Major Oceanic Currents of the World
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The document discusses ocean currents, their causes, types, and effects. Ocean currents are large horizontal movements of ocean water caused by factors like wind, temperature differences, and the Earth's rotation. There are warm currents that flow from the equator towards the poles, and cold currents that flow from the poles towards the equator. Major warm currents include the Gulf Stream and Brazil Current, while cold currents include the Labrador and California currents. Ocean currents influence climate by modifying temperatures and rainfall patterns, and affect trade and economies through impacts on ports, fisheries, and transport of goods.
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4. Ocean Current Notes
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
Ocean current
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
ocean currents water masses
The document discusses various topics related to ocean currents including:
1. Surface currents are driven by wind and heat distribution and form large gyre patterns in the oceans.
2. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity and redistribute heat around the globe through thermohaline circulation.
3. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold water to coastlines, affecting local and regional weather patterns.
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are large-scale movements of ocean water that transport heat and moisture around the globe. There are two main types of ocean currents: surface currents, which form in the upper 400 meters and are driven by wind, and deep water currents, which make up 90% of ocean circulation and are driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Deep water currents form a global conveyor belt pattern as cool, dense water sinks and warm water rises, circulating through all oceans. Ocean currents play a key role in regulating global climate and temperatures, and their disruption could significantly impact weather patterns and marine ecosystems.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Ocean Circulation
The document discusses ocean circulation and currents. It describes how surface ocean currents are driven primarily by wind and transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas, affecting coastal climates. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from factors like temperature and salinity. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, which form part of the North Atlantic gyre and transport warm water northward.
Higher Geography Ocean Currents
Ocean currents play an important role in redistributing heat around the globe. They transfer warm water towards the poles and cool water towards the equator, making sure temperatures remain balanced. Ocean currents are driven by thermohaline circulation, where differences in water density due to temperature and salinity cause convection currents. Major currents like the Gulf Stream can flow for thousands of kilometers and have a significant impact on nearby climates, such as northwest Europe which is warmer than expected for its northern latitude due to the Gulf Stream.
Ocean Currents Powerpoint
Ocean currents move vast amounts of water around the globe and play an important role in transporting organisms, nutrients, and pollutants. There are three main types of currents: surface currents driven by wind, thermohaline circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences, and wind-driven upwelling where wind causes deeper water to rise. Surface currents form massive circular gyres in each ocean basin and eddies that transport materials to new areas, while thermohaline circulation drives a global conveyor belt of water movement.
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4. Ocean Current Notes
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
Ocean current
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
ocean currents water masses
The document discusses various topics related to ocean currents including:
1. Surface currents are driven by wind and heat distribution and form large gyre patterns in the oceans.
2. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity and redistribute heat around the globe through thermohaline circulation.
3. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold water to coastlines, affecting local and regional weather patterns.
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are large-scale movements of ocean water that transport heat and moisture around the globe. There are two main types of ocean currents: surface currents, which form in the upper 400 meters and are driven by wind, and deep water currents, which make up 90% of ocean circulation and are driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Deep water currents form a global conveyor belt pattern as cool, dense water sinks and warm water rises, circulating through all oceans. Ocean currents play a key role in regulating global climate and temperatures, and their disruption could significantly impact weather patterns and marine ecosystems.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Ocean Circulation
The document discusses ocean circulation and currents. It describes how surface ocean currents are driven primarily by wind and transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas, affecting coastal climates. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from factors like temperature and salinity. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, which form part of the North Atlantic gyre and transport warm water northward.
Higher Geography Ocean Currents
Ocean currents play an important role in redistributing heat around the globe. They transfer warm water towards the poles and cool water towards the equator, making sure temperatures remain balanced. Ocean currents are driven by thermohaline circulation, where differences in water density due to temperature and salinity cause convection currents. Major currents like the Gulf Stream can flow for thousands of kilometers and have a significant impact on nearby climates, such as northwest Europe which is warmer than expected for its northern latitude due to the Gulf Stream.
Ocean Currents Powerpoint
Ocean currents move vast amounts of water around the globe and play an important role in transporting organisms, nutrients, and pollutants. There are three main types of currents: surface currents driven by wind, thermohaline circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences, and wind-driven upwelling where wind causes deeper water to rise. Surface currents form massive circular gyres in each ocean basin and eddies that transport materials to new areas, while thermohaline circulation drives a global conveyor belt of water movement.
