The document discusses water resource management in India. It outlines several issues with declining surface water and increasing groundwater depletion. It advocates for integrated national water resource planning and management. Key areas of focus include water conservation, allocation priorities, groundwater development, irrigation, drinking water, and flood control. The document also discusses enhancing water availability, demand management, water pricing, climate change adaptation, and conservation of river corridors and infrastructure.

1. INDIA

2. • Declining surface water sources
like canal and tank irrigation.
• Increased groundwater
exploitation.
• Increased depletion of
groundwater.
• Replenishment becomes problem
if non renewable groundwater is used.
• Resource preservation would not be in the best interest of the
region.

3. • Water is a prime natural
resource, a basic human
need and a precious
national asset.
• Planning, development and
management of water
resources need to be
governed by national
perspectives.

4. • Water resource planning
• Conservation of water
• Water allocation priorities
• Project planning
• Groundwater development
• Drinking water
• Irrigation
• Resettlement and rehabilitation
• Water sharing amongst the states

5. • Private Sector Participation
• Water Quality
• Water Zoning
• Land erosion by sea or river
• Flood Control and management
• Drought prone Area Development
• Performance Improvement
• Maintenance and Modernization

7. • The principle of equity and social justice must inform the
use and allocation of water.
• A common integrated perspective should govern the
planning and management of water resources.
• Water needs to be managed as a common pool community
resource.
• Water may be treated as an economic good to promote its
conservation and efficient use.
• The river basin should be considered as the basic
hydrological unit.

8. Enhancing water available for use
• Rainfall needs to be used directly .
• Aquifers need to be mapped to know the quantum and quality of
ground water resources.
• Declining ground water levels in over-exploited areas need to be
arrested.
• Inter-basin transfers of water
from surplus basins to deficit
basins/areas need to be
encouraged.
• Integrated watershed
development activities with
groundwater perspectives
need to be undertaken .

9. Demand management and water use efficiency
• Systems to benchmark water use, such as water footprints and
water auditing need to be developed.
• Project appraisals and environment impact assessment should
include analyses of water footprints.
• Water needs to be saved during irrigation.
• Small local level irrigation through small bunds, field ponds
etc. needs to be encouraged.

10. Water Pricing
• Water Regulatory Authority should be established in each state.
• Water charges should be determined on a volumetric basis.
• Recycle and reuse of water should be incentivized through a
properly planned tariff system.

11. Adaptation to climate change
• Increasing water storage in the forms of
soil moisture, ponds, ground water,
small and large reservoirs.
• Enhancing the efficiency of water use
through the adoption of agricultural
strategies.
• Stakeholder participation in land-soil-water management.
• Incorporating coping strategies for possible climate changes
in the planning of water resource structures.

12. Management of flood and drought
• • Agricultural strategies must be
evolved to improve soil and water
productivity.
• Revetments (walls), spurs,
embankments, etc. should be
constructed to prevent soil
erosion.
• Flood forecasting needs to be expanded and modernized to the rest
of the country .
• Frequency based flood inundation maps should be prepared to
evolve coping strategies.

13. Water supply and sanitation
• Least water intensive sanitation
and sewerage systems with
decentralized sewage treatment
plants should be incentivized.
• In urban and industrial areas,
rainwater harvesting and
de-salinization should be
encouraged.
• Urban water supply and sewage treatment schemes should be
integrated and executed simultaneously.
• Subsidies and incentives should be implemented to encourage
the recovery of industrial pollutants and recycling.

14. Conservation of river corridors, water bodies
and infrastructure
• Conservation of river corridors, water bodies and infrastructure
needs to be undertaken.
• Encroachments and diversion of water bodies and drainage
channels must not be allowed.
• Pollution of sources of water and water bodies should not be
allowed.
• Legally empowered dam safety services need to be ensured.
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15. Project planning and implementation
• All clearances required for implementation should be made time
bound.
• Concurrent monitoring should be undertaken for timely interventions.
• Water resource projects should be executed closely after they are
planned.
• Local governing bodies such as
panchayats should be involved in
the planning of projects.

17. • Originated from the intervention of Indira Gandhi .
• Central Ganga Authority (CGA) was formed
• The Ganga Project Directorate (GPD) was established as a wing
of the Department of Environment.
• GAP was launched by Rajiv Gandhi at Varanasi.

18. • To abate pollution and improve
water quality.
• To conserve biodiversity and
develop an integrated river basin
management approach.
• To conduct comprehensive
research .
• To gain experience for implementing similar river clean
up programs in other polluted rivers in India.

19. • Launched in the year 1985 to improve the water quality of
river Ganga.
• Envisaged to intercept, divert and treat 882 mld (Million litres
per day) out of 1340 mld of wastewater, generated in 25 class-
I towns in 3 States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
• Completed in March 2000.

20. • Approved in stages from 1993 onwards which included
tributaries of the river Ganga namely, Yamuna, Gomati,
Damodar and Mahananda.
• Renamed program as Nation River Conservation Program
instead of Ganga Action Plan.
• Spread in 165 towns of 17
different states.
• Undertook pollution abatement
works.

21. • Inappropriate Environmental Planning.
• Non availability of Environmental State-of-the-Art.
• Improper mass awareness and involvement of Ganga users.
• Lack of local technical expert committees for monitoring work.
• Establishment of non specific Sewage Treatment Plants on highly
productive crop lands.
• Insignificant cooperation between Central, State and Local
Government bodies.
• Least political dedication and vision to save the Ganga.

22. • Worshipped and defiled simultaneously.
• Unplanned urbanization and industrialization.
• Need to be taught that Ganga has lost its divine role.
• People must be warned that Ganga waters are not worth
bathing and drinking.
• A massive campaign “Can we not clean Ganga?” should be
launched.
• Central leadership must take the issue seriously.