Magnetic resource imaging(mri) copy
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Learn about the MRI, the principle and the history behind it. Also, learn about the different types of MRI on the basis of construction and functioning. MRI reports of a healthy human brain are attached as well. Get to know the advancements to be done in MRI machines.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was developed based on the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance by Professor Isidor Rabi. MRI uses powerful magnets to align hydrogen atoms in the body and radiofrequency waves to manipulate the spin of protons to produce detailed images of organs and soft tissues. The first full body MRI scan was performed in 1977. An MRI scanner consists of a large magnet, magnetic field gradients, and radiofrequency coils to generate signals from protons in tissues to form images. MRI provides highly accurate images of soft tissues and any plane of the body.
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CT Scan Vs MRI Scan
CT scans use X-rays to create detailed images of structures inside the body, while MRIs use magnetic fields and radio waves, and both have advantages and disadvantages. CT scans are quicker, cheaper, and better for bone structures, but expose patients to radiation, while MRIs do not use radiation but are more expensive, lengthy, and have stricter safety requirements. Overall, the document compares the uses of CT and MRI scans and their respective benefits and drawbacks.
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MRI uses magnetism and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues in the body. It was developed based on principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and the first MRI exam took 5 hours to produce one image. Key components of an MRI scanner include powerful magnets to align hydrogen nuclei in tissues, gradient coils to localize images, and radiofrequency coils to transmit signals and receive returning signals used to construct images. MRI provides advantages over other imaging techniques by using no ionizing radiation and allowing cross-sectional imaging in any plane with good contrast resolution.
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The document discusses various applications of MRI including MRI breast, MRI fistulogram, and MRI defecography. It provides details on the basic principles of MRI such as how hydrogen protons are aligned using magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses. When describing MRI breast, it covers indications, technique, interpretation of findings, and comparisons to mammography. For MRI fistulogram, it discusses anal canal anatomy, classifications of fistulas, and MRI sequences and views used.
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The document discusses the importance of physiotherapists understanding basic MRI interpretation. It notes that some patients come for treatment without their MRI interpretation sheet, leaving blank images for the physiotherapist to interpret. Having a basic understanding of MRI principles, machine components, image types and interpretation helps physiotherapists confirm assessments when the interpretation sheet is missing. The document aims to provide this foundational MRI knowledge for physiotherapists.
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This document discusses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for peripheral nerves. It begins by providing background on how MRI has become a standard imaging method for the central nervous system due to its soft tissue contrast. It then discusses some limitations of using MRI for peripheral nerves, including technical limitations of older scanners. The document outlines several clinical applications of peripheral nerve MRI, such as evaluating carpal tunnel syndrome, neural tumors, and traumatic nerve injuries. It describes the ability of MRI sequences like diffusion imaging to assess properties of neural tissue. The document concludes by discussing technical considerations for peripheral nerve MRI protocols and sequences.
Neuroimaging Lecture
CT and MRI are imaging modalities used to visualize structures in the body. CT uses X-rays while MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves. CT provides spatial detail of bones and some soft tissues. MRI has better contrast resolution and does not use ionizing radiation, allowing it to distinguish between soft tissues and detect abnormalities. Different MRI sequences such as T1-weighted and T2-weighted images provide contrast between tissues like fat, water, and pathology. Functional MRI techniques examine brain activity through blood oxygenation levels.
CT SCAN - MRI.pptx
The document discusses dental CT scans and MRI. It explains that dental CT scans can create 3D images of dental structures, soft tissues, nerve pathways and bone in one scan. They are used by dentists to diagnose diseases of the jaw, place implants accurately, and evaluate bone structure. MRI is also discussed as a non-invasive imaging method used in dentistry to examine tissues, joints, and structures like sinuses. It works by obtaining resonance signals from hydrogen nuclei in tissues.
Micro-Neuro-Sensor Recording of STN Neurons of the Human Brain
Abstract-What cause to the neurons of the human brain cells when they are damaged. They become inactive. So damage to subthalamiuc ucleus (STN) neurons of the human brain causing larger involuntary movements and thereby attacking the Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of bilateral sub thalamic nuclei (STN) is an efficient method of rehabilitation technique in subjects with advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s (or Parkinson) disease. Accurate targeting of STN neurons and placement of microelectrodes/ (neurosensors) are paramount importance for optimal results after STN-DBS method.In this paper, microminiaturized electrode recordings (MER) of STN neurons were detected in a mean of 3.5 ±1.1 channels on right hemisphere and 3.6 ±1.04 on left hemisphere.Final channel selected were most commonly central seen in 42.3% followed by anterior in 33.7%. When a high current is delivered to STN or GPi neurons of basal ganglia (a component of human brain), causing their inhibition and improved indication of symptoms. It is now known that there is a significant change in the firing pattern and a reorganization of the entire basal ganglia circuit with DBS. The MER of STN neurons has identified a specific high frequency irregular larger amplitude firing patterns seen only in disease states and hence used to detect the neurons of ST nucleus during functional surgery. Micro electrode recording is so useful to confirm the right path but has to be taken in consideration with effects on macro stimulation.