Ocean Currents PowerPoint
Ocean currents move vast amounts of water around the globe and play an important role in transporting organisms, nutrients, and pollutants. There are three main types of currents: surface currents driven by wind, thermohaline circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences, and wind-driven upwelling where wind causes deeper water to rise. Surface currents form massive circular gyres in each ocean basin and eddies that transport materials to new areas, while thermohaline circulation drives a global conveyor belt of water movement.
Ocean currents of the world
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic "OCEAN CURRENTS OF THE WORLD". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*.
By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)
*******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
or
Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
The Ocean Currents
This document provides an overview of ocean currents. It begins with introductions and objectives, describing how the document will explain ocean currents, their properties, causes, and global distribution. It then discusses various methods of measuring ocean currents and defines units like knots. The document proceeds to explain different types of currents like wind-driven currents and thermohaline circulation, as well as phenomena like gyres and tidal currents. Major currents around the world are also introduced.
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are large-scale circulation patterns in the ocean driven by factors like winds, solar heating, and water density differences from temperature and salinity changes. Major current systems include subtropical gyres in each ocean basin characterized by warm equatorial currents, western boundary currents, and eastern return flows. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is a continuous current that circles Antarctica. Thermohaline circulation involves deep water formation and global overturning. Surface currents redistribute heat globally while deep currents transport nutrients and oxygen. Currents influence climate, marine life distributions, and biogeochemical cycles.
Ocean circulation
Global ocean circulation patterns, adapted from Gilroy ECA presentation on ocean circulation.
Website: gilroyeca.blogspot.com
Ocean currents
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. A convection cell is a circular flow pattern caused by heating and cooling of the atmosphere or ocean.
2. In the Southern Hemisphere, currents get deflected to the left due to the Coriolis effect.
3. An Ekman spiral occurs in the upper 100 meters or less of the ocean.
4. Surface currents are created by wind stress and friction at the air-sea interface.
5. A gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents, typically thousands of kilometers across.
6. During an El Nino, upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water is reduced along the coasts of the Americas.
7. The
Ocean floor
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Ocean currents Power Point Slides
Ocean currents are large streams of moving water that flow through the oceans and are capable of transporting large amounts of water over long distances. Surface currents are driven mainly by wind and circulate in gyres, while deep currents are caused by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. Upwelling occurs when winds cause colder, nutrient-rich water to rise up from the ocean depths, fueling areas of high biological productivity important for fisheries.
Sea level change
This document summarizes different types of coastal landforms including those formed by changes in sea level: rias are flooded river valleys with gently sloping sides; fjords are steep-walled glacial valleys flooded after ice melt; and raised beaches and abandoned coastlines provide evidence of higher former sea levels. Eustatic sea level changes are global in scale due to ice volume changes, while isostatic changes are local and caused by land level changes from glacial rebound or subsidence under ice weight.
Coastal processes
Coastal systems can be divided into erosional shorelines and depositional shorelines based on dominant long-term processes. Erosional shorelines are dominated by erosive forces and typically have high-relief rocky coasts, while depositional shorelines are dominated by depositional processes and include environments like deltas, barrier islands, and reef coasts. Coasts experience various erosive and depositional processes from waves, such as refraction, longshore drift, and swash/backwash, which shape the shoreline over time. Stabilizing eroding coasts involves hard structures, beach nourishment, or relocation, but these approaches have limitations and tradeoffs.
Sea level changes
Sea level changes over geological timescales are reconstructed using a wide range of techniques. Relative sea level rises are indicated by submerged coastal features, while falls are shown by raised beaches and shorelines. Oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments also reveal changes in global sea level during the Quaternary period, with average sea levels 50-60m lower during glacial periods. More recently, sea levels rose rapidly following the last glacial maximum but have been relatively stable over the past 5,000-6,000 years. Future sea level rise is projected to have significant environmental and economic impacts through coastal flooding and erosion.
Motion in the ocean
Waves are disturbances that move through or over the surface of a fluid, usually caused by winds, earthquakes, gravitational pull, or volcanoes. Waves are generated by a force and restored to their original level by a restoring force, such as surface tension or gravity. Individual water molecules move up and down in vertical orbits as a wave passes through without moving forward or backward. Wave characteristics include crest, trough, height, wavelength, period, frequency, and speed. Wave size depends on wind speed, duration, and fetch. Longer period waves travel faster than shorter waves.
