The document discusses the anatomy of the male reproductive system. It describes the primary sex organs as the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. It also describes the reproductive tract including the epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory sex glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. It provides details on the structure, function, and blood supply of these organs. External genitalia such as the penis and scrotum are also examined. The goal is to educate students on the components and anatomy of the male reproductive system.
Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
Facial bones anatomy, Anatomic position of fascial bone, axial skeleton, arti...Dr Shahid Alam
Facial bones anatomy, Anatomic position of fascial bone, axial skeleton, articulation of fascial bone, maxillary sinuses, paranasal sinuses frontanelles, foramina and fissure of skull from BD chaurasia and Snell's anatomy lecture by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, dr alam, shahid, shahid alam
PHYSIOLOGY OF ANS(AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)
Sympathetic Responses
Parasympathetic Responses
Autonomic Interactions
Control of Autonomic Nervous System Function
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
Liver Anatomy & Physiology | Parts of Liver | Structure & Functions of Liverpharmacyburner
Liver Anatomy & Physiology | Parts of Liver | Structure & Functions of Liver
Hello Everyone,
Hope you doing well, I above slides I have discussed about LIVER in as simple as I can make.
Thank You for you valuable time,
PHARMACY BURNER
Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
Facial bones anatomy, Anatomic position of fascial bone, axial skeleton, arti...Dr Shahid Alam
Facial bones anatomy, Anatomic position of fascial bone, axial skeleton, articulation of fascial bone, maxillary sinuses, paranasal sinuses frontanelles, foramina and fissure of skull from BD chaurasia and Snell's anatomy lecture by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, dr alam, shahid, shahid alam
PHYSIOLOGY OF ANS(AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)
Sympathetic Responses
Parasympathetic Responses
Autonomic Interactions
Control of Autonomic Nervous System Function
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
Liver Anatomy & Physiology | Parts of Liver | Structure & Functions of Liverpharmacyburner
Liver Anatomy & Physiology | Parts of Liver | Structure & Functions of Liver
Hello Everyone,
Hope you doing well, I above slides I have discussed about LIVER in as simple as I can make.
Thank You for you valuable time,
PHARMACY BURNER
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lecture, the student
should be able to:
List the different components of the male
reproductive system.
Describe the anatomy of the primary & the
secondary sex organs regarding (location,
function, structure, blood supply & lymph
drainage).
Describe the anatomy of the male external
genital organs.
2
3. Components Of Male Reproductive System
I- Primary Sex Organ:
Testis.
II- Reproductive Tract:
Epididymis.
Vas Deferens.
Spermatic cord.
III- Accessory Sex Glands:
Seminal vesicles.
Prostate gland.
Bulbourethral
glands.
IV- External Genitalia:
Penis 3
4. Scrotum
An out pouching of loose
skin & superficial fascia.
The Left scrotum is slightly
lower than the right.
Functions:
Houses & Protects the
testis
Regulates testicular
temperature (no superficial
fat )
It has thin skin with sparse
hairs and sweat glands.
The Dartos muscle lies
within the superficial fascia
replaces Scarpa’s fascia.
T
L
4
5. Testes
Paired almond-shape
gonads that suspended in the
scrotum by the spermatic
cord.
Its volume is about 20-25 ml.
4 - 5 cm long
Weigh (10.5 – 14 g.).
Functions:
Spermatogenesis.
Hormone production:
(Androgens--testosterone)
Testis or Testicle
(singular), Testes (plural).
T
5
sc
6. Coverings Of The
Testis
Tunica Vaginalis:
Peritoneal covering,
formed of parietal and
visceral layers.
It surrounds testis &
epididymis.
It allows free movement
of testis within the
scrotum.
Tunica albugenia
It is a whitish fibrous
capsule.
6
TV
7. Internal Structure of The
Testis
Fibrous septae extend from the
capsule, divide the testis into a (200-
300) -average 250- lobules.
