The document discusses the Ganga river basin and India's efforts to clean the Ganga river through programs like the Ganga Action Plan and Namami Gange. It provides details on Namami Gange's four phases and key activities including river surface cleaning using trash skimmers, rural sanitation through toilet construction and crematoria development, municipal sewage management through additional sewage treatment plants, effluent management of industries, and conservation of biodiversity, afforestation, and water quality monitoring. Support from all levels of government and the public is needed to fully rejuvenate the Ganga river.
This is the PowerPoint which gives best of the knowledge of Ganga action plan with most elegant and shortest way. we will talk about the most worshipped river and about the purity of this river which is going on depleting.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the Ganga river, but efforts to decrease pollution levels continued beyond 2000 without success. Reasons for failure included a lack of cooperation between government bodies, inadequate monitoring, and insufficient public involvement. In 2009, the National Ganga River Basin Authority was constituted to plan, implement, and coordinate Ganga conservation efforts, including securing World Bank funds for pollution abatement projects. Addressing untreated sewage discharge, inadequate river flows, and lack of enforcement against industrial pollution will be needed for comprehensive solutions.
1) The Ganga River is over 2,500 km long and flows through several important cities in India. However, it is now one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to increased industrial and domestic waste.
2) Pollution is causing harm to aquatic life and increasing cancer rates in nearby populations. Untreated sewage and industrial waste are the primary causes of pollution.
3) The Indian government has undertaken various initiatives like the Ganga Action Plan and National Ganga River Basin Authority to clean the river, but more work is still needed to achieve the goal of stopping untreated waste by 2020.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 with the objectives of improving water quality in the Ganga River by treating domestic sewage and preventing toxic industrial waste, and subsequent plans and programs aimed to further conserve biodiversity, develop new treatment technologies, control non-point pollution sources, and promote awareness of pollution issues. Phases of the plan covered major cities and states along the Ganga River in an effort to ultimately make the river clean by 2020 through infrastructure development, surface cleaning, afforestation, monitoring, and public education.
The Ganges river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from the large population living along its banks, as well as untreated industrial and agricultural runoff. Various initiatives have been launched by the Indian government to clean the river, including the Ganga Action Plan in the 1980s and a $4 billion campaign beginning in 2010, but pollution remains a major problem. The pollution has negatively impacted marine life in the river and has caused health issues for humans who use the water.
This ppt converted to pdf is about the Namami Gange Mission started in India to Clean the National River (ppt developed at GJU S&T, Hisar(Haryana)-India
The document discusses the Ganga river basin and India's efforts to clean the Ganga river through programs like the Ganga Action Plan and Namami Gange. It provides details on Namami Gange's four phases and key activities including river surface cleaning using trash skimmers, rural sanitation through toilet construction and crematoria development, municipal sewage management through additional sewage treatment plants, effluent management of industries, and conservation of biodiversity, afforestation, and water quality monitoring. Support from all levels of government and the public is needed to fully rejuvenate the Ganga river.
This is the PowerPoint which gives best of the knowledge of Ganga action plan with most elegant and shortest way. we will talk about the most worshipped river and about the purity of this river which is going on depleting.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the Ganga river, but efforts to decrease pollution levels continued beyond 2000 without success. Reasons for failure included a lack of cooperation between government bodies, inadequate monitoring, and insufficient public involvement. In 2009, the National Ganga River Basin Authority was constituted to plan, implement, and coordinate Ganga conservation efforts, including securing World Bank funds for pollution abatement projects. Addressing untreated sewage discharge, inadequate river flows, and lack of enforcement against industrial pollution will be needed for comprehensive solutions.
1) The Ganga River is over 2,500 km long and flows through several important cities in India. However, it is now one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to increased industrial and domestic waste.
2) Pollution is causing harm to aquatic life and increasing cancer rates in nearby populations. Untreated sewage and industrial waste are the primary causes of pollution.
3) The Indian government has undertaken various initiatives like the Ganga Action Plan and National Ganga River Basin Authority to clean the river, but more work is still needed to achieve the goal of stopping untreated waste by 2020.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 with the objectives of improving water quality in the Ganga River by treating domestic sewage and preventing toxic industrial waste, and subsequent plans and programs aimed to further conserve biodiversity, develop new treatment technologies, control non-point pollution sources, and promote awareness of pollution issues. Phases of the plan covered major cities and states along the Ganga River in an effort to ultimately make the river clean by 2020 through infrastructure development, surface cleaning, afforestation, monitoring, and public education.
The Ganges river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to waste from the large population living along its banks, as well as untreated industrial and agricultural runoff. Various initiatives have been launched by the Indian government to clean the river, including the Ganga Action Plan in the 1980s and a $4 billion campaign beginning in 2010, but pollution remains a major problem. The pollution has negatively impacted marine life in the river and has caused health issues for humans who use the water.
This ppt converted to pdf is about the Namami Gange Mission started in India to Clean the National River (ppt developed at GJU S&T, Hisar(Haryana)-India
The document discusses various topics related to pollution of the Ganga River in India. It begins with an introduction to the Ganga's significance as a sacred river and its current polluted state. It then discusses the main sources of pollution as industrial and domestic waste, and the effects of pollution including declining fish populations and health risks. The document outlines past efforts to clean the Ganga including the Ganga Action Plan and proposes new technologies that could help purify the river such as biogas generation and wastewater treatment systems. It stresses the importance of community involvement and sustainable agricultural practices to preserve the river.
A general basic case study on the river Ganga at Varanasi covering all the aspects of Pollution, Government'r role, Treatment facilities, Future prospects, Health status of river.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project, which aims to connect 37 rivers through 30 links and 3000 reservoirs. It would transfer 174 trillion liters of water annually and create 87 million acres of irrigation. The project faces major issues like large costs of $560 billion, environmental impacts of deforestation and ecosystem damage, and social impacts of population displacement. The only project to begin is the Ken-Betwa interlink between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, but it risks submerging 4000 hectares of Panna Tiger Reserve and faces implementation challenges. Alternatives proposed include rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, and community-based water management.
The Ganga River is highly polluted despite being an important religious site and source of water. It ranks as one of the five most polluted rivers globally. Industrial and human waste are major causes of pollution, threatening biodiversity and spreading disease. Previous government programs like Ganga Action Plans I and II and the National River Conservation Plan have spent billions to address the issue but with limited success. The current Namami Ganga program aims to more effectively clean the river with public participation through donations and volunteerism.
Ganga action plan: As a case study in Environmental LegislationJegan Nadar
The Ganga river basin is home to 40% of India's population and receives pollution from domestic and industrial waste from many cities and towns. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to improve water quality by treating sewage and reducing pollution. Phase 1 aimed to treat 882 MLD of sewage from 25 cities but had shortcomings. Phase 2 expanded the plan but made limited progress, treating only 780 MLD against a target of 1912 MLD. Implementation of the plan faced issues with monitoring, delays in schemes, and improper maintenance.
powerpoint presentation on Ganga action plan. it consists details about ganga, source of pollution, about the plan, all the data and analysis along with latest statics.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to clean the Ganges River and restore it to its original condition. Phase I aimed to treat 882 million liters per day of wastewater generated in towns along the Ganges but failed to achieve this goal. Phase II expanded the project to include tributaries but still only treated a small portion of the total waste. Despite efforts, pollution levels in the river remain high due to untreated sewage and industrial waste entering the water. Better treatment technology is still needed to properly clean the river without negatively impacting biodiversity or human health.
