2. Burden
īŽ Globally, 207 million estimated
cases reported in 2012 with 6.2
lakh deaths (Source: World Malaria Report
2013)
īŽ SEAR estimated 27 million cases
with 42000 deaths in 2012 (Source:
World Malaria Report 2013)
3. Burden
īŽ India population wise distribution
(Source: World Malaria Report 2013, total population
of India 1237 million)Transmission
area
Cases Percentage
High
transmission
> 1 case per
1000
population
22%
Low
transmission
0-1 case per
1000
population
67%
Malaria free 0 cases 11%
7. īŽ Lancet study claims: malaria toll 40 times
the govt. count
īŽ Malaria killed an estimated 46,800
Indians in 2010
âĸ Source: Murray Christopher, et al. Global malaria mortality
between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, Vol.
Magnitude of problem
8. Vectors of Malaria
īŽ Anopheles culicifacies is the main
vector of malaria
īŽ 1. Feeding habits
īŽ It is a zoophilic species
īŽ When high densities build up
relatively large numbers feed on men
īŽ 2. Resting habits
īŽ Rests during daytime in human
dwellings and cattle sheds
9. Vectors of Malaria (contd.)
īŽ Breeding places
īŽ Breeds in rainwater pools and
puddles, borrow pits, river bed pools,
irrigation channels, seepages, rice
fields, wells, pond margins
īŽ Extensive breeding is generally
encountered following monsoon
rains.
10. Vectors of Malaria (contd.)
īŽ Biting time
īŽ Most of the vectors, including
Anopheles culicifacies, start biting
soon after dusk.
īŽ Therefore, biting starts much earlier
in winter than in summer
11. History of Malaria control
īŽ Bhore Committee (1946)
īŽ National Malaria Control Program
(1953)
īŽ National Malaria Eradication Program
(1958)
12. īŽ Urban Malaria Scheme (1971)
īŽ Modified Plan of Operation (1977)
īŽ Malaria Action Program (1995)
īŽ Enhanced Malaria Control Program
(1997)
History of Malaria control
(contd.)
13. īŽ National Anti Malaria Program (1999)
īŽ National Health Policy (2002)
īŽ National Vector Borne Disease Control
Program (2004)
History of Malaria control
(contd.)
14. īŽ Intensified Malaria Control Project
(2005)
īŽ National Rural Health Mission (2005)
History of Malaria control
(contd.)
15. Bhore Committee (1946)
īŽ Country wide comprehensive program
to control malaria recommended
īŽ Endorsed by Planning Commission in
1951
16. National Malaria Control
Programme (1953)
īŽ Objectives:
1. To bring down malaria transmission to
a level at which it would cease to be a
major public health problem
2. Thereafter an achievement was to be
maintained by each state to hold down
the malaria transmission at low level
indefinitely
17. īŽ Strategies:
1. Residual insecticide spray of human
dwelling and cattle sheds
2. Malaria control teams to carry out
surveys and to monitor the malaria
incidence in the control areas
3. Anti-malarial drugs were made
available for patients reporting to an
Institution
National Malaria Control
Programme (1953)
18. īŽ Impact:
īŽ Number of malaria cases and deaths
had decreased significantly
National Malaria Control
Programme (1953)
19. īŽ Change in concept from control to
eradication
īŽ Objective: eradicate malaria in 7-9
years
īŽ Impact: spectacular reduction in cases
and nil death reported in 1965
National Malaria Eradication
Programme (1958)
20. īŽ Setback: financial, logistic,
administrative and technical constraints
īŽ Result: resurgence of malaria during
1970âs
īŽ Way forward: urban areas had not
received special attention
National Malaria Eradication
Programme (1958)
21. Urban Malaria Scheme (1971)
īŽ Cause of concern:
īŽ urban malaria
īŽ proliferation of malaria from urban
to rural
22. īŽ Presently covering 131 towns
īŽ NORMS for selection of town:
ī The towns should have a minimum
population of 50,000
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
23. īŽ NORMS for selection of town:
ī The API should be 2 or above
ī Towns should promulgate and strictly
implement the civic by-laws to prevent/
eliminate domestic and peri-domestic
breeding places
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
24. īŽ The Municipal areas are divided into
wards of 25.6 sq. km;
īŽ each ward divided into 10 sectors of
2.56 sq. km
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
25. īŽ Staffing pattern for each ward:
ī 1 malaria officer and 1 insect collector
īŽ Staffing pattern for each sector:
ī 1 superior field worker, 2 field workers
ī 1 additional field worker for de-silting,
de-weeding and minor levelling
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
26. īŽ From the year 2009, procurement and
supply of larvicides has been
decentralized,
which means that the states will
procure themselves as per approved
norms from the cash provided by GoI
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
29. īŽ The strategies include:
īŽ Early case Detection and Prompt
Treatment (EDPT) through passive
surveillance institutions such as
hospitals, dispensaries and malaria
clinics.