Each lobule contains, (1-3)
seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous Tubules: (60 cm coiled
tubule).
They are the site of the
spermatogenesis.
They form the bulk of testicular tissue.
Interstitial cells of Leydig secret
Testosterone.
Rete testis:
A network of tubules.
It is the site of merging of the
Seminiferous tubules. 7
RT
8. Blood Supply of
Testis
Testicular artery:
It arises from the abdominal aorta
at the level of L 3.
Venous drainage :
(Pampiniform plexus of veins.
About dozen of veins which
forms a network in the
spermatic cord.
They become larger, converge
as it approached the inguinal
canal to form the Testicular
vein.
Right Vein drains into IVC.
Left Vein drains into left renal
vein.
Testicular
Artery
8
10. 10
Indication:
Evaluation of testicular pain in case of (Testicular
Torsion).
Technique
Examiner strokes or pinches the skin in the upper
medial thigh. It causes cremasteric muscle
contraction
Observe, rise of the Testicle on same side (normal)
Interpretation
Normal: It is present with Epididymitis
Absent( cremasteric reflex) (no Testicle rise)
Is Suggestive of Testicular Torsion.
Also absent in 50% of boys under age 30 months.
Do not use this test under age of 30 months.
Efficacy.
Test Sensitivity for Testicular Torsion: 99%
Assumes age over 30 months
Nerve involved: Genitofemoral (GFN), ( L 1, 2)
Sensory: femoral branch of (GFN) & Ilioinguinal n.
Motor: Genital branch of (GFN).
Cremasteric
reflex
11. Epididymis
A Single coiled tubule
6 Meters long.
Located on the superior and
posterior margins of the testis.
It is divided into 3 parts:
Head, Body and Tail.
The Head receives (rete testis)
efferent ductules from the testis.
The Tail is continuous with Vas
Deferens.
Functions:
1. Secretes/absorbs the
nourishing fluid.
2. Recycles damaged
spermatozoa.
3. Stores spermatozoa Up to 2
weeks to allow for maturation.
H
B
T
V D
11
12. Vas Deferens
A muscular tube 45
cm long.
Carries sperms from
the epididymis to
pelvic cavity.
Passes through the
inguinal canal.
It crosses the ureter.
Its terminal part is
dilated to form the
Ampulla of the vas
It joins the duct of
the seminal vesicle
to form ejaculatory
duct which opens in
the prostatic urethra.
12
Prof. Makarem
13. Accessory
Glands
Seminal vesicle.
Bulbourethral or
Cooper’s glands.
Prostate.
Functions:
1. Secretion of
seminal fluid.
2. Nourishing,
activation of
sperms.
3. Protection of
sperms.
13
14. Seminal Vesicles
Paired elongated
glands.
Located posterior &
inferior to the urinary
bladder
Secrete (60% of
Semen)
SV
BASE OF THE
URINARY
BLADDER
VD
14
Prostate
15. Ejaculatory
Ducts
Formed by the union of
the lower end of the vas
deferens and the duct
of the seminal vesicle.
Its length is about
2.5cm.
The 2 ejaculatory ducts
open into the prostatic
urethra on both sides of
the seminal colliculus.
They drain the seminal
fluid into the prostatic
urethra.
15
16. Prostate Gland
The Largest male accessory gland.
It is a fibromuscular glandular tissue.
Walnut sized.
Located at the neck of bladder.
Traversed by the prostatic urethra.
Secretes (20-30% of semen)
Shape: Conical, It has:
Base (Superior):
Attached to neck of urinary bladder
Apex (Inferior), rests on the
Urogenital diaphragm.
Four Surfaces: Anterior, posterior and 2
lateral (Right & Left).
It secretes enzymes which
has the following functions:
Aid in activating sperm motility
Mucus degradation
Neutralize female reproductive
tract (Alkaline fluid )
P
U
P
16
17. Capsule
Internally, it has a dense
fibrous capsule (prostatic
capsule), which is
surrounded from outside
by a fibrous prostatic
sheath.
