Stuff regarding, movements of ocean water and their factors.

1. MOVEMENTS OF
OCEAN
INTRODUCTION
WAVES
TIDES
OCEAN CURRENTS
IMPORTANCE OF MOVEMETS
CONCLUSION

2. GROUP MEMBERS
HASNAIN RAZA
MADAN LAL
PAWAN KUMAR
RAJNAISH AASWANI
MUKHTIYAR AHMED
MUHAMMAD ALAM

3. INTRODUCTIO
N•You all know that the ocean water is never
still. There are different types of movements
of ocean water under the influence of
different physical characteristics like
temperature, salinity, density, etc.
Movements of ocean water are also
affected by external forces like the sun,
moon and the winds.

4. TYPES OF OCEAN
MOVEMENT
• The major movements of the ocean waters can be classified into three.
They are:
• 1. Waves
• 2. Tides
• 3. Ocean Currents
Waves and the ocean currents are horizontal movements of ocean waters while the tide is a kind of
vertical movement of the ocean water.

5. WAVES
• Waves are nothing but the oscillatory movements that result
in the rise and fall of water surface.
• Waves are a kind of horizontal movements of the ocean
water.
• They are actually the energy, not the water as such, which
moves across the ocean surface.
• This energy for the waves is provided by the wind.
• In a wave, the movement of each water particle is in a
circular manner.
• The time it takes for two wave crests to pass a fixed point is
called the wave period.
• A wave has two major parts: the raised part is called as the
crest while the low-point is called as the trough.

8. SURFACE WAVES HAVE A ROLLING
PATTERN OF PARTICLE MOTION.

9. •A wave has two major parts: the raised
part is called as the crest while the low-
point is called as the trough.
•The measurement between crest and
trough of a wave is known as
Amplitude or Height of wave.
•The measurement between crest to crest
of trough to trough of a wave is known
as wavelength.

11. TSUNAMIS
•The term tsunami comes from the
Japanese words meaning harbor ("tsu")
and wave ("nami").
•Tsunamis are the most dramatic and
destructive of waves. Underwater
disturbances, such as volcanoes,
earthquakes and landslides, are the cause
of these monster waves.

12. TIDES
• Tide are the periodical rise and fall of the sea levels, once or twice a
day, caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces
exerted by the sun, the moon and the rotation of the earth.
• They are a vertical movement of waters and are different from
movements of ocean water caused by meteorological effects like the
winds and atmospheric pressure changes.
• Note: The water movements which are caused by the
meteorological effects like the said above are called as surges and
they are not regular like tides.
• The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent is the major cause
of the occurrence of tides (the moon’s gravitational
• attraction is more effective on the earth than that of the sun).
• Sun’s gravitational pull and the centrifugal force due to the
rotation of earth are the other forces which act along with the
moon’s gravitational pull.

13. •The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay
of Fundi in Canada.
•When the tide is channeled between islands or
into bays and estuaries, they are termed as Tidal
Currents.
•The regular interval between two high or two
low tides is
•12 hours 25 minutes.

14. DENSITY CURRENTS
• Density Currents are a type of vertical current that carries
water from the surface to deeper parts of the ocean.
 Density Currents are
caused by changes
in density rather
than wind.
 Density currents
circulate thermal
energy, nutrients
and gases.

16. IMPACTS OF WEATHER
AND CLIMATE
• Warm-water currents and
cold-water currents affect
weather and climate in
different ways
• Regions near warm-water
currents are often warmer
and wetter than regions
near cold-water currents

18. FLOW TIDE AND EBB TIDE
• A flow tide or a flood tide is a rising tide or incoming
tide which results in a high tide.
It is thus the time period between a low tide and a high tide
(i.e., the rising time).
• Ebb Tide is the receding or outgoing tide.
(It is the period between high tide and low tide during which water flows away from the
shore).

19. TYPES OF TIDES
•Spring Tides: When the sun, the
moon, and the earth are in a straight line, the
height of the tide will be higher than normal.
•These are called as a spring tides. They occur
twice in a month.
•One on the full moon (Poornima) and the other
on the new moon (Amavasya).

20. •Neap Tides: Normally after seven days of
a spring tide, the sun and the moon become at a
right angle to each other with respect to the
earth. Thus, the gravitational forces of the sun
and the moon tend to counteract one another.
The tides during this period will be lower than
the normal which are called as the neap tides.
They also occur twice in a month- during the
first quarter moon and the last quarter moon.

21. EFFECTS OF TIDES
• Tides act as a link between the port and the open
sea.
• on the river Thames and Kolkata port on river Hugli
are located on the rivers away from the sea coast.
• The tidal current clear away the river sediments and
slows down the growth of delta.
• It increases the depth of water which helps ships to
move safely to the ports.
• It also acts as a source for producing electricity.

22. OCEAN CURRENTS
• A current is the mass movement or flow of ocean water.
• There are two types:
Surface Currents and Deep Currents
• Currents flow in complex patterns affected by wind, the
water's salinity and heat content, bottom topography, and the
Earth's rotation.
• They are very important in determining the climates of the
continents, especially those regions bordering on the ocean.

