This document summarizes information about malaria, including that it affects 3.3 billion people globally and causes 900,000 deaths annually. It outlines high risk groups like children under 5 and pregnant women. Four Plasmodium species cause malaria in humans. Diagnosis is usually by microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests detecting parasites. Treatment involves artemisinin-based combination therapies over 3 days for uncomplicated cases. Severe malaria requires parenteral artesunate or quinine for a minimum of 24 hours before completing treatment. Prevention involves insecticide-treated bed nets and intermittent preventive treatment for vulnerable groups.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, infecting over 240 million people annually and killing over 1 million, mostly children in Africa. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. Diagnosis and treatment of both uncomplicated and severe malaria is discussed. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended treatments. For severe malaria, artesunate is the treatment of choice due to its superiority over quinine in clinical trials. Malaria control efforts aim to expand access to effective prevention and treatment.
Primary maternal syphilis infection can infect the fetus in utero. Without treatment, fetal infection risks include stillbirth, premature birth, low birthweight, and neonatal death. Fetal infection may also cause deformities of the nose, long bones, and teeth. Diagnosis involves maternal and fetal serology, with treatment of pregnant women and neonates with penicillin to prevent transmission and morbidity.
treatment of malaria: drugs combinationssumit bajpai
This document summarizes information about malaria, including that it is caused by a parasite transmitted via mosquito bites. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills and fatigue in cycles. It discusses diagnosis using blood tests and microscopy, as well as treatment with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and combinations including artemisinin. Prevention involves avoiding mosquito bites, chemoprophylaxis with drugs like chloroquine, and early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals.
1) The document discusses classifications of hypertension in pregnancy and definitions of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria or signs of multi-organ involvement without proteinuria.
2) Antihypertensive medications are prescribed during pregnancy to prevent maternal complications of severe hypertension like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, not to cure preeclampsia.
3) Common antihypertensives discussed for use in pregnancy include methyldopa, hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine. Their mechanisms of action, dosages, and potential side effects are reviewed.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
1) The document discusses the pharmacotherapy of malaria, including the classification, mechanisms of action, and guidelines for treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria cases caused by different Plasmodium species.
2) It provides recommendations for using artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) as first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and chloroquine with primaquine for Plasmodium vivax cases.
3) For severe malaria, parenteral artemisinin derivatives or quinine are recommended along with management of complications.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy and accounts for 90% of cases of diabetes in pregnancy. Risk factors include age over 25, BMI over 25, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnic backgrounds. GDM is caused by insulin resistance during pregnancy and can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not well-controlled such as preeclampsia, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves screening all pregnant women between 24-28 weeks gestation with a glucose challenge test followed by a 3-hour 100g oral glucose tolerance test for those who fail. Management focuses on tight glycemic control through diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and possibly insulin
Rifampicin is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase. Common forms include capsules, syrup, ointment, and intravenous powder. Rifampicin must be taken regularly as part of a combination drug regimen to prevent drug resistance and is commonly used with isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin to treat tuberculosis. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, and liver dysfunction. Due to interactions with many other drugs, patients should notify their provider of all medications.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, infecting over 240 million people annually and killing over 1 million, mostly children in Africa. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. Diagnosis and treatment of both uncomplicated and severe malaria is discussed. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended treatments. For severe malaria, artesunate is the treatment of choice due to its superiority over quinine in clinical trials. Malaria control efforts aim to expand access to effective prevention and treatment.
Primary maternal syphilis infection can infect the fetus in utero. Without treatment, fetal infection risks include stillbirth, premature birth, low birthweight, and neonatal death. Fetal infection may also cause deformities of the nose, long bones, and teeth. Diagnosis involves maternal and fetal serology, with treatment of pregnant women and neonates with penicillin to prevent transmission and morbidity.
treatment of malaria: drugs combinationssumit bajpai
This document summarizes information about malaria, including that it is caused by a parasite transmitted via mosquito bites. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills and fatigue in cycles. It discusses diagnosis using blood tests and microscopy, as well as treatment with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and combinations including artemisinin. Prevention involves avoiding mosquito bites, chemoprophylaxis with drugs like chloroquine, and early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals.
1) The document discusses classifications of hypertension in pregnancy and definitions of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria or signs of multi-organ involvement without proteinuria.
2) Antihypertensive medications are prescribed during pregnancy to prevent maternal complications of severe hypertension like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, not to cure preeclampsia.
3) Common antihypertensives discussed for use in pregnancy include methyldopa, hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine. Their mechanisms of action, dosages, and potential side effects are reviewed.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
1) The document discusses the pharmacotherapy of malaria, including the classification, mechanisms of action, and guidelines for treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria cases caused by different Plasmodium species.
2) It provides recommendations for using artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) as first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and chloroquine with primaquine for Plasmodium vivax cases.
3) For severe malaria, parenteral artemisinin derivatives or quinine are recommended along with management of complications.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy and accounts for 90% of cases of diabetes in pregnancy. Risk factors include age over 25, BMI over 25, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnic backgrounds. GDM is caused by insulin resistance during pregnancy and can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not well-controlled such as preeclampsia, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves screening all pregnant women between 24-28 weeks gestation with a glucose challenge test followed by a 3-hour 100g oral glucose tolerance test for those who fail. Management focuses on tight glycemic control through diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and possibly insulin
Rifampicin is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase. Common forms include capsules, syrup, ointment, and intravenous powder. Rifampicin must be taken regularly as part of a combination drug regimen to prevent drug resistance and is commonly used with isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin to treat tuberculosis. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, and liver dysfunction. Due to interactions with many other drugs, patients should notify their provider of all medications.