Surface currents
Surface currents in the oceans are caused by wind blowing over the water and the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect causes wind-driven surface waters to curve clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, forming massive circular gyre systems in the major ocean basins. These wind patterns and the Coriolis effect result in western boundary currents along the western edges of oceans that are stronger than the eastern boundary currents along eastern edges due to increased Coriolis effect at higher latitudes, such as the Gulf Stream current.
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Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
waves and tides
Waves and tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. There are different types of waves including wind waves and tsunamis. Tides are the regular rising and falling of ocean water levels caused by lunar and solar gravitational forces. High tides occur when the gravitational pulls act in alignment and low tides occur when they are perpendicular. Tides are important because they allow for shipping in harbors and prevent freezing in cold weather ports.
Ocean circulation
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Ocean Waves.ppt
1. A surface wave is an oscillating disturbance that moves across the sea surface without transferring mass.
2. Key wave parameters include crest, trough, wavelength, wave height, amplitude, wave period, and frequency.
3. Wave energy is directly proportional to the square of the wave height and depends on water density and gravity. Significant wave height refers to the average height of the largest third of waves.
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This is for the 9696 Syllabus for A level Geography but I'm sure it applies to other courses too. Hope you find this useful. :)
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El Niño is a periodic warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every 2-7 years. It causes changes to weather patterns around the world like droughts. Ocean currents are driven by factors like wind and the Coriolis effect. The ocean can be divided into layers with different temperatures and pressures. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. They have high and low phases. Salinity measures the salt content in ocean water, which is mostly sodium chloride. Evaporites form when minerals precipitate out of waters with high salinity in areas with high evaporation rates.
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - OCEAN CURRENTS
1. Ocean currents are large-scale circular movements of ocean water generated by forces like wind and temperature differences.
2. Major ocean currents include the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Current which transport warm water from the equator, and cold currents like the Canary and California Currents which flow toward the equator.
3. Ocean currents influence global climate by transporting heat energy and making some coastal regions warmer than expected for their latitude, like northwest Europe due to the Gulf Stream.
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Ocean Currents PowerPoint
Ocean currents move vast amounts of water around the globe and play an important role in transporting organisms, nutrients, and pollutants. There are three main types of currents: surface currents driven by wind, thermohaline circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences, and wind-driven upwelling where wind causes deeper water to rise. Surface currents form massive circular gyres in each ocean basin and eddies that transport materials to new areas, while thermohaline circulation drives a global conveyor belt of water movement.
Ocean currents of the world
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic "OCEAN CURRENTS OF THE WORLD". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*.
By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)
*******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
or
Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
The Ocean Currents
This document provides an overview of ocean currents. It begins with introductions and objectives, describing how the document will explain ocean currents, their properties, causes, and global distribution. It then discusses various methods of measuring ocean currents and defines units like knots. The document proceeds to explain different types of currents like wind-driven currents and thermohaline circulation, as well as phenomena like gyres and tidal currents. Major currents around the world are also introduced.
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are large-scale circulation patterns in the ocean driven by factors like winds, solar heating, and water density differences from temperature and salinity changes. Major current systems include subtropical gyres in each ocean basin characterized by warm equatorial currents, western boundary currents, and eastern return flows. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is a continuous current that circles Antarctica. Thermohaline circulation involves deep water formation and global overturning. Surface currents redistribute heat globally while deep currents transport nutrients and oxygen. Currents influence climate, marine life distributions, and biogeochemical cycles.
Ocean circulation
Global ocean circulation patterns, adapted from Gilroy ECA presentation on ocean circulation.
Website: gilroyeca.blogspot.com
Ocean currents
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. A convection cell is a circular flow pattern caused by heating and cooling of the atmosphere or ocean.
2. In the Southern Hemisphere, currents get deflected to the left due to the Coriolis effect.
3. An Ekman spiral occurs in the upper 100 meters or less of the ocean.
4. Surface currents are created by wind stress and friction at the air-sea interface.
5. A gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents, typically thousands of kilometers across.
6. During an El Nino, upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water is reduced along the coasts of the Americas.
