This document outlines India's national drug policy for malaria treatment. It recommends using ACT (artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) for P. falciparum cases in chloroquine resistant areas. For P. vivax, it recommends chloroquine over 3 days plus primaquine for 14 days. It provides treatment guidelines for P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections in different areas of India. It also addresses treatment of severe malaria, chemoprophylaxis, and drug resistance in malaria.
This ppt contains all the information about National Leprosy Eradication programme (NLEP). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
Polio is a viral disease that destroys the nerve cells present in the spinal cord causing paralysis or muscle weakness to some part of the body.
Pulse Polio Programme was launched in 1995 after a resolution for a global initiative of polio eradication was adopted by World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988.
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'National Rural Health Mission'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine' as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Copyright Disclaimer - Use of these PowerPoint Presentation for any commercial purpose is strictly prohibited. The presentations uploaded on this profile are protected under Copyright Act,1957.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
This ppt contains all the information about National Leprosy Eradication programme (NLEP). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
Polio is a viral disease that destroys the nerve cells present in the spinal cord causing paralysis or muscle weakness to some part of the body.
Pulse Polio Programme was launched in 1995 after a resolution for a global initiative of polio eradication was adopted by World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988.
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'National Rural Health Mission'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine' as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Copyright Disclaimer - Use of these PowerPoint Presentation for any commercial purpose is strictly prohibited. The presentations uploaded on this profile are protected under Copyright Act,1957.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
The ppt highlights types of insecticide resistance, resistance towards antimalarials, rationale of National drug policy for malaria, use of GIS in epidemic predictions for kala azar, malaria, genetically modified mosquitoes and malaria vaccine
SImplified Malaria overview for practising pediatricians in India - north india more specifically with a low incidence of malaria. By Dr Gaurav Gupta MD Pediatrician, Charak Clinics, Mohali, Chandigarh
Oseltamivir Capsules USP 30mg/45mg/75mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Oseltamivir Dosage & Rx Info | Oseltamivir Uses, Side Effects Vecuronium bromide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Oseltamivir-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Oseltamivir dose Taj pharmaceuticals Oseltamivir interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Oseltamivir contraindications, Oseltamivir price, Oseltamivir Taj Pharma Oseltamivir SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Oseltamivir Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Introduction
Criteria for change of drug policy
Treatment for P. Vivax
Treatment of P. Falciparum in NE states
Treatment of P. Falciparum in other states
Treatment of mixed infection
Treatment of P. Ovale and Malaria
Resistance to anti malarial drugs
Treatment of severe malaria
Chemoprophylaxis
3. India has the largest population in the world
at risk of malaria, with 85% living in malarious
zones.
The combination of Plasmodium falciparum
and Plasmodium vivax, six primary malaria
vectors, several ecotypes including urban
malaria, and various transmission intensities
ranging from unstable to hyper endemic
create a challenging epidemiological
scenario in India.
4. In 1953, the National Malaria Control
Programme was launched and protected a
population of about 165 million with
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
spraying
The control programme developed into the
National Malaria Eradication Programme in
1958
A new strategy, the modified plan of
operation,5 was introduced in 1977
5. Drug policy is changed for the area/Block PHC reporting
10% or more total treatment failure (ETF+LTF) to the
tested drug i.e the currently used antimalarials in a
sample of minimum 30 P.falciparum test cases.
To combat the drug resistant in malaria, the National
Drug Policy on Malaria recommends the use of
combination therapy i.e Artesunate plus Sulfadoxine
Pyrimethamine for treatment of P.falcipuram cases in
chloroquine resistant areas, surrounding cluster of Blocks
and 117 high endemic districts of 7 North Eastern States
and state of Andhra Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh & Orissa.
6.
7. 1. Chloroquine: 25 mg/kg body weight divided over three
days i.e.
10mg/kg on day 1,
10mg/kg on day 2 &
5mg/kg on day 3.
2. Primaquine: 0.25 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days.
8. Age
(in years)
Tablet Chloroquine (150 mg base) Tablet
Primaquine*
(2.5 mg base)
Day – 1 Day – 2 Day -3 Day – 1 to Day –
14
<1 ½ ½ ¼ 0
1-4 1 1 ½ 1
5-8 2 2 1 2
9-14 3 3 1½ 4
15 & above 4 4 2 6
Pregnancy 4 4 2 nil
* Primaquine is contraindicated in infants, pregnant women and individuals
with G6PD deficiency. 14 day regimen of Primaquine should be given
under supervision.
9. 1. ACT-AL Co-formulated tablet of ARTEMETHER(
20 mg) - LUMEFANTRINE (120 mg)
(Not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy and for
children weighing < 5 kg)
2. Primaquine: 0.75 mg/kg body weight on day 2
10. Co-formulated
tablet ACT-AL
5–14 kg
( > 5 months to
< 3 years)
15–24 kg
(≥ 3 to 8
years)
25–34 kg
(≥ 9 to14
years)
> 34 kg
(> 14 years)
Total Dose of
ACT-AL
20 mg/
120 mg
twice daily
for 3 days
40 mg /240
mg
twice daily
for 3 days
60 mg /360
mg
twice daily
for 3 days
80 mg /480
mg
twice daily
for 3 days
Pack size
No. of tablets
in the Packing
6 12 18 24
Give 1 Tablet
twice daily
for 3 days
2 Tablets
twice daily
for 3 days
3 Tablets
Twice daily
for 3 days
4 Tablets
Twice daily
for 3 days
Colour of the
pack
Yellow Green Red White
11. Artemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT)*
Day 1: Artesunate 4 mg/kg body weight daily for 3 days
Plus Sulfadoxine (25 mg/kg body weight) –
Pyrimethamine (1.25 mg/kg body weight) day 1
Day 2: Primaquine 0.75 mg/Kg body weight
• Caution: 1. ACT is not to be given in 1st trimester of
pregnancy.