This document discusses cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and gas gangrene. Cellulitis is a spreading skin infection below the skin surface caused commonly by Streptococcus bacteria. Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious soft tissue infection that spreads rapidly along fascial planes, and risk factors include diabetes and immunosuppression. Gas gangrene is a necrotizing soft tissue infection of muscle caused by Clostridium bacteria, often following trauma. It is characterized by pain, swelling, and crepitus or gas in tissues. Treatment for these conditions involves antibiotics, surgical debridement of infected tissues, and management of the underlying risk factors or injuries.
The document provides information on the management of chloroquine resistant malaria. It discusses the life cycle of malaria parasites, various antimalarial drugs including their mechanisms of action and treatment of chloroquine sensitive and resistant malaria. It summarizes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects over 500 million people annually, especially children in developing countries. Resistance to chloroquine, previously the first-line treatment, has emerged and led to the use of alternative antimalarial drugs.
This document provides prescribing information for NOVOSEVEN® RT (coagulation factor VIIa, recombinant), including important safety warnings, indications, dosage and administration instructions, adverse reactions, and drug interactions. Key details include:
- NOVOSEVEN® RT is indicated for bleeding episodes and perioperative management in patients with hemophilia A/B with inhibitors, congenital factor VII deficiency, acquired hemophilia, or Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
- Dosing is dependent on the condition and type of bleeding/surgery, with doses ranging from 15-90 mcg/kg administered every 2-6 hours.
- A black box warning indicates serious arterial and venous throm
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses factors to consider when choosing a method like effectiveness, cost, ease of use and side effects. Effectiveness rates of different methods are presented in a table. It also covers how hormonal methods, barrier methods like condoms, spermicides, cervical barriers and IUDs work. Details are given on proper use and potential side effects or health issues for each method. Emergency contraception, fertility awareness methods, and sterilization options are also outlined.
1) The document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria in India, outlining recommendations for diagnosing and treating both uncomplicated and severe malaria.
2) Diagnosis is primarily done through microscopy of blood smears, with rapid diagnostic tests and other tests also used. Uncomplicated malaria is generally treated with chloroquine or artemisinin combination therapy depending on the malaria species.
3) Severe malaria requires hospitalization and management of complications along with parenteral antimalarials such as artesunate or quinine. Drug resistance is an ongoing challenge requiring close monitoring.
1. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a coagulation disorder that can occur during pregnancy as a result of placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, or other traumatic events.
2. DIC results in the activation of coagulation factors and platelets throughout the blood vessels, leading to microthrombi formation and hemorrhage.
3. Diagnosis is based on delayed or absent clotting in plasma coagulation tests and decreased fibrinogen and platelet counts. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying condition and replacing clotting factors.
Methylprednisolone is a potent corticosteroid used to treat conditions requiring its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. It is slightly more potent than prednisolone. Methylprednisolone is indicated for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Common side effects include weight gain, mood changes, and increased risk of infection. It can interact with other drugs like NSAIDs and antibiotics.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum causes the most severe disease and majority of malaria deaths worldwide, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Symptoms include periodic fevers, chills, and flu-like illness. Without prompt treatment, P. falciparum malaria can lead to severe complications affecting the brain, kidneys, liver and blood cells. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of blood smears. Treatment depends on the parasite species and drug resistance patterns, but typically involves antimalarial medications such as chloroquine, quinine, or artemisinin-based combinations. Prevention focuses on mosquito control measures and antimalarial prophyl
Pruritis in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s. indiaalka mukherjee
This document provides information on pruritus (itchiness) during pregnancy, including:
- Pruritus affects 17-20% of pregnant women and can be caused by pre-existing skin conditions or pregnancy-specific dermatoses.
- Specific conditions that involve pruritus and may have risks for the fetus include pemphigoid gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and atopic eruption of pregnancy.
- Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is diagnosed based on pruritus, elevated bile acid levels, and resolution after delivery. Ursodeoxycholic acid and induction
This document discusses antiplatelet drug resistance in Asian populations. It covers several topics:
- Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance, their types and mechanisms. Genetic polymorphisms can impact drug metabolism and effectiveness.
- Laboratory tests to identify resistance, including platelet function tests and genetic testing to identify variants affecting drug metabolism.
- Factors that can influence drug resistance, such as medication compliance, drug interactions, and genetic factors affecting metabolic pathways.
- Management strategies depending on the resistance type, such as increasing drug doses or trying alternative medications.
This document provides information on convulsions during pregnancy. It discusses the different causes of convulsions including eclampsia, epilepsy, infections, tumors, and electrolyte imbalances. Eclampsia is defined as new-onset seizures in a woman with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation. The incidence of eclampsia is higher in developing countries. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing seizures in eclampsia. Management of eclampsia involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the fetus, and preventing further seizures and complications. Epilepsy during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus but does not necessarily contraindicate breastfeeding with proper monitoring and treatment.
HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It is caused by endothelial dysfunction and damage. Management involves careful monitoring, stabilization, and prompt delivery between 24-34 weeks with corticosteroid administration to improve fetal outcomes. Delivery is indicated after 34 weeks, while expectant management may be considered before 27 weeks with close monitoring.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a major public health issue in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The most severe and deadly form is caused by P. falciparum. Symptoms include fevers, chills, and flu-like illness. Without prompt treatment, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe complications and death. Diagnosis is by microscopy of blood films to detect the parasites. Treatment depends on the parasite species, but may include chloroquine, quinine, artemesinin or antifolate combinations. Prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance, control,
Hyperglycemia in pregnancy includes both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The document estimates that one in six live births worldwide are affected by some form of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, with the majority (75-90%) being GDM. GDM results from inadequate insulin secretion in the face of insulin resistance during pregnancy and is associated with increased risks for both mother and baby if not well-managed. Screening for and diagnosis of GDM typically involves a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test between 24-28 weeks of gestation.
Seizures during pregnancy can cause: Slowing of the fetal heart rate. Decreased oxygen to the fetus. Fetal injury, premature separation of the placenta from the uterus (placental abruption) or miscarriage due to trauma, such as a fall, during a seizure
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are among the top 3 causes of maternal mortality, responsible for 10-15% of deaths. The new classification of HDP defines it as hypertension in pregnancy and removes eclampsia from the major classification. Prediction of preeclampsia is important because the risk of recurrence can be as high as 35% and it is associated with maternal and neonatal complications. However, current screening tests are not reliable enough for clinical use as they lack specificity and predictive value. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and prevent complications like eclampsia.
Sickle cell anemia is an autosome linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from parents to the offspring when
both the partners are carrier for the gene (or heterozygous). The disease is controlled by a single pair of allele, HbA
and HbS. Out of the three possible genotypes only homozygous individuals for HbS (HbS, HbS) show the diseased phenotype. The ability to predict the clinical course of SCD during pregnancy is difficult. It is mandatory to follow up the patient closely from the very beginning i.e. from preconception to antenatal till labor. SCD is associated with both maternal and fetal complications and is associated with an increased incidence of perinatal mortality, premature
labor, fetal growth restriction and acute painful crises during pregnancy.
Home remedies and patient counselling tips for eczema- By Rxvichu-alwz4uh!!RxVichuZ
Hello friends.....this is my 12th PPT on HOME REMEDIES FOR ECZEMA.......................
It contains details on disease introduction, causes, types, symptoms, and suggested 10 home remedies based on perforated references.........
Also includes, what u SHUD DO and what u SHUDN'T , if u r having ECZEMA......................
Do go thru my ppt, and give ur reviews...thank you :)
@rxvichu-alwz4uh!!
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are useful for the rapid diagnosis of malaria. A study compared RDTs to microscopic examination in 43 malaria cases. RDTs diagnosed 41 cases (96%), while microscopy diagnosed 34 cases. Most cases were Plasmodium falciparum (88%). RDTs had high sensitivity (96.5%) but low specificity (21.4%) for P. falciparum. It was more effective at diagnosing malaria than microscopy. The study concluded that RDTs provide a simple, rapid and accurate method for malaria diagnosis, especially in remote areas where microscopy is not available.
Malaria: Pathophysiology, Medical and Nursing ManagementReynel Dan
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It remains prevalent in tropical areas. The most severe form, falciparum malaria, can be fatal if untreated but seldom if treated. Complications can include renal, liver or heart failure. Symptoms include chills, fever and fatigue in cycles. Diagnosis is by blood smear identifying parasites. Treatment depends on parasite type but may include chloroquine, quinine or primaquine, with nursing care focused on symptom management, fluid balance and monitoring for complications and drug side effects.
This document discusses cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and gas gangrene. Cellulitis is a spreading skin infection below the skin surface caused commonly by Streptococcus bacteria. Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious soft tissue infection that spreads rapidly along fascial planes, and risk factors include diabetes and immunosuppression. Gas gangrene is a necrotizing soft tissue infection of muscle caused by Clostridium bacteria, often following trauma. It is characterized by pain, swelling, and crepitus or gas in tissues. Treatment for these conditions involves antibiotics, surgical debridement of infected tissues, and management of the underlying risk factors or injuries.
The document provides information on the management of chloroquine resistant malaria. It discusses the life cycle of malaria parasites, various antimalarial drugs including their mechanisms of action and treatment of chloroquine sensitive and resistant malaria. It summarizes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects over 500 million people annually, especially children in developing countries. Resistance to chloroquine, previously the first-line treatment, has emerged and led to the use of alternative antimalarial drugs.
This document provides prescribing information for NOVOSEVEN® RT (coagulation factor VIIa, recombinant), including important safety warnings, indications, dosage and administration instructions, adverse reactions, and drug interactions. Key details include:
- NOVOSEVEN® RT is indicated for bleeding episodes and perioperative management in patients with hemophilia A/B with inhibitors, congenital factor VII deficiency, acquired hemophilia, or Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
- Dosing is dependent on the condition and type of bleeding/surgery, with doses ranging from 15-90 mcg/kg administered every 2-6 hours.
- A black box warning indicates serious arterial and venous throm
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods. It discusses factors to consider when choosing a method like effectiveness, cost, ease of use and side effects. Effectiveness rates of different methods are presented in a table. It also covers how hormonal methods, barrier methods like condoms, spermicides, cervical barriers and IUDs work. Details are given on proper use and potential side effects or health issues for each method. Emergency contraception, fertility awareness methods, and sterilization options are also outlined.
1) The document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria in India, outlining recommendations for diagnosing and treating both uncomplicated and severe malaria.
2) Diagnosis is primarily done through microscopy of blood smears, with rapid diagnostic tests and other tests also used. Uncomplicated malaria is generally treated with chloroquine or artemisinin combination therapy depending on the malaria species.