This document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP). The key objectives of the NRLP are to transfer surplus water from water-rich river basins to water-deficit ones in order to control floods and droughts, increase irrigation, drinking water availability, and power generation. It is estimated that the full project will cost around 560,000 crore rupees to implement and will involve linking 30 river basins through a network of reservoirs and canals. Supporters argue it will boost food production and farmer incomes, while critics warn of high costs, environmental impacts, and risks of large scale displacement of communities.
The document summarizes information about the Ganges River, including its religious significance in Hinduism, the cities along its banks, how it provides water to 40% of India's population, and how it has become heavily polluted in modern times due to human and industrial waste. It also discusses the objectives and phases of the Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the river, but which ultimately failed due to issues like inappropriate planning, lack of cooperation between levels of government, and not providing consistent electricity to run treatment facilities.
This document discusses the importance and challenges facing the Ganga River basin in India. It notes that the Ganga basin is the largest in India, hosting 43% of the country's population. However, growing population and industrialization are increasing water pollution and demand. Efforts over the decades through programs like the Ganga Action Plan, Namami Gange, and court interventions have aimed to manage the river in a holistic way and curb pollution. The current Namami Gange program takes a basin-wide approach and focuses on pollution abatement, conservation, and improving management across 11 states.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Bhakra Dam is a 740-foot high concrete gravity dam located on the Sutlej River in India. It has a reservoir called Gobind Sagar that can store up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water. The dam provides irrigation to over 10 million acres of land and has a hydroelectric capacity of 1325 MW. It is considered one of India's most important dams for irrigation, flood control, and power generation.
India is one of such country in the world which is bestowed with good number of rivers and tributaries, which are helpful not only in the field of agricultural but also in inland transport system of the country.Rivers also form the basis for domestic and industrial water supply, generation of hydro-electricity, inland fishing, are responsible for deposition of fertile soil in the plains as well as formation of deltas. This module explains the river systems of India.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
The document discusses the Ganga Rejuvenation Programme of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation in India. It summarizes the Ganga Action Plan Phases I and II, which aimed to improve water quality in the Ganga river by building sewage treatment plants. It then discusses the establishment of the Clean Ganga Fund and the current Namami Gange Mission, which takes a holistic, multi-sectoral approach to long-term conservation of the river. The action plan for Namami Gange focuses on short-term priorities like upgrading sewage treatment and long-term infrastructure projects and initiatives around ensuring sustainable management of municipal sewage, rural sewage, industrial discharge, and
The document discusses the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), a project between India and Japan to clean up the Yamuna River in Delhi. YAP was implemented in phases from the early 1990s to address sewage pollution in the river by building wastewater treatment infrastructure. Phase I from 1993-2003 involved constructing 29 sewage treatment plants across 8 towns in Uttar Pradesh, 12 towns in Haryana, and Delhi. However, the river remains heavily polluted due to gaps between sewage generation and treatment capacity.
The document summarizes the Sardar Sarover Dam Project on the Narmada River in India. It describes the key details of the project including its goals to provide irrigation, drinking water, flood protection and hydropower. It outlines the project's components such as the dam specifications and reservoir capacity. It also discusses the benefits and impacts of the project, including people displaced, and the authorities involved in its planning and oversight such as the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal.
Save Ganga Presentation By Mallika BhanotManushiIndia
The document discusses the impacts of existing and proposed hydropower projects on the Ganga river in India. It summarizes that existing projects like Maneri Bhali have dried up water sources and disrupted local communities, while proposed projects like Loharinag-Pala would further threaten the fragile Himalayan ecosystem by obstructing wildlife migration and increasing seismic risks. Local villagers have faced health impacts and loss of livelihoods from these projects. The document argues all dams on the Ganga should be scrapped to protect the national river in its natural free-flowing state.
The document provides information about the Ganga River Basin and the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). Some key points:
- The Ganga River Basin covers over 1 million square kilometers across several states in India and neighboring countries. It supports over 40% of India's population.
- The GAP was launched in 1986 with the objective of reducing pollution in the Ganga River and improving its water quality. This included intercepting and treating domestic sewage and industrial waste.
- Despite efforts under the GAP, the Ganga remains one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to continued disposal of untreated sewage and industrial/rural waste. Additional actions are needed to fully achieve the goal of cleaning the river
A slideshow on Riverfront development (ongoing activities as well as prospective and necessary measures) in Varanasi, why Varanasi Ghats mean so much, why blind urbanization is not enough, etc.
The document discusses various topics related to pollution of the Ganga River in India. It begins with an introduction to the Ganga's significance as a sacred river and its current polluted state. It then discusses the main sources of pollution as industrial and domestic waste, and the effects of pollution including declining fish populations and health risks. The document outlines past efforts to clean the Ganga including the Ganga Action Plan and proposes new technologies that could help purify the river such as biogas generation and wastewater treatment systems. It stresses the importance of community involvement and sustainable agricultural practices to preserve the river.
A general basic case study on the river Ganga at Varanasi covering all the aspects of Pollution, Government'r role, Treatment facilities, Future prospects, Health status of river.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project, which aims to connect 37 rivers through 30 links and 3000 reservoirs. It would transfer 174 trillion liters of water annually and create 87 million acres of irrigation. The project faces major issues like large costs of $560 billion, environmental impacts of deforestation and ecosystem damage, and social impacts of population displacement. The only project to begin is the Ken-Betwa interlink between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, but it risks submerging 4000 hectares of Panna Tiger Reserve and faces implementation challenges. Alternatives proposed include rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, and community-based water management.
The Ganga River is highly polluted despite being an important religious site and source of water. It ranks as one of the five most polluted rivers globally. Industrial and human waste are major causes of pollution, threatening biodiversity and spreading disease. Previous government programs like Ganga Action Plans I and II and the National River Conservation Plan have spent billions to address the issue but with limited success. The current Namami Ganga program aims to more effectively clean the river with public participation through donations and volunteerism.
Ganga action plan: As a case study in Environmental LegislationJegan Nadar
The Ganga river basin is home to 40% of India's population and receives pollution from domestic and industrial waste from many cities and towns. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to improve water quality by treating sewage and reducing pollution. Phase 1 aimed to treat 882 MLD of sewage from 25 cities but had shortcomings. Phase 2 expanded the plan but made limited progress, treating only 780 MLD against a target of 1912 MLD. Implementation of the plan faced issues with monitoring, delays in schemes, and improper maintenance.
powerpoint presentation on Ganga action plan. it consists details about ganga, source of pollution, about the plan, all the data and analysis along with latest statics.
The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to clean the Ganges River and restore it to its original condition. Phase I aimed to treat 882 million liters per day of wastewater generated in towns along the Ganges but failed to achieve this goal. Phase II expanded the project to include tributaries but still only treated a small portion of the total waste. Despite efforts, pollution levels in the river remain high due to untreated sewage and industrial waste entering the water. Better treatment technology is still needed to properly clean the river without negatively impacting biodiversity or human health.
This document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP). The key objectives of the NRLP are to transfer surplus water from water-rich river basins to water-deficit ones in order to control floods and droughts, increase irrigation, drinking water availability, and power generation. It is estimated that the full project will cost around 560,000 crore rupees to implement and will involve linking 30 river basins through a network of reservoirs and canals. Supporters argue it will boost food production and farmer incomes, while critics warn of high costs, environmental impacts, and risks of large scale displacement of communities.