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
30. īŽ Recurrent anti-larval measures through
larvicides in towns reporting malaria.
īŽ Minor engineering methods like source
reduction, canalization, de-weeding etc.
īŽ Biological control using larvivorous fish
at appropriate breeding sites.
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
31. īŽ IEC campaigns for community
awareness and their involvement.
īŽ Space spray as emergency response to
control vector mosquitoes and their
rapid reduction in domestic and peri
domestic situations.
īŽ Legislative measures.
Urban Malaria Scheme (under
NVBDCP)
32. īŽ Intensive anti larval measures and drug
treatment were the mainstay of UMS in
1971
īŽ Setback: high number of cases
recorded in 1976
Urban Malaria Scheme (1971)
33. Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
īŽ Attempts at malaria eradication were
given up
īŽ MPO adopted
34. īŽ Objectives
ī Elimination of malarial deaths
ī Reduction of malaria morbidity
ī Maintenance of gains achieved to stop
further transmission
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
35. īŽ Strategies: to divide area in 2 groups
ī API 2 and above
ī API less than 2
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
36. īŽ API less than 2
âĸ Focal Spray of DDT (BHC or
malathion)
âĸ Surveillance and treatment: active and
passive surveillance should be carried
out and presumptive treatment is given
to all the fever suspected cases
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
37. īŽ API less than 2
âĸ Epidemiological investigation of a
malaria case to determine the causative
factors
âĸ Ensuring radical treatment of those
patients who are found positive in their
blood smear
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
38. īŽ API 2 and above
âĸ Insecticidal spray
âĸ Entomological studies
âĸ Malaria surveillance
âĸ Treatment of cases
âĸ Decentralization of laboratory services
to PHC level
âĸ Establishment of DDC and FTD
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
39. īŽ API 2 and above
âĸ Attempts were made to intensity the
efforts in rural areas with assistance of
the Swedish International Development
Agency (SIDA) by providing input under
P falciparum Containment Program
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
40. īŽ API 2 and above
âĸ Regular 2 rounds of insecticidal spray
with DDT/ Malathion / Synthetic
Pyrethroids at the dose of 1, 2, 0.5
mg/sq meter respectively.