3) Severe malaria requires hospitalization and management of complications along with parenteral antimalarials such as artesunate or quinine. Drug resistance is an ongoing challenge requiring close monitoring.
1. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a coagulation disorder that can occur during pregnancy as a result of placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, or other traumatic events.
2. DIC results in the activation of coagulation factors and platelets throughout the blood vessels, leading to microthrombi formation and hemorrhage.
3. Diagnosis is based on delayed or absent clotting in plasma coagulation tests and decreased fibrinogen and platelet counts. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying condition and replacing clotting factors.
Methylprednisolone is a potent corticosteroid used to treat conditions requiring its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. It is slightly more potent than prednisolone. Methylprednisolone is indicated for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Common side effects include weight gain, mood changes, and increased risk of infection. It can interact with other drugs like NSAIDs and antibiotics.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum causes the most severe disease and majority of malaria deaths worldwide, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Symptoms include periodic fevers, chills, and flu-like illness. Without prompt treatment, P. falciparum malaria can lead to severe complications affecting the brain, kidneys, liver and blood cells. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of blood smears. Treatment depends on the parasite species and drug resistance patterns, but typically involves antimalarial medications such as chloroquine, quinine, or artemisinin-based combinations. Prevention focuses on mosquito control measures and antimalarial prophyl
Pruritis in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s. indiaalka mukherjee
This document provides information on pruritus (itchiness) during pregnancy, including:
- Pruritus affects 17-20% of pregnant women and can be caused by pre-existing skin conditions or pregnancy-specific dermatoses.
- Specific conditions that involve pruritus and may have risks for the fetus include pemphigoid gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and atopic eruption of pregnancy.
- Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is diagnosed based on pruritus, elevated bile acid levels, and resolution after delivery. Ursodeoxycholic acid and induction
This document discusses antiplatelet drug resistance in Asian populations. It covers several topics:
- Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance, their types and mechanisms. Genetic polymorphisms can impact drug metabolism and effectiveness.
- Laboratory tests to identify resistance, including platelet function tests and genetic testing to identify variants affecting drug metabolism.
- Factors that can influence drug resistance, such as medication compliance, drug interactions, and genetic factors affecting metabolic pathways.
- Management strategies depending on the resistance type, such as increasing drug doses or trying alternative medications.
This document provides information on convulsions during pregnancy. It discusses the different causes of convulsions including eclampsia, epilepsy, infections, tumors, and electrolyte imbalances. Eclampsia is defined as new-onset seizures in a woman with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation. The incidence of eclampsia is higher in developing countries. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing seizures in eclampsia. Management of eclampsia involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the fetus, and preventing further seizures and complications. Epilepsy during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus but does not necessarily contraindicate breastfeeding with proper monitoring and treatment.
HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It is caused by endothelial dysfunction and damage. Management involves careful monitoring, stabilization, and prompt delivery between 24-34 weeks with corticosteroid administration to improve fetal outcomes. Delivery is indicated after 34 weeks, while expectant management may be considered before 27 weeks with close monitoring.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a major public health issue in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The most severe and deadly form is caused by P. falciparum. Symptoms include fevers, chills, and flu-like illness. Without prompt treatment, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe complications and death. Diagnosis is by microscopy of blood films to detect the parasites. Treatment depends on the parasite species, but may include chloroquine, quinine, artemesinin or antifolate combinations. Prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance, control,
Hyperglycemia in pregnancy includes both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The document estimates that one in six live births worldwide are affected by some form of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, with the majority (75-90%) being GDM. GDM results from inadequate insulin secretion in the face of insulin resistance during pregnancy and is associated with increased risks for both mother and baby if not well-managed. Screening for and diagnosis of GDM typically involves a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test between 24-28 weeks of gestation.
Seizures during pregnancy can cause: Slowing of the fetal heart rate. Decreased oxygen to the fetus. Fetal injury, premature separation of the placenta from the uterus (placental abruption) or miscarriage due to trauma, such as a fall, during a seizure
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are among the top 3 causes of maternal mortality, responsible for 10-15% of deaths. The new classification of HDP defines it as hypertension in pregnancy and removes eclampsia from the major classification. Prediction of preeclampsia is important because the risk of recurrence can be as high as 35% and it is associated with maternal and neonatal complications. However, current screening tests are not reliable enough for clinical use as they lack specificity and predictive value. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and prevent complications like eclampsia.
Sickle cell anemia is an autosome linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from parents to the offspring when
both the partners are carrier for the gene (or heterozygous). The disease is controlled by a single pair of allele, HbA
and HbS. Out of the three possible genotypes only homozygous individuals for HbS (HbS, HbS) show the diseased phenotype. The ability to predict the clinical course of SCD during pregnancy is difficult. It is mandatory to follow up the patient closely from the very beginning i.e. from preconception to antenatal till labor. SCD is associated with both maternal and fetal complications and is associated with an increased incidence of perinatal mortality, premature
labor, fetal growth restriction and acute painful crises during pregnancy.
Home remedies and patient counselling tips for eczema- By Rxvichu-alwz4uh!!RxVichuZ
Hello friends.....this is my 12th PPT on HOME REMEDIES FOR ECZEMA.......................
It contains details on disease introduction, causes, types, symptoms, and suggested 10 home remedies based on perforated references.........
Also includes, what u SHUD DO and what u SHUDN'T , if u r having ECZEMA......................
Do go thru my ppt, and give ur reviews...thank you :)
@rxvichu-alwz4uh!!