The document summarizes information about the Ganges River, including its religious significance in Hinduism, the cities along its banks, how it provides water to 40% of India's population, and how it has become heavily polluted in modern times due to human and industrial waste. It also discusses the objectives and phases of the Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 to reduce pollution in the river, but which ultimately failed due to issues like inappropriate planning, lack of cooperation between levels of government, and not providing consistent electricity to run treatment facilities.
This document discusses the importance and challenges facing the Ganga River basin in India. It notes that the Ganga basin is the largest in India, hosting 43% of the country's population. However, growing population and industrialization are increasing water pollution and demand. Efforts over the decades through programs like the Ganga Action Plan, Namami Gange, and court interventions have aimed to manage the river in a holistic way and curb pollution. The current Namami Gange program takes a basin-wide approach and focuses on pollution abatement, conservation, and improving management across 11 states.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Bhakra Dam is a 740-foot high concrete gravity dam located on the Sutlej River in India. It has a reservoir called Gobind Sagar that can store up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water. The dam provides irrigation to over 10 million acres of land and has a hydroelectric capacity of 1325 MW. It is considered one of India's most important dams for irrigation, flood control, and power generation.
India is one of such country in the world which is bestowed with good number of rivers and tributaries, which are helpful not only in the field of agricultural but also in inland transport system of the country.Rivers also form the basis for domestic and industrial water supply, generation of hydro-electricity, inland fishing, are responsible for deposition of fertile soil in the plains as well as formation of deltas. This module explains the river systems of India.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
The document discusses the Ganga Rejuvenation Programme of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation in India. It summarizes the Ganga Action Plan Phases I and II, which aimed to improve water quality in the Ganga river by building sewage treatment plants. It then discusses the establishment of the Clean Ganga Fund and the current Namami Gange Mission, which takes a holistic, multi-sectoral approach to long-term conservation of the river. The action plan for Namami Gange focuses on short-term priorities like upgrading sewage treatment and long-term infrastructure projects and initiatives around ensuring sustainable management of municipal sewage, rural sewage, industrial discharge, and
The document discusses the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), a project between India and Japan to clean up the Yamuna River in Delhi. YAP was implemented in phases from the early 1990s to address sewage pollution in the river by building wastewater treatment infrastructure. Phase I from 1993-2003 involved constructing 29 sewage treatment plants across 8 towns in Uttar Pradesh, 12 towns in Haryana, and Delhi. However, the river remains heavily polluted due to gaps between sewage generation and treatment capacity.
The document summarizes the Sardar Sarover Dam Project on the Narmada River in India. It describes the key details of the project including its goals to provide irrigation, drinking water, flood protection and hydropower. It outlines the project's components such as the dam specifications and reservoir capacity. It also discusses the benefits and impacts of the project, including people displaced, and the authorities involved in its planning and oversight such as the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal.
Save Ganga Presentation By Mallika BhanotManushiIndia
The document discusses the impacts of existing and proposed hydropower projects on the Ganga river in India. It summarizes that existing projects like Maneri Bhali have dried up water sources and disrupted local communities, while proposed projects like Loharinag-Pala would further threaten the fragile Himalayan ecosystem by obstructing wildlife migration and increasing seismic risks. Local villagers have faced health impacts and loss of livelihoods from these projects. The document argues all dams on the Ganga should be scrapped to protect the national river in its natural free-flowing state.
The document provides information about the Ganga River Basin and the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). Some key points:
- The Ganga River Basin covers over 1 million square kilometers across several states in India and neighboring countries. It supports over 40% of India's population.
- The GAP was launched in 1986 with the objective of reducing pollution in the Ganga River and improving its water quality. This included intercepting and treating domestic sewage and industrial waste.
- Despite efforts under the GAP, the Ganga remains one of the most polluted rivers in the world due to continued disposal of untreated sewage and industrial/rural waste. Additional actions are needed to fully achieve the goal of cleaning the river
A slideshow on Riverfront development (ongoing activities as well as prospective and necessary measures) in Varanasi, why Varanasi Ghats mean so much, why blind urbanization is not enough, etc.
This document summarizes a research paper on pollution in the Ganga River in India. It discusses the significance of cleaning the Ganga, which is an important religious site. It outlines the objectives of examining pollution issues and finding ways to reduce pollution. The methodology involved collecting information from government websites. The analysis finds that human and industrial waste are causing high levels of toxins in the river. It also discusses the Ganga Action Plan's strengths, like creating institutions to address the issue, and weaknesses, like continued domestic and industrial pollution. World Bank assistance is now providing funds to address wastewater treatment, industrial pollution, and solid waste management.
The document discusses the pollution of the Ganga River and efforts to clean it. It notes that despite decades of programs and funding, pollution levels in the Ganga remain high and are even increasing in some areas. Key issues contributing to the pollution are inadequate water flows, large amounts of untreated sewage from cities, and industrial pollution. To truly address the problem, the river's ecological flows must be restored and all sewage and industrial waste must be fully treated before being discharged into the river. Comprehensive solutions are needed that consider the entire river basin and balance water usage with maintaining water quality.
This document provides an assessment of water pollution in the Ganges River from July 2013. It finds that the river experiences high levels of fecal coliform bacteria and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), especially from Kannauj to Tarighat. Several urban centers and clusters of polluting industries discharge untreated wastewater into the river and its tributaries like the Ramganga and Kali. Diversion of water for irrigation also reduces flows, concentrating pollution. The report establishes a water quality monitoring network and presents data on pollution levels across Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal to identify polluted stretches and inform remediation efforts.
Geographical coverage is the largest – 26% of India’s land mass
Most populated basin – hosts 43% of India’s population
Annual surface water potential – 28% of India’s total
38% of India’s total estimated utilizable water comes from Ganga Basin – highest amongst all
Estimated utilizable surface water in Ganga is 48%
Nearly 40% of India’s total estimated replenishable ground water resources comes from Ganga Basin
The document discusses India's drainage systems and major rivers. It describes the two main river systems - the Himalayan rivers which originate in the Himalayas, including the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers, and the Peninsular rivers which flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal. It provides details on the basins and tributaries of major rivers like the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri Rivers. It also discusses the roles of rivers in the economy, issues of river pollution, and conservation efforts.
The Ganga is one of India's most polluted rivers due to increasing domestic and industrial waste. It receives over 2,700 million liters of untreated sewage per day from cities and towns located along its banks. Industrial effluents from over 700 factories along the river further deteriorate its water quality. While government initiatives like the Ganga Action Plan and Namami Ganga have aimed to clean the river, their effectiveness has been limited due to gaps in sewage treatment capacity and lack of enforcement. Continued population growth and industrialization are also increasing the pollution load on the Ganga.
The Ganges river is highly polluted due to sewage and industrial waste from cities along its banks, as well as religious offerings and bodies that are placed directly into the river according to Hindu traditions. This pollution has created severe health issues for those who live near the river. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to address this pollution but failed due to issues like a lack of cooperation between government bodies and technical experts, as well as insufficient monitoring and public awareness campaigns. Stronger measures are needed going forward, such as improved sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, public education, and inter-governmental cooperation to successfully restore the Ganges river.