24. Surface Currents:
Surface ocean currents are generally wind driven.
These currents move clockwise in the region of northern
hemisphere.
These currents move anti-clockwise in the region of
southern hemisphere.
• Warm surface currents invariably flow from the tropics to
the higher latitudes at the poles.
• Cold surface currents come from polar and temperate
latitudes, and they tend to flow towards the equator.

25. •What Influences Surface Currents?
• Ocean currents are driven by two forces:
1. The Sun (which causes wind)
2. The rotation of the Earth.
• Although wind blowing across the surface of an ocean can produce
currents, these currents don’t continue moving in the same
direction as the wind.
• Earth’s rotation causes ocean currents to bend to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
• This force that does not allow currents to flow in a straight path is
called the Coriolis effect.

26. •The Importance of Surface Currents
• The main importance of surface currents is to
distribute the heat from the equator and the coldness
from the poles.
• This “even” distribution of the temperature in the
oceans helps to balance the heat budget here and in
the atmosphere.
• The currents also influence the climate of an area.
Warm currents keep coastal cities warmer and cold
currents keep coastal cities cooler!

27. •Deep Currents
• Deep currents are found in the deep ocean where there are lots
of density differences.
• The two factors that affect the density of ocean water are
temperature and salinity.
• By decreasing the temperature and increasing the salinity, the
density of ocean water increases.

29. What is El Nino?
•El Niño (Spanish name for the male child),
initially referred to a weak, warm current
appearing annually around Christmas time along
the coast of Ecuador and Peru and lasting only
a few weeks to a month or more.
•Every three to seven years, an El Niño event
may last for many months, having significant
economic and atmospheric consequences
worldwide.

30. IMPACTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE
• Warm-water currents
and cold-water currents
affect weather and
climate in different
ways
• Regions near warm-
water currents are often
warmer and wetter
than regions near cold-
water currents

31. GYRES
• Due to the forces of gravity, the Coriolis effect, and
winds, water often moves in a circular pattern called a
gyre.
• Continents deflect ocean currents to the north and south
causing closed circular current systems
• 5 major gyres: North Pacific, North Atlantic, South
Pacific, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean.

35. SUMMERY OF OCEAN CURRENTS
• Mass flows of water, or currents, are essential to
understanding how heat energy moves between the
Earth’s water bodies, landmasses, and atmosphere. The
ocean covers 71 percent of the planet and holds 97
percent of its water, making the ocean a key factor in
the storage and transfer of heat energy across the globe.
The movement of this heat through local and global
ocean currents affects the regulation of local weather
conditions and temperature extremes, stabilization of
global climate patterns, cycling of gases, and delivery of
nutrients and larva to marine ecosystems.

36. CURRENTS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

37. CURRENTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN

38. CURRENTS OF INDIAN OCEAN

39. Importance of Tides
Tidal flows are of great importance in navigation. Tidal heights are very
important, especially harbors near rivers and within estuaries having shallow
‘bars’ at the entrance, which prevent ships and boats from entering into the
harbor.
Fish may concentrate during ebb tides. Commercial fishermen follow the tides and
learn to fish during levels of highest concentration to improve their economic
investment and to make more efficient use of their time.
Tides and tidal currents affect the weather by stirring the ocean waters. The tides
and tidal currents mix arctic water that can’t absorb lots of sunlight with warmer
topic water that does. The stirring produces more predictable and habitable
climate conditions and balances temperatures on the planet.
Tidal energy is non-polluting, reliable and predictable. Tidal barrages, undersea
tidal turbines – like wind turbines but driven by the sea – and a variety of
machines harnessing undersea currents are under operation world over. Unlike
wind and waves, tidal currents are entirely predictable.

40. IMPORTANCE OF OCEAN WAVES
• Ocean waves are very important for weather forecasting and
climate modelling as well as for coastal communities, shipping
routes and offshore industry. Recent studies of coupling
atmosphere-ocean-wave models have shown improvements in
the simulation of North Atlantic sea surface temperatures in
climate models. Ocean waves are thought to play a role in
weather forecasting such as improving hurricane intensity
forecasts by regulating surface friction. Adding an ocean wave
component to the next generation' of climate and weather
models will provide an opportunity to address long standing
biases. Extreme ocean waves continue to be a threat for
coastal communities and the offshore industry. How ocean
waves will change in the future will be of great interest to
decision makers for coastal communities, shipping routes and
the offshore industry.

41. CONCLUSION
•Different climates produce water masses of
different densities.
•Sea ice generation in the polar regions creates
very dense water masses.
•The different densities of water have set up a
global circulation pattern which is drawn as
an imaginary conveyor belt, that redistributes
large amounts of heat around the earth.

42. •You all know that the ocean water is not still.
There are different types of movements of ocean
water under the influence of different physical
characteristics like temperature, salinity,
density, etc.
•Movement of ocean is also effected by external
forces like Sun, Moon and the wind.
•Currents are the horizontal movement of the
ocean water while tide is a kind of vertical
movement of the ocean water.

43. THANK
YOU!!!