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are useful for the rapid diagnosis of malaria. A study compared RDTs to microscopic examination in 43 malaria cases. RDTs diagnosed 41 cases (96%), while microscopy diagnosed 34 cases. Most cases were Plasmodium falciparum (88%). RDTs had high sensitivity (96.5%) but low specificity (21.4%) for P. falciparum. It was more effective at diagnosing malaria than microscopy. The study concluded that RDTs provide a simple, rapid and accurate method for malaria diagnosis, especially in remote areas where microscopy is not available.
Malaria: Pathophysiology, Medical and Nursing ManagementReynel Dan
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It remains prevalent in tropical areas. The most severe form, falciparum malaria, can be fatal if untreated but seldom if treated. Complications can include renal, liver or heart failure. Symptoms include chills, fever and fatigue in cycles. Diagnosis is by blood smear identifying parasites. Treatment depends on parasite type but may include chloroquine, quinine or primaquine, with nursing care focused on symptom management, fluid balance and monitoring for complications and drug side effects.
This document discusses malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). It explains that RDTs detect specific malaria antigens or proteins to identify if malaria parasites are present. There are three main types of antigens detected: HRP2, pLDH, and aldolase. RDTs are useful for diagnosis, case management, epidemiology, and screening donated blood. Their strengths are ease of use, rapid results, and not requiring refrigeration. Challenges include shorter shelf life and lower sensitivity than laboratory tests. Key factors for choosing an RDT are the Plasmodium species, accuracy, shelf life, ease of use, and cost. Guidelines recommend testing and monitoring RDT batches, manufacturer quality practices, cold chain transport
This document discusses various laboratory methods for diagnosing malaria, including microscopic diagnosis, fluorescent microscopy, quantitative buffy coat testing, antigen detection tests, serology tests, and PCR. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard, allowing identification of parasite species and quantification of parasitemia. Thick and thin blood films are prepared and examined under a microscope after staining. Rapid diagnostic tests can provide a preliminary diagnosis but cannot identify species or quantify parasitemia like microscopy. More sensitive methods include fluorescent microscopy, PCR, and quantitative buffy coat testing, but they require specialized equipment and reagents.
This document discusses various methods for laboratory diagnosis of malaria, including light microscopy, antigen detection tests, serology, and molecular techniques. Light microscopy examination of thick and thin blood films is the gold standard for diagnosis and can identify parasite species, but requires trained technicians. Rapid diagnostic tests provide rapid results but cannot detect mixed infections. Serology is useful for epidemiological purposes rather than direct diagnosis. Molecular techniques like PCR provide high sensitivity but are best for research and special cases due to cost and complexity. No single method is ideal so a diagnostic approach depends on the clinical situation and available resources.
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This document provides information on the treatment of malaria. It discusses the life cycle and epidemiology of Plasmodium species. For treatment, it outlines assessing the type of infection, severity, host status, and associated conditions. For uncomplicated malaria, it recommends various artemisinin-based combination therapies by Plasmodium species and region. For severe malaria, it recommends parenteral artesunate, artemether or quinine. It also covers malaria in pregnancy, mixed infections, resistance, dosing, and drug properties. The goal is to alleviate symptoms, prevent relapses and spread, using the appropriate drugs based on the infection and patient characteristics.
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of malaria in India. It discusses that malaria is a major public health problem, with about 1.5 million confirmed cases reported annually. The most severe form is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which accounts for 50% of cases. The guidelines cover the malaria life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis methods like microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests, treatment for different species including P. vivax and for uncomplicated and severe cases, and chemoprophylaxis recommendations. It recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy as the first-line treatment and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
SImplified Malaria overview for practising pediatricians in India - north india more specifically with a low incidence of malaria. By Dr Gaurav Gupta MD Pediatrician, Charak Clinics, Mohali, Chandigarh
Malaria in pregnancy poses risks to both mother and fetus. It is more common and severe in pregnant women, especially primigravidae, due to decreased immunity. Placental malaria occurs when infected erythrocytes sequester in the placenta, impairing nutrient transfer and potentially causing low birth weight. Treatment depends on severity and gestation, and may include quinine, artemether-lumefantrine, or artesunate. Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is also recommended. Managing complications like anemia, preterm birth and cerebral malaria is important.
Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a major global health issue, with an estimated 300-500 million cases and over 1 million deaths per year. The document discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, indications, adverse effects and combinations of various antimalarial drugs. It also covers treatment guidelines for uncomplicated and severe malaria, chemoprophylaxis, emerging vaccines and drug resistance in malaria parasites.
Uncomplicated and severe malaria are described. Uncomplicated malaria is defined as malaria symptoms with a positive test but no severe features, while severe malaria almost always involves P. falciparum and can be life-threatening. Treatment of uncomplicated malaria involves ACT like artemether-lumefantrine for 3 days. Severe malaria requires hospitalization and IV treatment with quinine or artesunate, along with managing complications and symptoms. Studies in Somalia found unacceptably high failure rates for artemether-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, indicating a need to replace it with a more effective ACT.
This document summarizes guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. It discusses that malaria is caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy, antigen detection tests, and PCR. Treatment depends on the parasite species and includes chloroquine, ACT for P. falciparum, and primaquine for P. vivax. It also covers chemoprophylaxis, severe malaria treatment, and drug resistance monitoring.
This document summarizes guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. It discusses that malaria is caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy, antigen detection tests, and PCR. Treatment depends on the species and severity, including chloroquine, ACT for uncomplicated cases, and quinine or artemisinin derivatives for severe cases. It also addresses chemoprophylaxis and management considerations for high-risk groups.