The Ganges river is highly polluted due to sewage and industrial waste from cities along its banks, as well as religious offerings and bodies that are placed directly into the river according to Hindu traditions. This pollution has created severe health issues for those who live near the river. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to address this pollution but failed due to issues like a lack of cooperation between government bodies and technical experts, as well as insufficient monitoring and public awareness campaigns. Stronger measures are needed like improved sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, public education, and inter-governmental cooperation to successfully restore the Ganges river.
This document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP) to address issues of flooding, water scarcity, and irrigation across India. The key components of the NRLP include interlinking rivers in the Himalayan region to transfer surplus water, and interlinking rivers in peninsular India like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, and Cauvery through dams and canals. The project aims to provide irrigation to 35 million hectares of land, generate 34,000 MW of hydropower, and mitigate floods and droughts. However, the project faces concerns around large costs, displacement of people, ecological impacts, and technical feasibility challenges. Alternatives proposed include
The document discusses pollution of the Ganges River in India. It provides background on the river's importance in Hinduism and as a source of life. The river is now heavily polluted due to population growth, urbanization, and industrial/agricultural waste. Studies over the decades show increasing pollution levels, with the most recent finding that Ganges water at Haridwar exceeds standards for drinking, bathing, and agriculture due to high coliform levels from human and industrial waste. The river's holiness has not prevented overuse and pollution that now threatens its ability to support life.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes In Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations over time. The study analyzed physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, BOD, DO, COD, total hardness, TDS, and alkalinity of water samples collected from three locations on the river in different seasons. The results showed deterioration of water quality with increasing pollution from domestic and industrial waste discharged through drains into the river downstream. Parameters like DO, TDS, and pH indicated severe water quality issues at some sites. Urgent action is needed to restore water quality and protect the aquatic ecosystem of the Gomti River.
The document provides information on pollution of the Ganga River through three case studies:
1) Uttar Pradesh, where the Kanpur-Varanasi stretch receives 3,000 MLD of domestic wastewater contributing significantly to river pollution.
2) Uttarakhand, where hydropower projects and the 2013 Kedarnath floods caused ecological degradation and flooding that damaged infrastructure.
3) Bihar, where increasing population density and disposal of sewage and industrial waste pollute the river.
Government cleaning efforts including the Ganga Action Plan, National River Basin Authority, Save Ganga Movement, and Namami Ganga initiative are outlined. The roles of media in disaster management are also summarized.
- The document discusses land use transformation in the Barmer district of Rajasthan, India over recent decades.
- Major changes include a 27.9% increase in net sown area, a 27.5 times increase in net irrigated area, and a 183.4% increase in total crop production from 1960-61 to 2016-17.
- Other key developments include exploration for minerals like lignite as well as oil and gas, introduction of the Narmada Canal irrigation project, and an oil refinery development. However, 5 blocks are now overexploited for groundwater.
India faces major water quality issues due to overexploitation of its water resources and pollution from various sources. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 established standards for industrial and domestic wastewater effluents and requires polluters to obtain consents. National monitoring programs have identified numerous polluted water bodies across India impacted by pathogens, salinity, toxicity and other pollutants from domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff and other sources. Programs such as the Ganga Action Plan and National River Action Plan were launched to restore water quality in major rivers.
Evaluating water quality of ganga river within uttarAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated water quality in the Ganga River within the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. 13 monitoring stations were selected along the river to test various water quality parameters like BOD, TH, PO4, NO3, EC and pH. A water quality index was calculated using a C++ program based on WHO drinking water quality standards. The results found that concentrations of several parameters exceeded acceptable limits. Maintaining water quality in the Ganga is important as it supports the livelihoods of millions of people living in its basin.
India is a land of many rivers and mountains.
India’s geographical area of about 329 MHa is criss-crossed by a large number rivers. Some of the Indian rivers are figuring amongst the most notable rivers of the world. This module explain the river systems of India.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Namami Gange by Mandeep Poonia
1. Namami Gange : A new hope to an underachieving past
Mandeep Poonia
Junior Research Fellow(JRF)-BRNS Project
Department of Environmental Sciences
J.C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA
Faridabad-121006, Haryana
E-mail – mandeep.bishnoi1994@gmail.com
2. Presentation Outlines
The River Ganga
Major Causes responsible for pollution of the river Ganga.
History of initiatives for Clean Ganga.
Namami Gange- an integrated ganga conservation mission.
Conclusion.
3.
4. Ganga- the national river
River Ganga was declared as India’s national river by the Indian
Government in 2008.
The most sacred river in the world.
5. Salient Features of River Ganga
Total Length: 2525 kms
Uttarakhand: 450 kms
Uttar Pradesh: 1000 kms
Sharing length between UP & Bihar: 110 kms
Bihar:405kms
Jharkhand:40kms
West Bengal:520 kms
Catchment Area Ganga Basin: 8,61,404 sq km (26.4%) of India
Main Tributaries: Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak,
Damodar, Kosi & Kali-East
Main sub tributaries: Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons (beyond Five
States), Sone & Kasia-Haldi
Major Cities located on the bank: Srinagar, Rishikesh, Haridwar, Roorkee
(in Uttarakhand), Bijnor, Narora, Kanauj, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi,
Mirzapur (In Uttar Pradesh), Patna, Bhagalpur (In Bihar) and Bahrampur,
Serampore, Hawarah and Kolkata (in West Bengal)
6. Location of Ganga Basin
• Ganga basin is the largest river basin in India in terms of catchment area,
constituting 26% of the country's land mass (8,61,404 Sq. km) and
supporting about 43% of its population.
• The Ganga Basin, spread over four nations (India, Nepal, China and
Bangladesh) of which the NRGB, comprising about 80% of the total Ganga
basin area, lies within India.
• The area of Ganga basin in India covers 11 states viz., Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi U.P., Rajasthan, M.P., Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal.
• Structurally, the Ganga basin comprises of three large divisions of the
Indian subcontinent, namely: the Himalayan fold mountains, the Central
Indian highlands and the Peninsular shield, and the Gangetic plain.
• The Gangetic plain, in which the main stem of Ganga lies, consists of
alluvial formation
7.
8. Course of Ganga
River Ganga comprising of six main headstreams originating in the Himalayas,
namely the Alaknanda, Dhauli Ganga, Nandakini, Pinder, Mandakini and
Bhagirathi rivers starting from their feeding glaciers up to their respective
confluences (together comprising the Upper Ganga segment).
The subsequent main stem of the river downstream from Rishikesh to Varanasi
(the Middle Ganga segment).
The final stretch from Varanasi to Ganga Sagar (the Lower Ganga segment).
In the lower stretch the river divides into two branches. The eastern branch –
River Padma – flows southeast through Bangladesh to join the Brahmaputra and
Meghna rivers before flowing into the sea. The south-flowing branch – River
Hooghly – is joined by the Damodar and Mayurakshi before reaching the sea.
The combined outfall of the two branches forms the world’s largest delta(the “
Sunderban Delta” covering about 60,000 sq. km.) stretching across Bangladesh
and West Bengal.
12. Hydrology of Ganga Basin....
• Rainfall, subsurface flows and snow melt from glaciers are the main
sources of water in river Ganga.
• Out of its 17 main tributaries Yamuna, Sone, Ghagra and Kosi contribute
over half of the annual water yield of the Ganga. These tributaries meet the
Ganga at Allahabad and further downstream.
• The river has a problem of low flows between the Haridwar - Allahabad
stretch. December to May are the months of lean flow in the Ganga.
