tide does
not exceed six metres.
Wetlands are the
link between the land and the water.
They are transition zones where the
flow of water, the cycling of nutrients,
and the energy of the sun meet to
produce a unique ecosystem
characterized by hydrology, soils, and
vegetation
An intergovernmental treaty -
embodies the commitments of its
member countries to plan for the "wise
use", or sustainable use, of all of the
wetlands in their territories.
5. What are the ecological
functions (services) and
resource values that wetlands
provide?
6. Wetlands provide fundamental ecological services and are regulators of water regimes and
sources of biodiversity at all levels - species, genetic and ecosystem.
Wetlands constitute a resource of great economic, scientific, cultural, and recreational value
for the community.
Wetlands play a vital role in climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Progressive encroachment on, and loss of, wetlands cause serious and sometimes
irreparable environmental damage to the provision of ecosystem services.
Wetlands should be restored and rehabilitated, whenever possible.
Wetlands should be conserved by ensuring their wise use
7. Model of Human-Induced
Impacts on Wetlands
Increased
Water
Increased
Nutrients Increased
Disturbance
Natural
Wetland
Decreased
Disturbance
Decreased
Nutrients
Decreased
Water
Drainage
Flood control
leading to reduced
spring siltation
Fire suppression,
Flood control, Water
level stabilization
Eutrophication,
Siltation
Burning,
Reservoir
construction,
Off-road
vehicles
Flooding
impeding
natural
drainage
8. History of Management
Effectiveness Assessment
Paul Sarasin in 1910 proposed a committee to establish WCPA
A commission on National Parks was established in 1960 when an
international community asked IUCN to take responsibility of preparing a
world list of National Parks.
In 1984, the list by IUCN-CNPPA described inadequate management
resources, human encroachment, change in water regime, adjacent land
development etc
The World Bank/WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable
Use (‘the Alliance’) was formed in April 1998, in response to the depletion of
the world’s forest biodiversity and of forest-based goods and services
essential for sustainable development.
Debate on nomenclature and how to classify or categorize protected areas
were discussed in 1st conference on National Parks, Seattle.
2nd conference on National Parks held in Yellowstone, USA addresses the
confusion between national park and nature reserve where issues like
management effectiveness and financial support raised.
8
9. WCPA Framework
9
Context
• focuses on status of threats & vulnerability of protected
areas
Planning
• includes legislation and policy, system design and
management planning
Input
• assesses resources
Process
• contains efficiency and appropriateness
Output
• provides results of management action, services and
products
Outcome
• reveals effects of management in relation to objectives.
10. Target of The World
Bank/WWF Alliance
As part of its work programme the Alliance set a target relating to
management effectiveness of forest protected areas:
75 million hectares of existing forest protected areas under
improved management to achieve conservation and development
outcomes by 2010.
To evaluate progress towards this target the Alliance published in
2003 a simple site-level Tracking Tool to facilitate reporting on
management effectiveness of protected areas within WWF and
World Bank projects.
10
11. Status Of Protected Areas
Protected areas grew dramatically over the
time period. As per 2016 Wildlife Database
Cell, current status is as follows:
11
No. Total area
(Km2)
Coverage %
of country
National Parks 103 40500.13 1.23
Wildlife Sanctuary 537 118005.3 3.59
Conservation reserves 67 2349.38 0.07
Community reserves 26 46.93 0.001
Protected Areas 733 160901.4 4.89
Source: National Wildlife Database Cell, Wildlife Institute of India
12. Need for Management
Effectiveness Assessment
Governments, funding agencies and
stakeholders who were to benefit from
protected areas need to evaluate whether
results are proportionate with the efforts
and resources being spent.
So, they required information on
management effectiveness
12
13. Different Tracking Tools
Assessing Management Effectiveness of Wildlife Protected Areas published in 1999 is
based on surveying a questionnaire all over India.
Strength: Development of a species gap analysis.
Weakness: Ensuring the completion of such lengthy questionnaire and authentication of data
received.
Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM)
published in 2003 by WWF, based on scorecard questionnaire which gives broad level
comparison that can be used to develop multiple site level management criteria.
Strength: Covers network of protected areas in one assessment and allows identification of
threats and management issues across group of protected areas.
Weakness: Does not provide detailed, site level adaptive management guidance to protected
area managers.