âĸ Entomological assessment for vector
behavior and development of
insecticidal resistance
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
41. īŽ API 2 and above
âĸ Active and passive surveillance is
carried out on regular basis every
fortnight
âĸ Presumptive Treatment to all fever
cases and radical treatment to all slide
positive cases is given
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
42. īŽTechnical Advisory Committee on
Malaria further prioritized the criteria for
undertaking IRS in 2002
Modified Plan of Operation
(2002 recommendations)
43. īŽ Criteria:
1. All areas with > 5 API where ABER is >
10%
2. All areas reporting > 5% SPR, if ABER
< 10%
3. P falciparum > 50%
Modified Plan of Operation
(2002 recommendations)
44. īŽ Criteria:
4. API < 5 or SPR < 5%
âĸ in case of drug resistant foci;
âĸ project areas with population
migration;
âĸ and aggregation or other vulnerable
factors including peri-contonment
areas
Modified Plan of Operation
(2002 recommendations)
45. īŽ Criteria:
5. Provision of insecticidal spraying in
epidemic situation
6. Other parameters including
entomological, ecological, etc. also
considered while prioritizing areas
Modified Plan of Operation
(2002 recommendations)
46. īŽ High risk areas and populations will be
re-defined at least annually
īŽ High risk areas protected by IRS and
ITNs and coverage will be more than
80%
Modified Plan of Operation
(2002 recommendations)
47. īŽ API > 5:
âĸ Areas are planned to be covered by
LLINs
īŽ API > 2:
âĸ Conventional net treated with
insecticides and IRS
īŽ API 2-5:
âĸ Conventional net treated with
Modified Plan of Operation
(2002 recommendations)
48. īŽ Impact: MPO was able to control
malaria deaths, but during 1994,
resurgence of malaria was observed in
some states
īŽ Outbreaks were reported from
Rajasthan, Manipur and Nagaland
īŽ During 1995 from Assam, Maharashtra
and West Bengal
īŽ 1996: Rajasthan and Haryana
Modified Plan of Operation
(1977)
49. Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
īŽ Malaria control was made 100%
centrally sponsored scheme since
December 1994 for seven North-
eastern states and states like Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Orissa and Rajasthan
50. īŽ Problem areas:
A. Hardcore areas (Tribal Areas)
B. Epidemic Prone Areas
C. Project Areas
D. Triple Insecticide resistant Areas
E. Urban Areas
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
51. īŽ Hardcore (tribal areas)
âĸ Difficult terrain areas
âĸ Predominantly tribal
âĸ Predominantly P falciparum
âĸ Stable malaria with transmission period
extending up to 9 months or more
âĸ Predominantly have more deaths due to
malaria
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
52. īŽ Hardcore (tribal areas)
īŽ Disease management
âĸ IEC and intensified IEC
âĸ Case detection and presumptive
treatment of fever
âĸ Radical treatment with priority to Pf
cases within 48 hours
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
53. īŽ Hardcore (tribal areas)
âĸ MPW should be able to identify severe
cases of malaria requiring referral
âĸ PHC well-equipped to tackle severe
malaria
âĸ Alternative drug in chloroquin resistant
Pf areas
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
54. īŽ Hardcore (tribal areas)
īŽ Action required
âĸ Link worker: one for 2000 population
âĸ Also work as FTD and carry all blood
slides of his area to PHC or malaria
clinic twice a week
âĸ Also bring drugs and microslides for
FTDs in his area
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
55. īŽ Epidemic prone areas
âĸ Climatic zones with annual rainfall up to
100 mm
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
56. īŽ Epidemic prone areas
īŽ Disease management
âĸ Case detection and presumptive
treatment
âĸ Blood slide collection and examination
âĸ Radical treatment with priority to Pf
cases within 48 hours
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
57. īŽ Project areas
âĸ Non-immune population of laborer to
endemic areas
âĸ Prolific increase in vector breeding
places
âĸ Increased man-mosquito contact
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
58. īŽ Project areas
īŽ Disease management
âĸ Mass screening of labor/incoming
population should be continuously done
if transmigration is frequent
âĸ All incoming persons from high risk
tribals should be given presumptive
treatment along with a single dose of
45mg Primaquine
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
59. īŽ Project areas
īŽ Disease management
âĸ Alternative drug in chloroquine resistant
of Pf areas
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
60. īŽ Urban areas
īŽ 15 cities are accountable for nearly
80% of Pf malaria cases
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
61. īŽ Urban areas
īŽ Disease management
âĸ Active surveillance in slum areas
weekly
âĸ Passive surveillance in hospitals
âĸ Presumptive treatment
âĸ Radical treatment with priority to Pf
cases
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
62. īŽ Urban areas
īŽ Action required
âĸ Provide adequate staff for active
surveillance in slum areas and one
worker for 20000 population
âĸ Establish one malaria clinic for 50000
population
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
63. īŽ Urban areas
īŽ Action required
âĸ Location of malaria clinic should be
preferably adjoining slum area if
possible and wherever feasible its