• The flood plain is usually 0.5 to 2 km wide. This active flood plain is
flooded every year. In addition to this the existing structures on the Ganga
Basin also affect its discharge.
16. Pollution Threat....
• Rapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exponential
growth of industrialisation and urbanisation have exposed water resources,
in general, and rivers, in particular, to various forms of degradation.
• The mighty Ganga is no exception. The deterioration in the water quality
impacts the people immediately.
• Ganga, in some stretches, particularly during lean seasons has become unfit
even for bathing.
17. • In the Ganga basin approximately 12,000 million litres per day (MLD) sewage
is generated, for which presently there is a treatment capacity of only around
4,000 MLD.
• Approximately 3000 MLD of sewage is discharged into the main stem of the
river Ganga from the Class I & II towns located along the banks, against which
treatment capacity of about 1000 MLD has been created till date.
• The contribution of industrial pollution, volume-wise, is about 20 per cent but
due to its toxic and non- biodegradable nature, this has much greater
significance.
• The industrial pockets in the catchments of Ramganga and Kali rivers and in
Kanpur city are significant sources of industrial pollution. The major
contributors are tanneries in Kanpur, distilleries, paper mills and sugar mills in
the Kosi, Ramganga and Kali river catchments.
18.
19. Table indicates that there are fifty cities (Class I & Class II)
discharging 2723.3 MLD wastewater out of which 1208.8 MLD has
the treatment capacities i.e 44 %. The contribution of class I cities is 96
% of total wastewater generation
22. SEWAGE GENERATION OF CLASS-II TOWNS IN GANGA RIVER
(13.44 %)
(29.03 %)
(12.75 %)
(25 %)
(17 %)
(6.5 %)
23. Sewage generation from class – I cities is highest in West Bengal followed by Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar and Uttarakhand.
In class-II towns, sewage generation in Uttar Pradesh is highest followed by Bihar,
Uttarakhand and West Bengal whereas sewage treatment capacity is highest in
Uttar Pradesh followed by Uttarakhand and Bihar.
Major urban centres generating substantial volume of sewage are Kanpur,
Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Bhagalpur and Kolkata
The assessment of sewage generation and development of treatment capacity
indicates that there is gap of 1515 MLD which should be reduced to improve water
quality of river Ganga.
25. In Uttar Pradesh, Chhoyia, Permiya, Sisamau nala are the major polluters which
contributes maximum pollution load.
This indicates that if the pollution load in the major drains of Uttar Pradsh, Bihar
and West Bengal is addressed, water quality would show substantial
improvement.
26. STATUS OF GROSSLY POLLUTING INDUSTRIES (GPI)
GPI are those which
(I) discharge their effluents into a water course including rivers and lakes, and
(II) are either involved in manufacture & use of hazardous substances or
discharge effluents with a BOD load of 100kg/day or more, or both
There are 764 industries in the main stem of Ganga and referred tributaries Kali
(E) and Ramganga.
Out of which 687 industrial units are in Uttar Pradesh followed by 42 in
Uttarakhand.
It is observed that number wise tanneries are dominant industries followed by
sugar, pulp & paper and Textile, dyeing and bleach.
27.
28. Status of water Consumption and Wastewater Generation in GPI
(19 %)
(75.5 %)
(56.7 %)
(39 %) (45 % of total)(62 % T)
In the riverine system Ramganga carries maximum industrial
wastewater followed by main stream of river Ganga and
Kali-East respectively.
(45 %)
29. Sugar, pulp and paper and chemical are the three major sectors which
consume approx 73% water and generate 79% of total wastewater.
30. Primary Water Quality Criteria For Bathing Reaches in Rivers Notified
By Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (Moef & CC)
37. HISTORY OF UNDERACHIEVING
Ganga Action Plan Ph I & II:
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi launched Phase I in 1985, covering 25 Ganga
towns in three states; Rs 862.59 crore were spent.
• Phase II covered 59 towns in five states; Rs 505.31 cr were spent. Rivers such as
Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar, Mahananda had separate action plans. No results were
visible.
• UPA government’s NGRBA effort:
The lack of tangible results from earlier efforts prompted the setting up of
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) by Manmohan Singh’s
government, focused on a basin-specific approach. 43 towns were covered in five
states; Rs 1,027 crore were spent until March 31, 2015.
38. Major Weakness of GAP
1. Limited Scope of Issues Addressed
2. Inadequacy of Standards of Water Quality
3. Influence of Aid on Choice of Technology
4. Inappropriate Technological Choices for Treatment
5. Inappropriate Policy of Discharging
6. Lack of a Clear Policy-Legal and Institutional Framework
39. Weakness of Implementation
1. Political Motivations behind the GAP
2. Inordinate Delays in Creating Assets
3.Partial Coverage for Collection, Conveyance and
Treatment of Sewage across Cities in the River-Basin
4. Over-Designed STPs
Weakness of Operation and Maintenance
1. Irregular Maintenance
2. Sub-Optimal Functioning of the Assets
3. Unclear, Unviable Financial Models
40. Weakness of Monitoring, Evaluation and Regulation
1. Neglect of Monitoring of Important Aspects Other Than the
River Quality
2. Failure to Utilize Available Monitoring Data
3. Failure in Controlling Industrial Pollution
4. Weak Monitoring by Central Institutions
5. Failure in Establishing Citizen’s Monitoring Committees
6. Flaws in the Design of Citizen’s Monitoring Committees
41.
42. Namami Gange - Saving the Ganga
• The Clean Ganga project is officially known as the Integrated Ganga
Conservation Mission project or 'Namami Gange'.
• This is basically a dream project of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• Before he became the PM of India, Modi had been a staunch advocate of
cleaning up the river Ganga. He promised that if he were voted to power he
would start the project right away.
True to his word, he got the said project started within a few months of
becoming the new PM.
43. • Accordingly, an Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission called “Namami
Gange” is started and a sum of Rs. 2,037 crores has been set aside for this
purpose in budget of 2014-15.
• Accordingly, Namami Gange approaches Ganga Restoration by
consolidating the existing ongoing efforts and planning for a concrete
action plan for future
44. In addition a sum of Rs. 100 crores has been allocated for developments of
Ghats and beautification of River Fronts at
1. Kedarnath,
2. Haridwar,
3. Kanpur,
4. Varanasi,
5. Allahabad,
6. Patna and
7. Delhi
in the financial year 2014-15.
45. • Recognizing the multi-sectoral, multi-dimensional and multi-stakeholder nature
of the Ganga Rejuvenation challenge, the key Ministries comprising of :
(a) WR, RD & GR,
(b) MoEF & CC
(c) Shipping,
(d) Tourism,
(e) Urban Development,
(f) Drinking Water and Sanitation and Rural Development
have been working together since June, 2014 to arrive at an action plan.
47. (i) ensuring sustainable municipal sewage management
• Project priority is coordination with Ministry of Urban Development.
Incentive for states to take up projects on Ganga Main-stem by providing an
additional share of central grants for sewerage infrastructure.