7. The
Ocean floor
The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor, including the continental shelf, slope, and rise that make up the continental margin. It also describes the abyssal plain, which covers the true ocean floor with sediment, as well as seamounts, guyots, mid-ocean ridges, and deep-ocean trenches. Barrier islands, banks, and guyots are among the geological formations that can be found on the continental shelf and ocean floor.
Ocean circulations
Here you can find the Ocean circulation, as it is happening by natural activities, Coriolis effect will occur due to the wind pattern and changes in the ocean floors.
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The document discusses coastal environments and the processes that impact coastlines. It describes coasts as zones where land and sea interact and are influenced by terrestrial, human, marine and atmospheric factors. Coasts experience rapid change from both short-term processes like storms and long-term processes like sea level rise. Over half the world's population lives near coasts, putting increasing pressure on coastal resources and ecosystems. Coastal management is important given human development and climate change impacts. The document outlines different coastal zone types and diagrams the factors affecting coasts.
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Ocean currents are large streams of moving water that flow through the oceans and are capable of transporting large amounts of water over long distances. Surface currents are driven mainly by wind and circulate in gyres, while deep currents are caused by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. Upwelling occurs when winds cause colder, nutrient-rich water to rise up from the ocean depths, fueling areas of high biological productivity important for fisheries.
Sea level change
This document summarizes different types of coastal landforms including those formed by changes in sea level: rias are flooded river valleys with gently sloping sides; fjords are steep-walled glacial valleys flooded after ice melt; and raised beaches and abandoned coastlines provide evidence of higher former sea levels. Eustatic sea level changes are global in scale due to ice volume changes, while isostatic changes are local and caused by land level changes from glacial rebound or subsidence under ice weight.
Coastal processes
Coastal systems can be divided into erosional shorelines and depositional shorelines based on dominant long-term processes. Erosional shorelines are dominated by erosive forces and typically have high-relief rocky coasts, while depositional shorelines are dominated by depositional processes and include environments like deltas, barrier islands, and reef coasts. Coasts experience various erosive and depositional processes from waves, such as refraction, longshore drift, and swash/backwash, which shape the shoreline over time. Stabilizing eroding coasts involves hard structures, beach nourishment, or relocation, but these approaches have limitations and tradeoffs.
Sea level changes
Sea level changes over geological timescales are reconstructed using a wide range of techniques. Relative sea level rises are indicated by submerged coastal features, while falls are shown by raised beaches and shorelines. Oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments also reveal changes in global sea level during the Quaternary period, with average sea levels 50-60m lower during glacial periods. More recently, sea levels rose rapidly following the last glacial maximum but have been relatively stable over the past 5,000-6,000 years. Future sea level rise is projected to have significant environmental and economic impacts through coastal flooding and erosion.
Motion in the ocean
Waves are disturbances that move through or over the surface of a fluid, usually caused by winds, earthquakes, gravitational pull, or volcanoes. Waves are generated by a force and restored to their original level by a restoring force, such as surface tension or gravity. Individual water molecules move up and down in vertical orbits as a wave passes through without moving forward or backward. Wave characteristics include crest, trough, height, wavelength, period, frequency, and speed. Wave size depends on wind speed, duration, and fetch. Longer period waves travel faster than shorter waves.
Surface currents
Surface currents in the oceans are caused by wind blowing over the water and the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect causes wind-driven surface waters to curve clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, forming massive circular gyre systems in the major ocean basins. These wind patterns and the Coriolis effect result in western boundary currents along the western edges of oceans that are stronger than the eastern boundary currents along eastern edges due to increased Coriolis effect at higher latitudes, such as the Gulf Stream current.
Ocean waves lecture
Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
waves and tides
Waves and tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. There are different types of waves including wind waves and tsunamis. Tides are the regular rising and falling of ocean water levels caused by lunar and solar gravitational forces. High tides occur when the gravitational pulls act in alignment and low tides occur when they are perpendicular. Tides are important because they allow for shipping in harbors and prevent freezing in cold weather ports.
Ocean circulation
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Ocean Waves.ppt
1. A surface wave is an oscillating disturbance that moves across the sea surface without transferring mass.
2. Key wave parameters include crest, trough, wavelength, wave height, amplitude, wave period, and frequency.
3. Wave energy is directly proportional to the square of the wave height and depends on water density and gravity. Significant wave height refers to the average height of the largest third of waves.