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Micro-Neuro-Sensor Recording of STN Neurons of the Human Brain
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingPhenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
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Calcium gluconate
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2.Back Titration
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4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
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Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
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Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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Magnetic resource imaging(mri) copy
- 1. Magnetic Resource Imaging(MRI ) Ritisha Gupta 3rd Year, 6th Semester Registration Number: 161102037 https://assets.nhs.uk/prod/images/S_091 7_mri-scan_M4300196.2e16d0ba.fill-
- 2. JensMartensson • MRI shows the detailed 3D image of the organs and tissues. • Uses magnetic fields, radio waves and a computer by the polarizing the hydrogen nuclei of the water molecules present in the body. • It is also known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging. • Based on the principles of NMR Introduction 2 https://encrypted- tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTt28t1sP4M_ufe2 NviTAlfAL-nLRYcZ4H343eBEtgr7VHkwf6U
- 3. History 1950 Spin Echoes and free induction decay detected by Erwin Hahn 1971 NMR Raymond Damadian reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ("NMR") 1972 Magnetic Resonance Phenomena Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell independently discovered the phenomenon and were awarded Nobel Prize. 1973 NMR Gradients Lauterbur publishes method for generating NMR gradients. 2003 Nobel Prize Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield was awarded Nobel Prize "for discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging." 03
- 4. 4 200 3 Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield • Lauterbur was awarded Nobel Prize for using the concept of spatial localization using magnetic field gradients which allowed the rapid acquisition of 2D images. • Sir Peter Mansfield was also awarded Nobel Prize for developing techniques for efficient gradient utilization and fast imaging
- 5. JensMartensson Concept and Technique Water Water present in an adult is 60%. Isotopes To be added.......... Magnetic Field Scanner produces strong magnetic fields to polarize Hydrogen Ions Radio- Frequency Scanner produces weak RF fields to rotate the nuclei. Radio Signal Collection and MRI Generation Radio Signals(with Radio Antenna) and Magnetic fields are collected from different angles to produce 3D image. page 5 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .
- 6. Source: https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~stella/papers/blairthesis/main/node11.html Principle of MRI page 6
- 13. JensMartensson On the Basis Of Functions & Applications 13
- 14. JensMartensson Functional MRI- Mostly used in the brain surgeries and diseases related to brain. Interventional MRI- Used in biopsies of suspected lesions, to remove tissues non-invasively. Cardiac MRI- Used in pericardial diseases, ventricular disorders. Magnetic Resonance Angiography- Used for abdomen, pelvis, arms, etc. Magnetic Resonance Venography- Checks the flow of blood in veins Diffusion MRI- With the help of Diffused Tensor Imaging (DTI), a brain map can be created showing the direction of nerve fibres using white matter. 14
- 19. JensMartensson • An MRI can be used to detect the method of disease throughout the body, defining the brain anatomy, problems associated with the vertebrae or inter-vertebral discs of the spine, etc. • MRI can be done of various organs like chest, heart, spine, brain etc. • But the patients having any metallic materials within the body like pacemaker of heart, metallic chips, surgical chips, prosthetic devices, metallic bone plates etc cannot undergo this technique. • The patients with any history of claustrophobia are also not allowed to undergo the MRI. CONCLUSION:
- 20. JensMartensson • https://www.thoughtco.com/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-1992133 • https://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/article.htm#how_do_i_prepare_for_an_mri_how_is_i t_performed • https://www.itnonline.com/article/recent-advances-mri-technology • http://www.hypres.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/HYPRES_The-Future-of-MRI_2015.pdf • https://cfmi.georgetown.edu/downloads/training/2/MRI-basics.pdf https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmrs.226#references-section • https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/inside.htm • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259922846_Introduction_to_the_Basics_of_Magne tic_Resonance_Imaging • https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~stella/papers/blairthesis/main/node11.html#SECTION0032000000000 0000000 References: 20