• Uniform standards for both MoUD scheme and Namami Gange programme
• Expanding coverage of sewerage infrastructure in 118 urban habitations on
banks of Ganga
48. (ii managing sewage from Rural Areas
• Mo DWS scheme for all Ganga bank Gram Panchayts (1632) free from open
defecation by 2022, at a cost of Rs 1700 Crores as central share
(iii) managing Industrial discharge
• Making ZLD mandatory
• Rationalized water tariff to encourage reuse
• Real time water quality monitoring
49. (iv)
• Enforcing River Regulatory Zones on Ganga Banks
• Rational agricultural practices, efficient irrigation methods
• Restoration and conservation of wetlands
50. (v) Ensuring ecological rejuvenation by conservation of aquatic life and
biodiversity
(vi) Promotion of Tourism and Shipping in a rational and sustainable
manner
(vii) Knowledge Management on Ganga through Ganga Knowledge
Centre
51. However, to control the spread of pollution and to contain it in manageable limits
certain interventions would be necessary in short term. Group of Secretaries under
guidance of Hon’ble Ministers has identified following activities:
i) Scheme for rehabilitation and up-gradation of existing STPs along
Ganga
ii) Ensuring 100% sewerage infrastructure in identified town alongside
Ganga
iii) In situ sewage treatment in open drains
iv) Support for preparation of DPRs(Detailed Project Reports)
v) River Front Management for Ghat’s developments in selected cities and
towns
vi) Industrial pollution control at Kanpur on priority
52. vii) Action Plan for Char Dham Yatra –Public amenities, waste disposal and
sanitation
viii) Capacity building of urban local bodies
ix) Afforestation – Conservation of Flora
x) Conservation of Aquatic life – special attention on Dolphin, Turtles and
Ghariyals etc.
xi) Disposal of flowers and other puja material
53. xii) Ganga Vahini(ex-serviceman & NGOs to monitor and protect at special
places)
xiii) GIS data and Spatial Analysis for Ganga basin
xiv) Study of communities depending on Ganga for their traditional livelihood
xv) National Ganga Monitoring Centre
xvi) Special guidelines for sand mining in Ganga
xvii) Assessment of Special Properties of Ganga Water
xviii) Communication and Public Outreach Activities
55. • Ganga Manthan was organized on 7th of July, 2014 at Vigyan Bhawan, New
Delhi.
• It was a national level consultation to facilitate interaction with various
stakeholders including policy makers and implementers, academicians,
environmentalists, saints and spiritual leaders from all faiths and NGOs for the
cause of Ganga Rejuvenation.
56. The aims and objectives of NMCG is to accomplish the mandate of National Ganga
River Basin Authority (NGRBA) of
1. To ensure effective abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of the river
Ganga by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectoral co-
ordination for comprehensive planning and management .
2. To maintain minimum ecological flows in the river Ganga with the aim of
ensuring water quality and environmentally sustainable development.
57. The Vision for Ganga Rejuvenation constitutes restoring the wholesomeness of
the river defined in terms of ensuring
“Aviral Dhara” (Continuous Flow”),
“Nirmal Dhara”(“Unpolluted Flow”),
Geologic and ecological integrity.
58. Functions of NMCG
To achieve the objectives, NMCG shall carry out the following key functions
namely:
(i) Implement the work programme of National Ganga River Basin
Authority(NGRBA).
(ii) Implement the World Bank supported National Ganga River Basin Project.
(iii) Coordinate and oversee the implementation of projects sanctioned by
Government of India under NGRBA.
59. (iv) Undertake any additional work or functions as may be assigned by MoWR,RD
&GR in the area of conservation of river Ganga.
(v) Make rules and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the NMCG and add
or amend, vary or rescind them from time to time.
(vi) Accept or to provide any grant of money, loan securities or property of any kind
and to undertake and accept the management of any endowment trust, fund or
donation not inconsistent with the objectives of NMCG.
(vii) Take all such action and to enter all such actions as may appear necessary or
incidental for the achievements of the objectives of the NGRBA.
60. • A river basin with the complexity of the Ganga cannot be managed from an
environmental view point without the benefit of an adequate knowledge base,
analytical tools, targeted research, and awareness building.
• Ganga Knowledge Centre (GKC) is set up at National Mission for Clean
Ganga (NMCG) primarily to address these issues and to enhance the quality of
implementation of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
program.
• GKC is conceptualized as a premiere and autonomous knowledge based
institution which will blend system characterization, innovation and stakeholder
participation so as to optimize the investments of NGRBA.
61. Major Policy Initiatives Under NGRBA
1. Tripartite Memorandum of Agreement (MoA).
2. Independent Appraisal of Details Project Reports(DPRs).
3. Third Part Inspections.
4. City Level Monitoring Committees.
5. Revised Guidelines for Preparation of Details Project Reports(DPRs).
6. Dolphin Conservation.
62. 7. Streamlining of Review and Monitoring mechanism in States.
8. Involvement of NGRBA experts.
9. Public Outreach and Awareness, Involvement of youth.
10. Ganga Knowledge Centre.
11. Water Quality Monitoring with focus on Real time, Online assessment.
12. Ganga River Basin Management Plan(GRBMP)
63. Sanctioned Projects
• National Ganga River Basin Authority(NGRBA) has so far sanctioned a total 83
projects in 49 towns in Ganga States
• The costing is Rs.5918.56 crore under NGRBA Program including Externally
Aided Projects(EAP) with the assistance of Japan International Agency(JICA)
and the World Bank of Rs.4387.31 crore.
These include projects of
• Rs 2256.01 crore in Uttar Pradesh,
• of Rs 1702.06 crore in Bihar,
• of Rs 99.36 crore in Jharkhand,
• of Rs 1352.51 crore in West Bengal and
• of Rs 251.21 crore in Uttarakhand
for laying of sewage networks, treatment plants, development of river fronts, etc.
• These sanctioned projects also include three CPCB projects worth Rs 198.48
crore on Pollution Inventorization, Assessment and Surveillance (PIAS) on river
Ganga, Strengthening of Environmental Regulator (SER)-CPCB and a project of
setting up the Ganga Knowledge Centre (GKC) in NMCG (Rs.48.54 crore)
64. • Educating Schools and Communities for conserving habitant of Ganga River
Dolphin of (Rs.1.28 crore) and Preparation of DPR of "Forestry intervention for
Ganga" Non-EAP(Rs. 0.96 crore)
• A Expenditure of an amount of Rs.1148.56 crore (as on 31st March 2015) has
been done by both Centre and the States for implementation of the sanctioned
projects.
65. • Phase-1: Annual Dolphin Census & Threat Assessment (EAP)(Rs. 0.73 crore)
• Phase-2: Rolling out Dolphin Conservation in UP (EAP) (Rs. 2.42 crore)
• Assessment of Water Quality and Sediment Analysis to understand the special
property of river Ganga (Non-EAP)(Rs. 5.00 crore).
66. Ganga River Basin Management Plan
• A comprehensive River Basin Management Plan for Ganga is being prepared by
the group of seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
• Kanpur,
• Delhi,
• Madras,
• Bombay,
• Kharagpur,
• Guwahati
• and Roorkee. .
67. • The Plan is being prepared with the objectives of taking comprehensive measures
for restoration of the wholesomeness of the Ganga ecosystem and improvement
of its ecological health, with due regard to the issue of competing water uses in
the river basin.
• The wholesomeness of the river can be grasped in terms of four defining
concepts:
“Aviral Dhara” (Continuous Flow”),
“Nirmal Dhara”(“Unpolluted Flow”),
Geologic Entity, and Ecological Entity.
68.
69. Function and Power of NGRBA
• National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has started the Mission Clean
Ganga with a changed and comprehensive approach to champion the challenges
posed to Ganga through four different sectors, namely,
• wastewater management,
• solid waste management,
• industrial pollution and
• river front development.