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Similar to Major Oceanic Currents of the World
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El Niño is a periodic warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every 2-7 years. It causes changes to weather patterns around the world like droughts. Ocean currents are driven by factors like wind and the Coriolis effect. The ocean can be divided into layers with different temperatures and pressures. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. They have high and low phases. Salinity measures the salt content in ocean water, which is mostly sodium chloride. Evaporites form when minerals precipitate out of waters with high salinity in areas with high evaporation rates.
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1. Ocean currents are large-scale circular movements of ocean water generated by forces like wind and temperature differences.
2. Major ocean currents include the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Current which transport warm water from the equator, and cold currents like the Canary and California Currents which flow toward the equator.
3. Ocean currents influence global climate by transporting heat energy and making some coastal regions warmer than expected for their latitude, like northwest Europe due to the Gulf Stream.
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This document discusses ocean circulation patterns driven by temperature and salinity differences. It explains that surface waters are well-mixed to 100m depth, below which density changes rapidly due to temperature decreases. Latitude also affects density, with warmer, lower salinity water at the equator being less dense than cooler, higher salinity water at 30 and 60 degrees latitude. Thermohaline circulation refers to global-scale density-driven vertical circulation controlled by temperature and salinity. Gyres are large circular ocean currents driven by winds and the Coriolis effect. Different ocean basins have varying circulation patterns influenced by factors like incoming rivers and surrounding land masses.
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are large bodies of water that flow in a continuous direction through oceans. They are driven by forces like wind, water density differences from temperature and salinity variations, gravity, and geological events. Ocean currents regulate global climate by transporting warm water from the equator towards the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. They also affect shipping, fishing, and recreational boating. The largest ocean current is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which circles Antarctica. Ocean currents are categorized as either cold currents that flow towards the equator, like the California Current, or warm currents that flow away from the equator, like the Gulf Stream.
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Ocean currents are formed due to differences in temperature, density, and planetary winds. Warm currents flow away from the equator while cold currents flow toward the equator. In 1992, a strange incident occurred where a ship lost a container of toys in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. These toys then traveled through the ocean currents, with some reaching Alaska after 10 months and others crossing into the Arctic Ocean by 2000. Ocean currents impact climate by keeping some coastal regions warmer in winter and influencing precipitation levels in other areas. They also concentrate nutrients and plankton which leads to large fishing grounds.
There are two types of currents in the ocean1) surface curre.docx
There are two types of currents in the ocean:
1) surface currents move the water above the pycnocline
a) ≈ 10% of the ocean
b) horizontal motion
c) wind powered = solar powered
2) thermohaline = deep currents move the water below the pycnoline (zone of rapid change of water density)
a) ≈ 90% of the ocean
b) horizontal and vertical motion
c) density driven
density depends temperature and salinity
these are also solar powered
3) these two sets of current are interconnected
Chapter 7 – Ocean Circulation
Surface currents are moved by friction between the surface winds and the water surface = wind driven.
max speed is 3% of wind speed
Since winds are solar powered,
surface currents are solar powered.
The overall pattern of surface currents is controlled by the Coriolis effect, gravity, and the shape of the ocean basin.
Like Fig 7.7, p. 205
Ekman Transport – the net (or average) motion of wind driven water, is 90° to the direction of the wind. In a perfect world, this movement is:
90° to the right in the Northern Hemisphere,
90° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, WHY?...........the Coriolis Effect
Fig. 9-, p. 236
In the northern hemisphere, the Westerlies tends to move water southeast, while the Trade winds move water northwest!
wind direction
wind-driven water movement (Ekman Transport)
The Westerlies (30° - 60°) and the Trade Winds (0° – 30°) are the strongest winds,* and are the
main winds causing ocean currents!
Largest change in temperature causes the strongest wind!
Remember, according to Ekman Transport, wind - driven water moves 90° to the wind direction.
In the northern hemisphere, the Westerlies tends to move water southeast, while the Trade winds move water northwest!
The movement of wind-driven water can be described with a vector = an arrow pointing in the direction of travel and scaled to the speed.
This vector can be broken up into a component moving toward the edge of the ocean and a component moving toward the center of the ocean.
wind direction water movement
vectors of water movement
The water moving east or west (toward the edge of the basin) bounces
off of the land.
In the northern hemisphere,
the water
current
turns right!