This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria. It defines uncomplicated malaria as a fever with symptoms like headache and joint pains. Uncomplicated malaria is diagnosed through blood smear microscopy and treated with Coartem over 3 days. Severe malaria involves additional symptoms like impaired consciousness and is treated with intravenous or intramuscular artesunate or quinine. Laboratory confirmation is required and differential diagnosis of other illnesses should be considered.
Malaria in pregnancy_documentation 030759.pptxByamugishaJames
Malaria in pregnancy can cause complications for both mother and fetus if not properly prevented and treated. The most common malaria parasite in Uganda is P. falciparum, which can lead to uncomplicated malaria with fever and mild symptoms or complicated malaria with severe symptoms like confusion and coma. Prevention involves intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine starting at 13 weeks of gestation. Uncomplicated malaria is typically treated with artemether/lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine over 3 days. Complicated malaria requires parenteral treatment with artesunate, artemether or quinine along with management of symptoms like convulsions, hypogly
Malaria recent guidelines who 2015 & indian 2014Kiran Bikkad
The document discusses malaria, its causative species, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in India. It notes that P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most common species causing around 50% of cases each. Chloroquine resistance has increased in P. falciparum. Diagnosis involves microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. Treatment depends on species and includes chloroquine for P. vivax and ACT for P. falciparum along with primaquine in some cases. Severe malaria requires parenteral artesunate or quinine along with supportive management. Prevention involves chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline or mefloquine in high risk groups.
This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. It discusses:
- Diagnosis of malaria through blood smears, identifying the Plasmodium species under microscopy. Rapid diagnostic tests are also used.
- Treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by P. vivax and P. falciparum with antimalarial medications like chloroquine, primaquine, and artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on species and drug resistance.
- Definition and treatment of complicated/severe malaria involving organ dysfunction, with immediate parenteral antimalarials in hospital followed by a complete oral treatment course.
This document provides information on protozoal and helminthic infections and their treatment. It discusses the characteristics, symptoms, and drugs used to treat major protozoal infections like amebiasis, giardiasis, and malaria. It also describes the life cycles and drugs used to treat helminthic infections like ascariasis, cysticercosis, opisthorchiasis and taeniasis. The document provides tables summarizing the drug of choice for specific protozoal infections and treatment guidelines for malaria as per national protocols in India. It also discusses the mechanisms of action and side effects of various antiprotozoal and anthelmintic drugs.
This document discusses chloroquine resistant malaria and recent advances in its treatment. It begins with an overview of the global and Indian scenarios of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It then discusses the definition, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment guidelines for chloroquine resistant malaria. For treatment, it recommends various artemisinin combination therapies as first-line treatment. It also provides details on the pharmacotherapy of severe, chloroquine resistant P. vivax malaria, and malaria in pregnancy. Throughout it discusses newer drug combinations, targets and advances in the treatment and prevention of chloroquine resistant malaria.
it includes introduction, causative agent, life cycle of malaria parasites, clinical presentation and treatment of uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria, and chemoprophylaxis and control measures for malaria.
malaria guidelines - a case of tropical fever ppt.ssuser4326621
A 26-year-old male presented with fever, headache, and an episode of unresponsiveness after recent travel to Africa. On examination, he had fever and tachycardia. Laboratory tests found pancytopenia and a positive malaria smear. He was diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the most severe and life-threatening form. After initial treatment at an outside hospital, he was given intravenous artesunate and oral artemether-lumefantrine in accordance with treatment guidelines. His liver and kidney function improved and he was discharged after recovery.
This document summarizes the history, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and recent advances in the management of malaria. It discusses the different Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, their life cycles and the various antimalarial drugs used for treatment and prophylaxis. Newer antimalarial drugs and vaccines currently under development are also mentioned. Artemisinin resistance emerging in Southeast Asia poses a major threat to malaria control and new drug combinations are being tested to address this issue.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Malaria
Globally 3.3 billion people are at risk of malaria
0.25 billion affected, 900 000 deaths annually (WHO,
2009)
80-90% of the deaths occur in Africa (WHO, 2012)
High Risk Groups
Children under 5 years
Pregnant women (Maternal anaemia, still birth, LBW)
HIV/AIDs
Non-immune travellers
3. Aetiological Agent of malaria in man
Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P.
vivax cause malaria in humans.
P. Knowlesi, monkey malaria parasite, have been
reported to cause human malaria in parts of SouthEast Asia. Potential cause of malaria for travellers
4. Malaria Parasite Genome
Complete genome sequence has been determined for:
P.falciparum, P.vivax and P.knowlesi
5. Malaria – mode of transmission
Bite of female Anopheles mosquito
Others:
Congenital (mother to child)
Blood transfusion
Contaminated needle prick
6. Life cycle of malaria parasite
In mosquitoes
Sexual ------- sporozites
In humans
Liver stages (Primary, hypnozoites – P.vivax & P.ovale)
Red blood cells – asexual and gametes
10. Parasite-based diagnostic methods
Microscopy of Giemsa stained blood smears
Alternatives: detection of malaria antibodies by –
indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA);
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)
Detection of malaria antigens
Immunochromatographic assay: basis of rapid
diagnostic tests (RDTs) – Parasight-F test, OptiMAL IT
Fluorescent stain – Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
Molecular methods: DNA probes and polymerase chain
reaction
11. Malaria diagnosis
Microscopy is the gold standard: for prompt
parasitological confirmation
alternatively by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)
Treatment solely on the basis of clinical suspicion
should only be considered when a parasitological
diagnosis is not accessible.