location should be in existing
dispensary
Malaria Action Programme
(1995)
64. Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
īŽ Center sought external support from
World Bank
īŽ Selection of PHCs is based on:
i) API > 2 for last 3 years;
ii) Pf cases are more than 30% of the
malaria cases;
65. Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
īŽ Center sought external support from
World Bank
īŽ Selection of PHCs is based on:
iii) 25% population of the PHC is tribal;
iv) The area has been reporting deaths
due to malaria and also has the
flexibility to direct resources to any
needy areas in case of outbreak of
66. īŽ Objectives:
1. Effective control of malaria to bring
reduction in malaria morbidity
2. Prevention of death due to malaria
3. Consolidation of the gain achieved so
far
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
67. īŽ Strategies
1. Early case detection and prompt
treatment;
2. Vector control by indoor residual
insecticide spray in rural areas with API
of 2 and above in the preceding three
years with appropriate insecticide and
by recurrent anti-malaria in urban
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
68. īŽ Strategies
3. Health Education and community
participation
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
69. īŽ Components of EMCP
1. Early case detection and prompt
treatment
2. Selective Vector Control
3. Legislative Measures
4. Personal Protective Measures
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
70. īŽ Components of EMCP
5. Epidemic Planning and Rapid
Response and Intersectoral
Coordination
6. Institutional and Management
capacities strengthening
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
72. 1. Early case detection and prompt
treatment:
īŽLink worker in high Pf areas for a
population of 2000 is appointed by
Panchayat and paid rs. 500 per month
īŽHe collects blood smears, provides
presumptive treatment and forwards
slides to PHC
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
73. 1. Early case detection and prompt
treatment:
īŽOne microscope for every 30000
population at PHC in rural areas and for
50000 for urban areas
īŽDipstick test in selected areas
īŽ1 FTD in every village
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
74. 1. Early case detection and prompt
treatment:
īŽDrugs in sufficient quantity made
available
īŽArtemisinine derivatives also introduced
īŽInvolvement of private sectors in case
detection and treatment
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
75. 2. Selective Vector Control
īŽBioenvironmental Methods
īIntroduction of Larvivorous fishes
īUse of biocides: bacillus thuringiensis H-
14 in selected urban areas
īEnvironmental management methods
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
76. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - BtiBIOLOGICAL CONTROL - Bti
The bacillus Bti (Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis !!!) can be incubated in
coconuts, where it multiplies. The coconuts are then broken open and
thrown into pools, where the bacilli are eaten by the mosquito larvae.
They kill the larvae by destroying its gut.
The bacillus Bti (Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis !!!) can be incubated in
coconuts, where it multiplies. The coconuts are then broken open and
thrown into pools, where the bacilli are eaten by the mosquito larvae.
They kill the larvae by destroying its gut.
Spraying Bti
from a boat
Spraying Bti
from a boat
The
incubation
stage
The
incubation
stage
Adding
to pools
Adding
to pools
77. 2. Selective Vector Control
īŽSelective spray
īVillage in which there is one case of Pf
or more qualify for residual spray in
project area.
īSynthetic pyrethroids (safer)
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
78.
79. 3. Legislative Measures
īŽByelaws for control of mosquitoes (as in
Delhi and Mumbai) would be extended to
cover whole country
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
80. 4. Personal Protective Measures
īŽBednet program
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
81. 5. Epidemic Planning and Rapid
Response and Intersectoral Coordination
īŽSector like agriculture, environment,
education and so on are sensitized to
malaria problem
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
82. 6. Institutional and Management
Capacities Strengthening
īŽManagement Information System (MIS)
īŽIEC
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
83. 7. Operation Research
īŽHealth seeking behaviour especially of
malaria patients
īŽEconomic analysis of various
interventions
īŽAlternative drug regimens and
introduction of artesunate
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
84. 7. Operation Research
īŽEvaluation of bednets and curtains
īŽTrial with biolarvicidal agents
īŽEntomological monitoring
īŽMigratory patterns leading to malaria
outbreaks
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
85. 8. Community Participation
īŽâBottom upâ planning, in which village
Panchayat would be responsible for all
matters related to health and
development
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
86. īŽ PROGRESS:
īŽ Since 1997, EMCP implemented in
1045 PHCs in 100 districts
predominantly Pf malaria endemic and
tribal dominated districts in AP,
Jharkhand, Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh,
Mh, Odisha and Rajasthan covering
62.2 million population.