The later is continuous
with the puboprostatic
part of the levator ani
muscle. (levator prostate).
In between the prostatic
capsule and the prostatic
facial sheath lies the
prostatic venous plexus.
17
18. Relations
Anterior:
Symphysis pubis (SP).
Superior :
Neck of the bladder.
Posterior :
Rectum ® (important
for PR examination)
Inferior:
Urogenital diaphragm,
(UGD).
Lateral: Medial margins
of levator ani muscles
(levator prostate).
R
UB
UG
D
SP
SP
R
UB
18
19. Lobes
Anatomically
It is divided into 5 lobes according to their
relation to the urethra:
Anterior (isthmus):
Lies anterior to the urethra,
It is fibromuscular.
Posterior:
Posterior to the urethra and inferior to the
ejaculatory ducts.
Two lateral:
On each side of the urethra.
Middle (median):
Between the urethra and ejaculatory ducts &
closely related to neck of urinary bladder.
Usually it projects into lumen of the
bladder distorting the internal urethral
sphincter, after the age of 40 years.
The median & lateral lobes are rich in
glandular tissue.
19
20. Urologists &
Sonographers, divide
the prostate into central
(internal) & peripheral
zones.
The central zone is
represented by the
middle lobe.
Within each lobe are
four lobules, which are
defined by the ducts
and connective tissue
20
21. Blood Supply & Lymph Drainage
Arterial Supply:
Inferior vesical artery from IIA.
Prostatic venous plexus:
Lies between the prostatic fibrous
capsule and the prostatic sheath.
It drains into the internal iliac
veins.
It is continuous superiorly with the
vesical venous plexus and
posteriorly to the internal vertebral
venous plexus. Importance?
Lymph drainage:
Internal iliac lymph nodes.
21
22. Hypertrophy of the Prostate
Benign
Common after middle age.
An enlarged prostate projects into the urinary
bladder and distorts the prostatic urethra.
The middle lobe often enlarges and obstructs
the internal urethral orifice, this leads to
nocturia, dysuria and urgency.
Malignant:
It is common after the age of 55
The malignant prostate is felt hard & irregular in
Per rectal examination (PR) .
The malignant cells metastasize first to internal
iliac & sacral lymph nodes (lymphatic spread)
Later to distant nodes , bone & brain through
(IVVP) -venous spread.
It can cause obstruction to urine flow because of
its close relationship to the prostatic urethra. 22
23. Prostatic Urethra
Structures seen on its posterior
wall:
Urethral crest:
A longitudinal elevated
ridge.
Prostatic sinus:
A groove on each side of the
crest.
The prostatic gland opens
into the sinuses.
Seminal colliculus: a rounded
eminence that opens into the
prostatic utricle.
Prostatic utricle :
A depression on the summit
of the urethral crest.
The ejaculatory ducts open on
the sides of the utricle. 23
24. Bulbourethral
or Cooper’s
Gland
Small paired glands
Located at the base
of the penis.
Secrete alkaline
mucus for:
Neutralization of
urinary acids &
Lubrication
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25. Penis
A Copulatory &
Excretory organ.
Excretory:
Penile urethra
transmits urine &
sperm.
Copulatory:
Has (3) cylindrical
masses of erectile
tissue
Two Corpora
Cavernosa
One Corpus
Spongiosum
CC
CS
25
26. Corpora
Cavernosa
Two superior (right
& left) masses of
(Primary erectile
tissue).
They Provide the
majority of rigidity
& length of penis.
Their posterior
expansions, forms
the 2 Crurae
(anchor” tissue)
against pelvic bone
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27. Corpus
Spongiosum
The single inferior mass
(Secondary erectile tissue)
It is traversed by the
penile urethra.
Its Anterior expansion
forms the Glans penis.
Its posterior expansion
forms the bulb of the
penis.
Prepuce or foreskin:
Fold of skin covering
glans penis (before
circumcision)
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