IUCN (WCPA Marine) and WWF jointly formed the MPS management effectiveness
initiative in 2000; surveyed and refine between 2001 to 2003 and finally published in 2004
sponsored by NOAA and the Packard Foundation.
Strength: It provides detailed guidance applicable to many different marine protected
environments and provides advice on designing, applying and analysing the system
Weakness: It is not a complete set of indicators or ‘ready-to-apply’ tool as it emphasises the
need for communication and application of results to adaptive management
13
14. METT
After surveying in many countries, the Alliance published in 2003, Management
Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT), globally applicable generic system to
facilitate reporting on management effectiveness of protected areas within WWF
and World Bank projects to track progress over time rather than to compare sites.
Strength: Simple and rapid assessment system that provide a baseline on
management effectiveness and outlines the critical information about issues that
need to be addressed as a priority.
Weakness: The assessments produced are relatively superficial and do not cover all
aspects of management. It cannot compare different sites.
METT consist of 30 questions - each with a four point scale (0,1,2 and 3). The scale
allows officials to choose whether the situation is acceptable or not.
Generally 0 is equivalent to no or negligible progress, 1 is some progress; 2 is quite
good but has room for improvement; 3 is approaching optimum situation.
It is important to spend sufficient time in assessing each aspect of management and
reviewing the existing monitoring results.
At the time of repeated assessment, some of the same protected area managers and
experts should be involved to ensure the consistency in data.
14
15. Different Tracking Tools
RAPPmap published in 2003 by same participants as of
RAPPAM. The only difference is it uses satellite imagery to
assess the site
Strength: Add spatial element to the analysis. Generally
confined to type of threat identified in RAPPAM
Weakness: It requires skilled professionals to operate it
R-METT is published in 2015 by The Ramsar Convention is
used to evaluate management effectiveness for ramsar sites. A
different tool is designed for ramsar sites as it itself is a diverse
ecosystem.
15
16. 16
Harike wetland
of Punjab, India
Harike Wetland
Area: 4,100 ha (Kapurthala, Tarn Taran and Ferozepur
Districts)
Area under water: 2850 ha o Avifauna : 360 species (74
species of migratory birds)
Important Migratory Birds: Rudy Shelduck, Northern
Pintail, Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Eurasian
Wigeon, Northern Shoveler, Pochards (Red Crested,
Common and Tued)
60 indigenous species of fish, 7 species of turtles, 4
species of snakes, 6 taxa of amphibians, 189 taxa of
invertebrates reported
Threatened species – Schedule 1 species : 4 species of
turtle (Kachuga tecta, K. smithii, Trionyx gangecus and
Geoclemys hamiltonii ) – IUCN Red List: Smooth
Indian oer
Major Flora: Acacia , Dalbergia, Delonix, Salix,
Syzygium, Zizyphus, Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and
medicinal plants like Withania somnifera, Adhatoda
vesica, Boerhavia diffusa, etc.
Major Threats: Weed growth(Eichhornia crassipes),
siltaon and encroachment o First sighng of dolphin
reported from Harike wetland (Beas river) in December,
2007.
Important Bird Area (IBA) site of Bombay Natural
History Society (BNHS) and Wildlife Sanctuary (nofied
by Govt. of Punjab)
17. Major Threats to Harike
Siltation leading to shrinkage of wetland area
Inflow of pesticide and fertilizer as runoff from
agricultural fields
Accidental outflow of pollutants from industries
Lack of appreciation & cooperation: Treated as free
goods of nature ignoring the wetland values and
functions.
Habitat destruction & degradation
Environmental pollution & climate change
Unsustainable developmental model and urbanization
Infestation of invasive alien species and weed growth
Lack of coordination amongst concerned line
departments 17
18. Restoration Measures
Conservation measures were initiated in Harike Wetland
in 1987-88
Include survey, mapping and plantation
Various soil conservation measures results in substantial
increase in land value
Water pollution results in infestation of water hyacinth
18
19. Major initiatives
undertaken
a) Establishment of Protected Area Network of 345 sq.km consisting
13 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 zoological parks, 3 deer parks and 2
community reserves(first in India) for conservation of wild flora and
fauna
b) Launching of “Green Punjab Mission (2012-2020)” to increase
forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs 180 crore
Diversification of agriculture to reduce area under paddy from 22.5
Lakh ha (2012-13) to 8.5 lakh ha in 2017-18 and promote culvation
of basmati, cotton, maize, sugarcane, pulses, fodder, fruit &
vegetable and agroforestry proposed.