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
87. īŽ PROGRESS:
īŽ In addition 19 cities/town in these states
and in TN, Karnataka, and WB
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
88. īŽ IMPACT:
īŽ Out of 100 EMC districts, 79% have
recorded decline in Malaria incidence
during 2003
īŽ Number of Pf cases has declined from
0.72 million in 1997 to 0.41 million in
2004
Enhanced Malaria Control
Project (1997)
90. National Health Policy (2002)
īŽ Goal:
īŽ Reduction in mortality on account of
malaria and other VBDs by 50% by
2010 and efficient morbidity control
91. NVBDCP (2004)
1. Early case Detection and Prompt
Treatment:
main strategy of malaria control â radical
treatment is necessary to prevent
transmission of malaria
īŽChloroquine is the main anti-malaria
drug for uncomplicated malaria
92. 1. Early case Detection and Prompt
Treatment:
īŽDDCs and FTDs have been established
in the rural areas
īŽAlternative drugs for chloroquine
resistant malaria are recommended as
per the drug policy of malaria
NVBDCP (2004)
93. 2. Vector ControlÂ
(i) Chemical Control
īŽ Use of IRS with insecticides
recommended under the programme
īŽ Use of chemical larvicides like Abate
in potable water
īŽ Aerosol space spray during day time
īŽ Malathion fogging during outbreaks
NVBDCP (2004)
94. NVBDCP (2004)
2. Vector Control
(ii) Biological Control
īŽ Use of larvivorous fish in ornamental
tanks, fountains etc.
īŽ Use of biocides.
95. 2. Vector Control
(iii) Personal Prophylactic Measures
īŽUse of mosquito repellent creams,
liquids, coils, mats etc.
īŽScreening of the houses with wire mesh
īŽUse of bed nets treated with insecticide
īŽWearing clothes that cover maximum
surface area of the body
NVBDCP (2004)
96. 3. Community Participation
īŽ Sensitizing and involving the
community for detection of Anopheles
breeding places and their elimination
īŽ NGO schemes involving them in
programme strategies
īŽ Collaboration with private sector.
NVBDCP (2004)
97. 4. Environmental Management & Source
Reduction Methods
īŽ Source reduction i.e. filling of the
breeding places
īŽ Proper covering of stored water
īŽ Channelization of breeding source
NVBDCP (2004)
98. 5. Monitoring and Evaluation of the
Program
īŽ Monthly Computerized Management
Information System(CMIS)
īŽ Field visits by state by State National
Program Officers
īŽ Field visits by Malaria Research
Centers and other ICMR Institutes
īŽ Feedback to states on field
observations for correction actions
NVBDCP (2004)
99. Insecticide Policy
īŽ DDT should be the insecticide of choice
for residual spray.
īŽ If resistance found to DDT then
Malathion is the alternative choice.
īŽ In case of resistance to both DDT and
malathion then synthetic Pyrethroids is
the choice.