12. Recommended Interventions
Vector Control- Insecticide Treated Mosquito nets,
Indoor Residual Spraying, +/- larval control
Chemoprevention – for vulnerable group viz pregnant
women & infants (IPTp, IPTi) ; non-immune
Confirmation of malaria diagnosis – microscopy or
rapid diagnostic tests
Timely treatment – use appropriate antimalarial drug
13. Management options
Prevention
Prophylaxis
Therapy: Uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria,
malaria in special conditions
Orthodox medicine; traditional drugs – (Neem or
dongoyaro etc)
Home management of malaria (HMM)
Vaccines???
14. Treatment of malaria
Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACTs): first-
line treatment for P. falciparum malaria.
P. vivax malaria : chloroquine where it is effective, or
an appropriate ACT in areas where P. vivax is resistant
to chloroquine.
Treatment of P. vivax should be combined with a 14day course of primaquine to prevent relapse.
15. 2006 Recommendations for
uncomplicated P. falciparum
malaria.
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
Examples are:
artemether plus lumefantrine,
artesunate plus amodiaquine,
artesunate plus mefloquine, and
artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
Addition WHO 2010 guideline
Dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine (DHA+PPQ)
16. Second-line antimalarial treatment
alternative ACT known to be effective in the
region;
artesunate plus tetracycline or doxycycline or
clindamycin; any of these combinations to be
given for 7 days;
quinine plus tetracycline or doxycycline or
clindamycin; any of these combinations should be
given for 7 days
17. Currently recommended ACTS
for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in
alphabetical order are:
artemether plus lumefantrine,
artesunate plus amodiaquine,
artesunate plus mefloquine,
artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine,
dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine.
18. artemether plus lumefantrine
6-dose regimen over a 3-day period.
(5–14 kg: 1 tablet; 15–24 kg: 2 tablets; 25–34 kg: 3
tablets; and > 34 kg: 4 tablets), given twice a day for 3
days.
This extrapolates to 1.7/12 mg/kg body weight of
artemether and lumefantrine, respectively, per dose,
given twice a day for 3 days
Available as a fixed-dose formulation tablets
containing 20 mg of artemether and 120 mg of
lumefantrine.
19. artesunate plus amodiaquine
4 mg/kg/day artesunate and
10 mg/kg/day amodiaquine once a day for 3 days
Available as 50 mg of artesunate and 153 mg base of
amodiaquine separately &
As fixed dose formulations containing 25/67.5 mg,
50/135 mg or 100/270 mg of artesunate and
amodiaquine
20. artesunate plus mefloquine
4 mg/kg/day artesunate given once a day for 3 days
and 25 mg/kg of mefloquine either split over 2 days as
15mg/kg and 10mg/kg or
over 3 days as 8.3 mg/kg/day once a day for 3 days
Available as 50 mg of artesunate and 250 mg base of
mefloquine
21. artesunate plus sulfadoxinepyrimethamine
4 mg/kg/day artesunate given once a day for 3 days
and a single administration of 25/1.25 mg/kg
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on day 1
Available as 50 mg of artesunate tablet; and tablets
containing 500 mg of sulfadoxine and 25 mg of
pyrimethamine
22. dihydroartemisinin plus
piperaquine
4 mg/kg/day dihydroartemisinin and
18 mg/kg/day piperaquine once a day for 3 days
Available as 40 mg of dihydroartemisinin and 320 mg
of piperaquine
23. Special conditions: Pregnancy
First trimester: Quinine is safe in 1st trimester
quinine plus clindamycin to be given for 7 days
(artesunate plus clindamycin for 7 days is indicated if
this treatment fails);
an ACT is indicated only if this is the only treatment
immediately available, or if treatment with 7-day quinine
plus clindamycin fails or uncertainty of compliance with a
7-day treatment.
Second and third trimesters:
ACTs known to be effective in the country/region or
artesunate plus clindamycin to be given for 7 days, or
quinine plus clindamycin to be given for 7 days.
24. Pregnancy - first trimester
Quinine plus clindamycin for 7 days (and quinine
monotherapy if clindamycin is not available).
Artesunate plus clindamycin for seven (7) days is
indicated if this treatment fails
25. Caution in Pregnancy!
Quinine is associated with an increased risk of
hypoglycaemia in late pregnancy, and it should be
used only if effective alternatives are not available.
Primaquine and tetracyclines should not be used in
pregnancy
26. Lactating women & children
Lactating women:
Standard antimalarial treatment (including ACTs)
except for dapsone, primaquine and tetracyclines.
Infants and young children:
ACTs for first-line treatment with attention to accurate
dosing and ensuring the administered dose is retained.
27. Caution in lactation and children!!
Tetracycline is contraindicated in breastfeeding
mothers because of its potential effect on the infant’s
bones and teeth.
Primaquine should not be used in nursing women,
unless the breastfed infant is not G6PD-deficient
29. Non-immune individuals
atovaquone plus proguanil (15/6 mg/kg [adult dose – 4
tablets] once a day for 3 days)
Quinine, doxycycline (3.5 mg/kg once a day) or
clindamycin (10 mg/kg twice a day)
31. Prevention of malaria in nonimmune
Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) 250/100mg daily
Chloroquine (if parasite sensitive) 300mg base weekly
Doxycycline
Hydroxychloroquine
Mefloquine
Primaquine
100mg daily
310mg base weekly
228mg base weekly
30mg daily
32. Malaria and HIV
Prompt treatment
Treatment or intermittent preventive treatment
with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine should not be
given to HIV-infected patients receiving
cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim plus
sulfamethoxazole) prophylaxis.