70. • The Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga
Rejuvenation(MoWR, RD & GR) is the nodal Ministry for the NGRBA.
• The authority is chaired by the Prime Minister and has as its members the Union
Ministers concerned, the Chief Ministers of the States through which Ganga
flows, viz., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal,
among others.
• This initiative is expected to rejuvenate the collective efforts of the Centre and the
States for cleaning the river.
71. NGRBA functions include
• Development of a Ganga River Basin Management Plan.
• Regulation of activities aimed at prevention, control and abatement of pollution,
to maintain water quality and to take measures relevant to the river ecology in the
Ganga basin states.
• It is mandated to ensure the maintenance of minimum ecological flows in the
river Ganga and abate pollution through planning, financing and execution of
programmes including that of –
1) Augmentation of Sewerage Infrastructure
2) Catchment Area Treatment
3) Protection of Flood Plains
4) Creating Public Awareness
72. FISH
Snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii), Golden Mahseer (Tor putitora), Indian
Major Carps (IMC): Four species (Labeo rohita, L. calbasu, Catla catla, Cirrhinus
mrigala).
REPTILES
Gharial and Gangetic Turtle species
MAMMAL
River Dolphins and Otters
BIRDS
Indian Skimmer and Saras
75. • The Union Cabinet, chaired by Mr. Modi, approved the flagship programme
which integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga river in a
comprehensive manner.
• “The programme has a budget outlay of Rs. 20,000 crore for the next five
years,” -a significant increase over the expenditure in the past 30 years”.
• The Centre has incurred an overall expenditure of approximately Rs. 4,000
crore for Ganga rejuvenation since 1985.
• In order to push the efforts for the Ganga’s clean-up, the statement said that
the Centre will now take over 100 per cent funding of various
activities/projects under this programme.
76. • Marking a major shift in implementation, the government is focusing on
involving people living on the banks of the river to attain sustainable results.
• Drawing from past lessons, the programme also focuses on involving the states
and grassroots-level institutions such as Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj
institutions for its implementation.
• The programme would be implemented by the National Mission for Clean
Ganga (NMCG), and its state counterpart organisations, that is, the State
Programme Management Groups (SPMGs).
77. NMCG will also establish field offices wherever necessary order to improve
implementation, a three-tier mechanism has been proposed for monitoring
projects,
1. comprising a high-level task force chaired by the Cabinet Secretary and assisted
by NMCG at the national level,
2. State-level committees chaired by Chief Secretary and assisted by SPMG and
3. District-level committees chaired by the District Magistrate.
• In view of the unsatisfactory results of the earlier Ganga Action Plans, the Centre
now plans to provide for operation and maintenance of the assets for at least a 10-
year period
• In an attempt to implement policies, the Centre also plans to establish a four
battalion-strong Ganga Eco-Task Force, a Territorial Army unit.
• It is also contemplating legislation for checking pollution and protecting the river
78. • Namami Gange Programme stresses on improved coordination mechanisms
between the various Ministries/Agencies of the central and state governments.
• Major infrastructure investments, which fall under the original mandate of other
ministries, like
I. Urban Development, Drinking Water and Sanitation,
II. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), will also
additionally be undertaken.
• Namami Gange will focus on pollution abatement interventions, namely
interception and diversion and treatment of waste water flowing through open
drains via
bio-remediation/
appropriate in-situ treatment/
use of innovative technologies/
sewage treatment plants (STPs)/
effluent treatment plant (ETPs).
79. • It also aims at rehabilitation and augmentation of existing STPs and immediate
short-term measures for arresting pollution at exit points on river front to prevent
inflow of sewage.
• Significantly, the approach is underpinned by socio-economic benefits that the
programme is expected to deliver in terms of job creation, improved livelihoods
and health benefits to the vast population that is dependent on the river.
80. 47 TOWNS, 12 RIVERS
Covered under the project in 8 states
• Deptt. of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation proposes to make 1,632 gram
panchayats by the Ganga open defecation-free by 2022, at a cost of Rs 1,700 cr
(central share).
• Several ministries such as Environment, Shipping, Urban Development, Tourism,
Rural Development have been working with the nodal Water Resources Ministry
to undertake projects.
PEOPLE-CENTRED
According to the government, a major change in implementation from earlier
efforts will lie in the focus on involving people living on the river’s banks. States
and grassroots institutions such as Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj
institutions will be involved by implementing agency National Mission for Clean
Ganga (NMCG) and its state counterparts, State Programme Management Groups
(SPMGs)
81. • Intensive river surface cleaning is set to begin at ten identified cities along the
banks of Ganga backed with a Bhuvan Ganga mobile application.
• This ISRO-backed India specific GIS tool will ensure real-time and public
monitoring of river surface pollution on ground situations.
• The government invite global tenders for river surface cleaning at ten chosen
cities — Haridwar, Varanasi, Allahabad, Kanpur, Mathura & Vrindavan,
Garhmukteshwar, Patna, Kolkata, Sahibgunj and Nabadwip.
82. Some Initiatives planned under Namami Gange
Sewerage Infrastructure- RS. 8000 Cr.
River Front Development- RS. 250 Cr.
Industrial Pollution- RS. 1000 Cr.
Solid Waste Management- RS. 50 Cr.
Aviral Ganga- RS. 100 Cr.
R&D- RS. 500 Cr.
Ganga Task Force- RS. 400 Cr.
Awareness Creation- RS. 128 Cr.
Bio Diversity Conservation- RS. 150 Cr.
83. • Aerators will be taken into action at river ghats to keep the gathering moss away,
steps identified as those that will also convince the masses that the Ganga
cleaning project is taking off in a real and visible manner.
• The ministry has also written to the Central Pollution Control Board to install
real-time monitors at 118 locations on Ganga where a nallah meets the river
(drain-river confluence) to ensure that the cleaning is actually taking place and
water quality is maintained. 10 of these have already been started on pilot basis.
84. • That apart, the government is set to launch a Bhuvan Ganga app whereby real-
time images of the Ganga can be captured by the public through smartphones and
uploaded right away to check for any river surface pollution.
• Once the image is uploaded and received by the central database, the contractors
in charge of the surface cleaning at that particular location will be held
accountable in case of laxity.
85. • Part of the public participation element will be the Ganga Volunteer Corps
• Another soon-to-be launched initiative to channelise public volunteer services for
cleaning of ghats and generating awareness.
• The Nirmal Ganga Bhagidaari project will see NGOs being involved in Ganga
cleaning.
• The primary thrust of the Namami Gange project is pollution abatement and
building sewerage infrastructure with special focus on the critical Kanpur to
Varanasi stretch.
86. • Restoring the “nirmal aur aviral dhara” (clear and flowing stream) of “Ma
Ganga” was a top priority for Narendra Modi when he was sworn in as the
Prime Minister on May 26, 2014.
• It was also one of the major election promises made by Modi to the ancient
riverside city of Varanasi, which elected him to Parliament.
A flagship programme—Namami Gange—was launched the same month the
Modi-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government was sworn in
87. • A separate ministry under the Union water resources ministry was created for
the river rejuvenation programme and the Union Cabinet has approved a budget
outlay of Rs 20,000 crore for it over the next five years.
• This is 10 times what was allocated in previous cleaning programmes—Ganga
Action Plan phase I and II.