Current bounces off land
Current bounces off land
Subtropical Convergence = a short (≈ 6.5 feet tall) hill of water formed when part of the wind blow water moves to the center of the ocean basin.
Can water stand in a hill?
No!
Gravity works to move the water back downhill.
BUT the wind is still working to push water uphill again
So – The winds build the hill taller, and
The taller the hill the more gravity pulls the water back downhill
The hill continues to grow until wind driven Coriolis deflected motion in = gravity driven motion out.
Then – only the circular movement around the edge of the hill is left.
THIS IS THE SURFACE CURRENT!
Garrison, 2009, Essentials of Oceanography
Under the hill of wa ...
Physical Oceanography
Physical oceanography is the study of the physical properties and dynamics of the oceans, including interactions with the atmosphere, heat budgets, water mass formation, currents, and coastal dynamics. It considers factors like rotation, revolution, the Coriolis effect, currents, gyres, and eddies that influence ocean circulation. Ocean temperatures vary both horizontally from the equator to poles and vertically from the surface to deep zones, affected by factors like insolation, albedo, winds, currents, and geography. Seasons on Earth are caused by its axial tilt, leading to different sunlight exposure throughout the year and causing the four seasons.
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This presentation discusses the causes and types of ocean currents. It begins by defining ocean currents as masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another. The main causes are then outlined as solar heating, wind, gravity, salinity, temperature, the Coriolis effect, and underwater earthquakes. The presentation goes on to describe different types of currents including surface vs deep currents, upwelling vs downwelling currents, and western vs eastern boundary currents. Western boundary currents are faster and move warm water poleward while eastern boundary currents are slower and transport colder water toward the equator.
Ocean Water and Currents PPT LESSON
Explore the dynamic world of ocean water and currents with this engaging PPT lesson by IAS Next. Dive deep into the intricate mechanisms governing ocean currents, their impact on climate, marine life, and more. Gain insights into the significance of understanding oceanic processes for various competitive exams, including IAS. This comprehensive presentation combines visuals and informative content to make learning about oceanography both educational and enjoyable.
Movement of Ocean Water
Surface currents are driven mainly by wind and move large amounts of water across oceans, influencing global climate. Deep currents form due to differences in water density from temperature and salinity and are not wind-driven. Major surface currents like the Gulf Stream distribute heat from the equator to poles, warming areas like northern Europe. El Niño is a periodic warming of tropical Pacific waters that alters weather worldwide and impacts fisheries and agriculture through changed rainfall and storms. Scientists monitor oceans to improve understanding and forecasts of El Niño events and their far-reaching climatic effects.
World ocean currents
1. Ocean currents are large streams of moving water that flow through the oceans and are influenced by various factors like winds, the Coriolis effect, temperature and salinity differences.
2. Major ocean currents include the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift in the Atlantic Ocean, the North and South Pacific currents in the Pacific Ocean, and seasonal monsoon-driven currents in the northern Indian Ocean.
3. Ocean currents play an important role in global climate by transporting heat from the equator to the poles.
Untitled_(30).pdf
The document discusses various topics related to ocean currents including:
- The Gulf Stream is the strongest ocean current.
- Equatorial countercurrents are driven by differences in sea level caused by ocean circulation patterns.
- Deeper water moves at a slower speed than surface water due to friction, causing the lengths of arrows in an Ekman spiral to get shorter with depth.
- Upwelling occurs in areas of diverging surface currents and where there are seamounts or sharp bends in a coastline.
Class 7 ch 5 water-pdf
This is PPT of class -7 ,Geography, Chapter -5, Water
Reference book is NCERT, .
This is useful for teachers who teach in CBSE and Chhattisgarh board.
so download and use online and offline teaching.
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
The document discusses the thermohaline circulation system, also known as the ocean conveyor belt. It is driven by differences in temperature and salinity that cause some water masses to become dense and sink into deep ocean basins. This circulation exchanges warm surface water for cold deep water and transports heat energy around the globe. As the Arctic sea ice and Greenland ice sheet melt due to warming, the influx of freshwater could disrupt or shut down this circulation system by inhibiting the sinking of dense water masses. Major disruptions to thermohaline circulation could significantly impact global climate patterns and marine ecosystems.