100. īŽ ITMN: as a measure for protection
against mosquitoes was started in
general and in NE states particularly
īŽ Synthetic Pyrethroids namely
Deltamarin (2.5%) at dosage of
25mg/sq m and Cyflutharin (5%) at
50mg/sq m is used to impregnate the
nets
Insecticide Policy
101. World Bank assisted NVBDCP
project
ī On Malaria control and Kala azar
elimination effective from 6th
March,
2009; though started from August 2008
for a period of 5 years
ī Being implemented in 2 phases in 93
districts of 10 states
102. īŽ Strategies :
īŽ improve case management, improving
surveillance, effective vector control, m
& e, program management & capacity
building
World Bank assisted NVBDCP
project
103. Global Fund supported project
âIntensified Malaria Control
Projectâ:
īImplemented in 106 districts of 10 states
for a period of 5 years from July 2005 to
June 2010
Intensified Malaria Control
Project (2005)
104. Global Fund supported project
âIntensified Malaria Control
Projectâ:
īFor areas under GFATM project,
additional support is given for the
following 5 activities:
īŧProvision of rapid diagnostic kits
īŧProvision of artemisinin combination
therapy (ACT) for Pf cases
Intensified Malaria Control
Project (2005)
105. Global Fund supported project
âIntensified Malaria Control
Projectâ:
īŧAdditional manpower for strengthening
supervision and monitoring
īŧProvision of ITMN to high endemic areas
īŧTreatment of community owned bed nets
with insecticides
Intensified Malaria Control
Project (2005)
106. Roll back Malaria (RBM)
īŽ Is a global partnership founded in 1998
by WHO ,UNDP, UNICEF and the
World bank
īŽ To halve malaria-associated mortality
by 2010 and again by 2015
107. Malaria vaccine
īŽ RTS,S malarial candidate vaccine is
only vaccine which is found to be
effective in adults ,children and infants
in neutral field trials ,for which Phase 3
clinical trial is planned.
īŽ It leads to formation of antibodies
against AMA 1(Apical Membrane
Antigen) which is present on merozoite
of P.falciparum
108. Remote Sensing in Vector
Borne Disease Control
īŽ Remote Sensing (RS) technology is a
tool for the surveillance of habitat,
densities of vector species and even
prediction of the incidence of disease
that must be considered as new
invention in the epidemiology of malaria
and vector-borne diseases.
109. īŽ Remote sensing is to sense any object
from a distance
īŽ The principle of RS rests on the fact
that every object absorbs some part of
radiation received from sunlight.
Remote Sensing in Vector
Borne Disease Control
110. īŽ Depending upon its physical and
chemical properties, the object absorbs
some part of radiation while the
remaining part is reflected in specific
wavelength of the electromagnetic
spectrum (EMS). This reflected energy
is channelised through a telescope to
detectors/sensors present on board of
the satellites.
Remote Sensing in Vector
Borne Disease Control
111. īŽ The sensors are sensitive to different
bands of EMS. The sensors convert the
light energy into electrical voltages
produces two-dimensional discrete
pictures.
Remote Sensing in Vector
Borne Disease Control
112. īŽ These are different for different objects
and the satellite pass over a particular
part of earth at the fixed time intervals
repeatedly making it possible to monitor
changes in the lad use categories viz.
Water bodies, vegetation, forests, soil
mapping, geology, crop estimation,
detection of fire in forest, mines, oil
sleek in sea, etc.
Remote Sensing in Vector
Borne Disease Control
113. īŽ Such data is generated in National
Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad,
in India. A feasibility study using
Satellite data in collaboration with the
Indian Space Research Organisation in
and around Delhi was carried out and
correlation of changes in the areas of
land use features viz. Water bodies and
vegetations with mosquito density was
found significant in some sites
Remote Sensing in Vector
Borne Disease Control
114. NIMR
īŽ National Institute of Malaria Research
(NIMR) was established in 1977 as
'Malaria Research Centre', which was
renamed as 'National Institute of
Malaria Research' in November 2005.
īŽ NIMR is one of the institutes of the
ICMR
115. īŽ The primary task of the Institute is to
find short term as well as long term
solutions to the problems of malaria
through basic, applied and operational
field research.
īŽ The Institute also plays a key role in
man power resource development
through trainings/workshops and
transfer of technology.
NIMR
118. NIMR
ī 15 studies are conducted in a year
through Pf monitoring teams through
ROH&FWs and National Institute of
Malaria Research (NIMR) at different
places
ī Based on their report, resistance areas
are identified and their drug policy
changed
The principal activities are regular insecticidal spraying and entomological assessment. The supportive activities are active and passive surveillance, presumptive and radical treatment. 2 rounds of DDT, 3 rounds of malathion or 2 rounds of pyrethroids, the choice of insecticide depends on resistance developed by vector. Insecticidal spraying is guided by the periodic assessment of entomological assessment who study the behavior of vector mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes tend to be most active from dusk into the night. Spraying the shaded sides of trees and buildings during the day while they are resting is a common approach to eradication.