• The 2015-16 budget also declared a 100 per cent tax exemption for those
contributing to the clean Ganga project.
• But despite the new programme and huge funds, the NDA government faces
criticism for doing nothing constructive on ground.
88.
89. Pre- Namami Gange Namami Gange
•Ganga Action Plan (GAP)-I launched in 1986.
Plan involved pollution abatement measures in 25 class I
towns in three states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal.
•GAP I was completed in 2000.
•GAP II was approved in phases, from 1993 to 1996.
•For reducing pollution load on the river, treatment of four
major tributaries of the Ganga—Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar
and Mahananda—was also taken up.
•Under GAP-II, to treat the main stem of the Ganga, pollution
abatement measures were taken up in 59 towns in five
states—Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and
West Bengal.
•The National Ganga Basin River Authority (NGBRA) was
launched in 2009 due to failure of GAP I and II. NGBRA has
basin-specific approach.
An integrated programme.
Involves different ministries--water resources, river
development and Ganga rejuvenation, environment and forest,
shipping, tourism, urban development, drinking water and
sanitation and rural development Talks for the first time about
involving people living on the banks of the river, urban local
bodies and panchayati raj institutions
Plan includes establishing a Ganga Eco-Task Force, a
Territorial Army unit and roll out of legislation to check
pollution and protect the river Cleaning programme to be
implemented jointly by National Mission for Clean Ganga
(NMCG), which is the implementation wing of NGRBA, and
State Program Management Groups (SPMGs) Talks about
strengthening monitoring system through committees at
national, state and district levels
Can Namami Gange succeed where other programmes failed?
1. Programme features
90. Funding pattern
•In the early 1990, the fund sharing for the projects was 50:50
between Central and respective state governments.
• In 1997, it was decided that the Central government will pay
100 per cent of the funds.
•The arrangement did not last long. In 2001, the cost sharing
formula became 70: 30, wherein 30 per cent funds were to be
arranged by states; local bodies were expected to contribute
one-third of the 30 per cent share of the state
Central government will fund 100 per
cent expenses for various activities and
projects
Operation and
maintenance
(O&M)
•The Centre planned to build projects through public-private
participation (PPP) route, which required the concessionaire
to design-build-operate sewage treatment plants (STPs) for
five years.
• The Centre was to take over O&M for five years and then
hand it over to the respective state.
•Failed due to the poor financial capacity of the local bodies
in cities along the Ganga
Centre to take care of the assets for a
minimum 10 year period. After this
assets, will be handed over to state
91. Money
sanctioned
GAP I: Sanctioned amount Rs. 462 crore.
GAP II: The total approved cost of the
action plan is Rs 1,498.86 crore.
NGBRA: The amount sanctioned under
NGBRA till March 2014 is Rs 4,974.79
crores.
Total outlay budget of Rs. 20,000 crore for five years
Part allocations of this had already been made in
2014-15 and 2015-16 budgets.
Previous allocations: Interim budget of 2014-15 : Rs
2,037 crores for cleaning Ganga and Rs 100 crore for
ghat development and beautification of the river front
at Kedarnath, Haridwar, Kanpur, Varanasi,
Allahabad, Patna and Delhi.
Over and above this, Rs 4,200 crore sanctioned for
for Jal Marg Vikas project for Ganga in Uttar Pradesh
(this is not under National Mission for Clean Ganga’s
purview).
Budget of 2015-16: Rs. 4,173 crore jointly for water
resources and Namami Gange programme.
(2016-17) 6,201 Cr. To MoWR, RD & GR, 2150 to
Namami Gange
(2017-18): 6,887 Cr. To MoWR, RD & GR, 2250 to
Namami Gange
92. Projects
Total wastewater treatment capacity of
1,208.50 MLD was created (STP –
1,188.50 MLD, CETP – 20 MLD) has
been created under GAP and NGRBA till
June, 2014
No such construction Only 2 projects cleared 140 MLD
Dinapur STP at Varanasi (sanctioned cost is Rs 496 crore).
Work is going at site
Rs 700 crore project at Patna for constructing STPs and
sewerage network. A present, tendering process is on.
Series of projects recommended by Empowered Steering
Committee – needs approval Riverfront development,
Chandighat, Hardwar
40 MLD Jagjitpur STP
50 MLD Rammanah STP at Varanasi
Rehabilitation and upgradation of 182 MLD Rithala Phase
I, Delhi
Rehabilitation and upgradation of three phases of Kondli
STP (204 MLD), Delhi
Expenditure
GAP I and II: Rs 986.34 crore
NGBRA programme: Rs 910.57 crore
Total: Rs 1,897 crore
Projects in pipeline Very little spent on implementation
93. Namami Gange Mission: Old wine in a new bottle?
• So far, crores of rupees have been pumped in to clean the Ganga, but in vain. Will
the NDA’s plan be any different
• Ganga Maa keeps getting dirtier each year.
94. • India’s most worshipped river, the Ganga, continues to be the fifth most
polluted river in the world, despite a 30-year-old clean-up plan
• “The Ganga today is more polluted than when the Ganga Action Plan (GAP)
was launched,”
95. Clean Ganga Project:
Supreme Court
Dissatisfied
"You are unable to tell us your vision stage-wise on cleaning the holy
river Ganga and your ultimate aim," the Supreme Court said
It suggested that the project needs "an expert with a vision" like E
Sreedharan, the man who built India's metros“
96. SC says it'll take 200 years to clean Ganga at this rate
Supreme Court which said it seems that steps taken so far will not
lead to cleaning of the country's holiest river even after 200 years.
The court directed the Centre to come out with a "stage-wise plan" to
clean the river for "restoring it to its pristine glory". "The dream
project is there. Please try that the next generation is able to see the
river in its original form.
97. River Ganga will be free from most of its pollution
within three years
• August 21, 2014: The Union water resources Uma Bharti said the river would be
free from most of its pollution within three years
• Announcing the year 2015-16 as "water conservation year", she appealed to
every section of the society to join this movement.
• A public movement will launched throughout the country for this purpose and at
least one official of the Union Water Resources Ministry will be present in every
district of the country during this period", said the minister.
98. Ganga to be one of the cleanest river by oct. 2018 :
Sushree Uma Bharti(nov.17,2015)
‘if u think we have stopped taking steps towards clean ganga, it is not so.
Before any big race , a sprinter stops a bit , assesses the destination and then
sprints towards it. So our destination is oct 2018 when we will show it to
world that ganga is one of the cleanest river of world” Bharti said.
99. Major issues for the project
• To start with, the major problem for the Namami Gange project is going to be
the sheer size of
• 2525 km
and passes through
• 29 big cities
• 48 towns
• 23 similar cities
• In addition to that, the immense levels of pollution in the river
• dumping of industrial sewage and waste
• garbage by common people have left the river in a bad condition.
100. • The pollution of Ganga is happening despite government spending thousands of
crores of rupees since 1985.
• A clean Ganga will not happen unless the government brings in a change in the
mind-set of people living along the river.
• In addition, it would have to ban use of chemicals in agriculture; make throwing
garbage into the river an offence, satellite based monitoring for polluting
industries and not allowing any more dams on the river.
• Many environmentalists believe it is an impossible task as it would require huge
public investment.
101. Information collected from :
NMCG website,
Gangapedia.in, MoEF&CC
Website, CPCB Website
Different newspaper
coverage
images from Google
images etc.