Oceanography
Waves are caused by wind blowing over the ocean surface. Surface currents move warm and cold water around the globe, such as the Gulf Stream. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on the Earth's oceans, causing twice-daily high and low tides. Spring tides during new and full moons have the highest and lowest tides, while neap tides during half moons have smaller tides.
Ocean currents
This document discusses ocean currents, including their layers, properties, forces, and major currents in the Atlantic Ocean. It describes three main layers - surface currents in the upper 10% influenced by winds and temperature, a transition layer where temperature and density rapidly change, and deep currents in the lower 90% influenced more by density and gravity. The key forces that drive ocean currents are solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. It outlines several major Atlantic currents including the Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, and others.
Earth’S Ocean
The document provides an overview of key facts about Earth's oceans:
- Oceans cover 71% of the planet and are composed primarily of sodium chloride, making ocean water undrinkable.
- Ocean currents are driven by global winds and the Coriolis effect, influencing climate by transporting warm and cold waters.
- Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity, not winds at the surface.
Ocean movements
The document discusses the major types of ocean water movements: waves, tides, and ocean currents. Waves and currents are horizontal movements caused by wind and other forces, while tides are vertical movements caused by gravitational forces from the sun and moon. Key points covered include the causes and impacts of each type of movement, such as how tides are important for navigation and fisheries and currents influence climate. Ocean movements play a crucial role in distributing heat around the planet.
HYDROSPHERE-2.pptx
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which is the total amount of water on a planet. It includes water on the surface, underground, and in the air. On Earth, the hydrosphere includes oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice caps, and water vapor in the atmosphere. Water moves through the hydrosphere via the water cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and collection. The hydrosphere plays an important role in maintaining Earth's atmosphere and climate.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Major Oceanic Currents of the World
- 2. You all know that the ocean water is never still. There are different types of movements of ocean water under the influence of different physical characteristics like temperature , salinity, density, etc. Movements of ocean water are also affected by external forces like the sun, moon and the winds.
- 3. Waves Tides Ocean Currents
- 4. The ocean currents are the horizontal flow of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over great distances. They are just like a river flowing in an ocean. Ocean currents can be formed by the winds, density differences in ocean waters due to differences in temperature and salinity. The direction of movement of an ocean current is mainly influenced by the rotation of the earth
- 5. Temperature Difference Salinity Differences The Earth’s Rotation The Planetary Winds
- 6. Warm Ocean Currents Cold Ocean Currents
- 7. WARM OCEAN CURRENTS COLD OCEAN CURRENTS Those currents which flow from equatorial regions towards poles which have a higher surface temperature and are called warm current. They bring warm waters to the cold regions. Those currents which flow from polar regions towards equator have a lower surface temperature and are called cold currents. They bring cold waters into warm areas.
- 9. WARM OCEAN CURRENTS COLD OCEAN CURRENTS Gulf Stream North Atlantic Drift Brazil Current Benguela Current Labrador Current Canaries Current
- 11. Brazil Current Warm Ocean Currents
- 12. Benguela Current Warm Ocean Currents
- 13. WARM OCEAN CURRENTS COLD OCEAN CURRENTS Agulhas Current West Australian Current
- 14. Winter Currents
- 15. Summer Currents
- 16. WARM OCEAN CURRENTS COLD OCEAN CURRENTS Alaska Current East Australian Current Equatorial Current Kuroshio (Japan) Current North Pacific Drift California Current Humboldt (Peru) Current Oyashio (Kamchatka) Current West Wind Drift
- 17. California Current Cold Ocean Currents
- 18. Humboldt (Peru) CurrentCold Ocean Currents
- 19. Kuroshio (Japan) CurrentWarm Ocean Currents Alaska Current
- 20. Ocean currents are very important for human beings. Climate and Trade or Economy both are deeply affected by ocean currents. Major influences made by ocean currents are: Effects on Climate Effects on Trade & Economy
- 21. Effects on Climate:- Modification of Temperature Modification of Rainfall Formation of Mist and Fog Formation of thunderous cyclones
- 22. Effects on Trade & Economy:- On Port’s Trade Fish Trade Trade of Perishable Goods Fishing Banks
- 23. D.S.Lal. (2009). Physical Geography (First Edition ed.). Allahabad, India: Sharda Pustak Bhawan. I.N.Chawla. (2008). Physical Geography. Jalandhar: Bharat Prakashan.