19
20. a) Setting up of Biodiversity Management Committees(BMCs) & Technical Support
Groups(TSGs) in all 22 districts and 33 village levels BMCs in biodiversity rich areas
• Preparation of Districts level People Biodiversity Register`s (PBRs) initiated in 12
districts to document biodiversity & associated traditional knowledge
b) Identification of threatened flora ( 8 species) and fauna ( 5 species) of state
c) Identification of 3 potential Biodiversity Heritage sites along with other biodiversity
rich areas
d) Capacity building and training of BMCs/TSGs members in all districts
e) Conducted 4 special projects/studies with the financial support of National
Biodiversity Authority, UNESCO and Govt. of Punjab
f) Outreach activities
a) Preparation of Strategy and Action plan for Conservation of Biodiversity in Punjab
b) Conducted comprehensive study “Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab”
c) Conservation and management of wetlands
d) Identification and documentation of key species
e) Setting up of wetland Interpretation Centres highlighting biodiversity at Harike,
Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal 20
21. METT in Harike Wetland
The objective of catalyzing sustainability of protected area systems
was achieved by using GEF-3, GEF-4, GEF-5.
Datasheet 1 shows the details of the assessment and basic
information about the site.
The Datasheet 2 provided numerous threats of Harike wetland.
As per the assessment,
It was found to have high annual and perennial non- timber
crop cultivation, threats to wetland due to high usage of water of
dams, increase in invasive plants/ weed, pollution caused due to
heavy discharge of household sewage and urban wastewater,
industrial, mining and military effluents, garbage and solid waste.
Geographical events such as high amount of erosion and siltation,
climate change due to temperature extremes.
21
22. There were medium threat to habitats and species
associated with non- consumptive use of biological
resources from recreational activities and tourism,
agricultural and forestry effluents, climate change, loss of
cultural link, traditional knowledge and management
practices. Assessment form includes partial
management, needs improvement in design, medium
enforcement of law. There are considerable survey but
not directed towards the need of protected area.
Budget management is poor and constraints
effectiveness, education and awareness is low for
management. There is no direct involvement of local
communities, protected system are partially effective in
resource use.
22
23. Conclusion
Ecological studies of Harike have shown that it is eutrophic in
character. Soil, water and biotic communities exhibited degraded
conditions along Sutlej especially during winter when ingress of
water within that side was less. Beas zone although comparatively in
good condition, has also started degrading.
There are 30 questions in the assessment form which depicts need
for better management and follow up action on threats faced by
wetlands. The total score was found to be 48
It outlines the paucity of funds, training and community
engagement.
Strict management plan and implementation is required for Harike
Wetland 23
24. Bibliography
Hockings, M., 2006. Evaluating Effectiveness: A framework for assessing
management effectiveness of protected areas. IUCN
Leverington, F., Hockings, M. and Costa, K.L., 2008. Management
effectiveness evaluation in protected areas: a global study. World
Commission on Protected Areas.
Ervin, J., 2003. Rapid assessment of protected area management
effectiveness in four countries. BioScience, 53(9), pp.833-841.
Management effectiveness tracking tool by WWF; Reporting progress at
protected area sites: second edition 2007
Moza, U. and Mishra, D.N., Current Status of Harike Wetland Visa Visa its
Ecology and Fishery. In Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake
Conference (Vol. 1470, p. 1476).
Tiwana, N.S., Neelima, J., Saxena, S.K. and Sharma, V., 2008. Conservation
of Ramsar sites in Punjab. In Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World
Lake Conference (Vol. 1463, p. 1469).
24
14 percent of the world's wetlands are located in Canada
Wetlands reduce the flow of water. Water traveling with lower velocity moves around plants and vegetation slowly. As a result, suspended sediments drop down and settle on the soil. Hence wetlands act as natural filters.
Bacteria in the water attack the pollutants and excessive nutrients, cleansing the water and so the outflow of water from a wetland is typically very clear.
Coastal wetlands help in buffering storms and strong winds.