2. SP is not to be given to child of age under 5 month
12. Age Group
(Years)
1st day 2nd day 3rd day
AS SP AS PQ AS
0-1
Pink Blister
1
(25 mg)
1
(250 mg +12.5
mg)
1
(25 mg)
Nil
1
(25 mg)
1-4
Yellow Blister
1
(50 mg)
1
(500+25 mg
each)
1
(50 mg)
1
(7.5 mg base)
1
(50 mg)
5-8
Green Blister
1
(100 mg)
1
(750+37.5 mg
each)
1
(100 mg)
2
(7.5 mg base
each)
1
(100 mg)
9-14
Red Blister
1
(150 mg)
2
(500+25 mg
each)
1
(150mg)
4
(7.5 mg base
each)
1
(150 mg)
15 & Above
White Blister
1
(200 mg)
2
(750+37.5 mg
each)
1
(200 mg)
6
(7.5 mg base
each)
1
(200 mg)
13. 1st Trimester : Quinine salt 10mg/kg 3 times daily for 7 days.
2nd and 3rd trimester: Area specific ACT
i.e. ACT-AL in North Eastern States
ACT-SP in Other States
14. In North-Eastern States: Treat with: Age-specific
ACT-AL for 3 days + Primaquine 0.25 mg per kg
body weight daily for 14 days.
In Other States: SP-ACT 3 days + Primaquine 0.25
mg per kg body wt. daily for 14 days.
15. In India these species are very rarely found in
few places.
P. ovale should be treated as P. vivax and P.
malariae should be treated as P. falciparum.
16. Definition: Resistance can be defined as either the
ability of a parasite strain to survive and/or
multiply despite the administration and absorption
of a drug given in doses equal to or higher than
those usually recommended, but within the limits
of tolerance of the patient.
17. complex phenomenon
genetic mutation
Insufficient amount of the drug
Low prescription dosage
Lesser amount of drug dispensed
Incomplete treatment taken by the patient
Drug vomited out
Low absorption due to any reason, for
example, diarrhoea.
18. ACT : combination of 3 drugs, artesunate,
sulphadoxine and pyrimethanamine.
All three drugs acts on different parts of
parasite
Genetic mutations are very rare
20. Initial parenteral treatment for at
least 48
hours:
CHOOSE ONE of following four
options
Follow-up treatment, when patient
can take
oral medication following parenteral
treatment
Quinine: 20mg quinine salt/kg body
weight on admission (IV infusion or
divided IMinjection) followed by
maintenance dose of10 mg/kg 8
hourly; infusion rate should not
exceed 5 mg/kg per hour. Loading
dose of 20mg/kg should not be
given, if the patient has already
received quinine.
Quinine 10 mg/kg three times a day
with:
doxycycline 100 mg once a day or
clindamycin in pregnant women
and children
under 8 years of age,
- to complete 7 days of treatment.
Artesunate: 2.4 mg/kg i.v. or i.m.
given on
admission (time=0), then at 12 h and
24 h, then once a day or
Artemether: 3.2 mg/kg i.m. given
on
admission then 1.6 mg/kg per
day.or
Arteether: 150 mg daily i.m for 3
days in
Full oral course of Area-specific ACT:
In NorthEastern states: Age-specific
ACT-AL for 3 days + PQ Single dose
on second
Day
In other states: Treat with: ACT-SP for
3
days + PQ Single dose on second
day
21. Short term chemoprophylaxis (up to 6 weeks)
Doxycycline: 100 mg once daily for adults and 1.5 mg/kg once daily for
children (contraindicated in children below 8 years). The drug should be
started 2 days before travel and continued for 4 weeks after leaving the
malarious area.
Note: It is not recommended for pregnant women and children less than 8 years.
Chemoprophylaxis for longer stay (more than 6 weeks)
Mefloquine: 250 mg weekly for adults and should be administered two weeks
before, during and four weeks after exposure.
22. National Drug Policy for Malaria 2010,
NVBDCP, MoH&FW, Govt. of India, 2010.
Website of National Vector Borne
Disease Control
Programmehttp://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/
malaria-new.html
23. Where microscopy result is available within 24 hours
Suspected malaria case
Take slide and send for microscopic examination
Result
+ve for
P.Vivax
Treat with
CQ 3 days
+ PQ 0.25
mg/kg /day
for 14 days
+ ve for P.
Falciparum
NE states: Age
specific ACT-AL
for 3 days + PQ
single dose day
2
In other state:
ACT-SP 3 days +
PQ single dose
on day 2
+ ve for mixed
infecton
NE states: Age
sp. ACT-AL 3 D+
PQ 0.25
mg/kg/day 14 D
Other states: SP-ACT
3 D + PQ
0.25 mg/kg/d 14
days
- Ve no
antimalari
al
treatment
treat as
per
clinical
diagnosis