Avoid amodiaquine-containing ACT regimens
treatment in HIV-infected patients on zidovudine
or efavirenz should, if possible,
33. Severe Malaria
Demonstration of P. falciparum asexual parasitaemia
in a patient +
no other obvious cause of symptoms +
the presence of one or more of the following clinical or
laboratory features
34. Clinical Features of Severe Malaria
impaired consciousness or unrousable coma
prostration, i.e. generalized weakness so that the patient is
unable walk or sit up without assistance
failure to feed
multiple convulsions – more than two episodes in 24 h
deep breathing, respiratory distress (acidotic breathing)
circulatory collapse or shock, systolic blood pressure < 70
mm Hg in adults and < 50 mm Hg in children
clinical jaundice plus evidence of other vital organ
dysfunction
Haemoglobinuria, abnormal spontaneous bleeding
35. Laboratory Parameters for Severe
Malaria
Hypoglycaemia (blood glucose < 2.2 mmol/l or < 40 mg/dl)
Metabolic acidosis (plasma bicarbonate < 15 mmol/l)
Severe normocytic anaemia (Hb < 5 g/dl, packed cell
volume < 15%)
Haemoglobinuria
Hyperparasitaemia
(> 2%/100 000/μl in low intensity transmission areas or
> 5% or 250 000/μl in areas of high stable malaria)
Hyperlactataemia (lactate > 5 mmol/l)
Renal impairment (serum creatinine > 265 μmol/l)
36. Severe Malaria – treatment
options
the cinchona alkaloids (quinine and quinidine) and
the
artemisinin derivatives (artesunate, artemether and
artemotil or beta arteether)
37. Severe Malaria
For adults, artesunate IV or IM:
quinine is an acceptable alternative if parenteral
artesunate is not available.
For children :
artesunate IV or IM;
quinine (IV infusion or divided IM injection);
artemether IM (should only be used if none of the
alternatives are available as its absorption may be
erratic).
38. Non-immune/Travellers: severe
malaria
In the management of severe malaria outside endemic
areas
There may be unavailability or delay in obtaining
artesunate, artemether or quinine
parenteral quinidine if available should be given with
careful clinical and electrocardiographic monitoring.
39. Severe Malaria - not recommended
Parenteral chloroquine because of widespread
resistance &
Intramuscular sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
40. Quinine
loading dose of quinine (i.e. 20 mg salt/kg body weight
– twice the maintenance dose) reduces the time
needed to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations.
The maintenance dose of quinine (10 mg salt/kg body
weight) is administered at 8-h intervals, starting 8 h
after the first dose
administered as a slow, rate-controlled infusion
(usually diluted in 5% dextrose and infused over 4 h
41. Quinidine
Is more toxic than quinine, it causes hypotension and
QT prolongation
Only to be used if no other effective parenteral drugs
are available.
Its use requires electrocardiographic monitoring and
frequent assessment of vital signs
42. Severe malaria (Rx - ctd)
Give parenteral antimalarials in the treatment of
severe malaria for a minimum of 24 h, once started
(irrespective of the patient’s ability to tolerate oral
medication earlier) and, thereafter, complete
treatment by giving a complete course of ACTs
43. Severe malaria – after parenteral
drug(s) complete treatment by
giving:
artemether plus lumefantrine,
artesunate plus amodiaquine,
dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine,
artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine,
artesunate plus clindamycin or doxycycline,
quinine plus clindamycin or doxycycline.
44. Severe Malaria: pre-referral
treatment options
rectal artesunate, quinine IM, artesunate IM,
artemether IM
and promptly refer to an appropriate facility for further
treatment.
45. Poser!!!
Intravenous (IV) artesunate should be used in
preference to quinine for the treatment of severe P.
falciparum malaria in adults.
“T3: Test. Treat. Track.” initiative, urging endemic
countries and stakeholders to scale up diagnostic
testing, treatment, and surveillance for malaria
46. Management of Antimalarial drug
Resistance
Therapeutic drug efficacy studies: to detect suspected
artemisinin resistance
artemisinin resistance: increase in parasite clearance time,
as evidenced by ≥ 10% of cases with parasites detected on
day 3 after treatment with an ACT
Additional studies: (i) In vitro studies to measure the
intrinsic sensitivity of parasites to antimalarial drugs
(ii) Molecular marker studies to identify genetic mutations
and subsequently confirm the presence of mutations in
blood parasites
(iii) pharmacokinetic studies to character drug absorption
& drug action in the body
47. References
Vinetz JM, Clain J, Bounkeua V, Eastman RT, Fidock D. Chemotherapy
of malaria. In: Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, 12TH Edition, Laurence Brunton, Bruce Chabner and
Bjorn Knollman (Editors). United States: McGraw-Hill, 2011 pp 13841418.
World Health Organization. World Malaria Report, 2012. Available at:
http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria
report_2012/wmr/2012_full_report.pdf
WHO 2010 Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 2nd Edition
National Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria 2011
Wongrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer
WH. A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid
diagnostic test (RDT).. Am J Trop Med 2007; 77(6suppl) 119-27
48. THANK YOU
Thank You For Your Attention
All the best in all your endeavours – practice and
examinations.