LYMPHADENITIS.pptx
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Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph nodes that causes swelling and tenderness. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections spreading to the lymph nodes from another part of the body. Common infectious causes include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, tuberculosis, HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. Non-infectious causes include lymphoma. Symptoms include hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes, itchy skin, redness, warmth or swelling in the affected area. Diagnosis involves physical examination, blood tests, scans and lymph node biopsy. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, surgery or chemotherapy and radiation for cancer cases.
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Lymphadenitis
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer. Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body's ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.
In some cases, the passage of time .Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes
Itchy skin, Lump, or mass that can be felt beneath the skin, Rash
Redness, warmth or selling immune system disorders
Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)
Cancers
Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
Leukemia — cancer of your body's blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy is the enlargement of lymph nodes, which can be caused by inflammation (lymphadenitis) or infection. There are different types of lymphadenopathy including localized, generalized, and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy lasting a long time without an apparent cause. Certain diseases are characterized by lymphadenopathy and swelling of lymph nodes, such as bubonic plague, infectious mononucleosis, cutaneous anthrax, and trypanosomiasis. The document lists many potential differential diagnoses that can cause lymphadenopathy, including various infections, leukemias, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases.
Abscess
This document discusses different types of abscesses and their treatment. There are three main types: pyogenic, pyaemic, and cold abscesses. Pyogenic abscesses result from bacterial infections and can develop from cellulitis or lymphadenitis. Treatment involves incision and drainage if pus is present. Pyaemic abscesses are caused by infectious emboli spreading through the bloodstream and result in multiple abscesses. Cold abscesses are typically tuberculous in nature and develop in lymph nodes or bones. Complete excision or drainage with antitubercular drugs is the treatment.
Anorectal abscess
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
Abscess.pptx
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on abscesses. It discusses actively engaging students by showing blank slides first to elicit what they know before presenting content. The PPT covers topics like introduction/history, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnostic studies, and operative therapy of abscesses. It also lists some common types of abscesses and provides links to access the full PPT collection.
Esophageal stricture
An esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus caused by damage to the esophageal lining from acid reflux, corrosive chemicals, radiation therapy, or other irritants. Over time, inflammation and scar tissue formation can cause the esophagus to gradually narrow. Patients experience progressive difficulty swallowing foods and liquids. Diagnosis involves barium swallow tests, pH monitoring, and endoscopy to evaluate the esophagus. Treatment consists of dilation procedures to widen the esophagus, acid-suppressing medications, stents, or sometimes surgical replacement of the esophagus.
lymphangitis.ppt
This document discusses lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Lymphangitis is defined as inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel. Common causes include streptococcal bacteria. Symptoms include red streaks on the skin extending from the infection site toward lymph nodes. Treatment involves antibiotics. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of lymph nodes, which can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, fungi or other pathogens. Evaluation may involve imaging and biopsy to determine the cause and guide treatment.
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Lymphadenitis
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer. Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body's ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.
In some cases, the passage of time .Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes
Itchy skin, Lump, or mass that can be felt beneath the skin, Rash
Redness, warmth or selling immune system disorders
Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)
Cancers
Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
Leukemia — cancer of your body's blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy is the enlargement of lymph nodes, which can be caused by inflammation (lymphadenitis) or infection. There are different types of lymphadenopathy including localized, generalized, and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy lasting a long time without an apparent cause. Certain diseases are characterized by lymphadenopathy and swelling of lymph nodes, such as bubonic plague, infectious mononucleosis, cutaneous anthrax, and trypanosomiasis. The document lists many potential differential diagnoses that can cause lymphadenopathy, including various infections, leukemias, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases.
Abscess
This document discusses different types of abscesses and their treatment. There are three main types: pyogenic, pyaemic, and cold abscesses. Pyogenic abscesses result from bacterial infections and can develop from cellulitis or lymphadenitis. Treatment involves incision and drainage if pus is present. Pyaemic abscesses are caused by infectious emboli spreading through the bloodstream and result in multiple abscesses. Cold abscesses are typically tuberculous in nature and develop in lymph nodes or bones. Complete excision or drainage with antitubercular drugs is the treatment.
Anorectal abscess
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
Abscess.pptx
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on abscesses. It discusses actively engaging students by showing blank slides first to elicit what they know before presenting content. The PPT covers topics like introduction/history, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnostic studies, and operative therapy of abscesses. It also lists some common types of abscesses and provides links to access the full PPT collection.
Esophageal stricture
An esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus caused by damage to the esophageal lining from acid reflux, corrosive chemicals, radiation therapy, or other irritants. Over time, inflammation and scar tissue formation can cause the esophagus to gradually narrow. Patients experience progressive difficulty swallowing foods and liquids. Diagnosis involves barium swallow tests, pH monitoring, and endoscopy to evaluate the esophagus. Treatment consists of dilation procedures to widen the esophagus, acid-suppressing medications, stents, or sometimes surgical replacement of the esophagus.
lymphangitis.ppt
This document discusses lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Lymphangitis is defined as inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel. Common causes include streptococcal bacteria. Symptoms include red streaks on the skin extending from the infection site toward lymph nodes. Treatment involves antibiotics. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of lymph nodes, which can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, fungi or other pathogens. Evaluation may involve imaging and biopsy to determine the cause and guide treatment.
Fibroadenoma
Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors, occurring most frequently in young females between 15-25 years old. They represent a hyperplastic growth of the terminal ductal lobular unit and their cause is unknown. Most fibroadenomas stop growing at 2-3 cm and involute after menopause. They present as a painless, movable breast lump that can be detected on mammogram, ultrasound or biopsy. Treatment involves surgical excision of the lump, with periareolar or submammary incisions depending on the tumor type. Rarely, fibroadenomas can undergo sarcomatous change.
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is characterized by inflammation of the appendix. it is most common abdominal emergency encountered in children. most common symptom is pain., vomiting and low - grade fever. Here, nurses play an important role in managing the problem before the doctor arrives. so read this out and it will help you in the future.
Anal Fistula
An anal fistula is a small channel that develops between the end of the bowel and the skin near the anus, usually as a result of an infection near the anus causing pus to drain and leave behind a tunnel. It can be caused by an infected anal gland. Diagnosis involves physical examination where the doctor inserts a gloved finger in the anus to feel abnormal areas, and may use sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, MRI or dye tests to further examine the fistula. Treatment depends on the fistula's location and complexity but may include laying it open, setting in a plug, or glue to allow it to heal from the inside out.
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Anal Fissure
Fissure in ano is an elongated ulcer in the lower anal canal, most commonly located in the midline posteriorly. It is caused by pressure from hard stool during bowel movements tearing the anal tissues. It can also be caused by inflammation or ischemia. An acute fissure is a deep tear in the anal skin, while a chronic fissure has inflamed, indurated edges and scar tissue at the base. Symptoms include pain with defecation and sometimes bleeding. Treatment aims to relax the internal sphincter and includes topical nitrates, dilatation, and lateral sphincterotomy. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus can be caused by radiation, HPV, or inflammation. It presents
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This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Intestinal obstruction
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This document provides information on appendicitis including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It begins with the anatomy of the appendix and describes appendicitis as an inflammation of the appendix. The main causes are obstructive causes like fecaliths blocking the appendix or non-obstructive causes like infections. The symptoms include pain localized to the lower right abdomen. Diagnosis involves physical exams looking for tenderness and signs. Treatment involves antibiotics initially but surgery to remove the appendix if infected. Laparoscopic removal has benefits over open surgery.
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Appendicitis is characterized by inflammation of the appendix. it is most common abdominal emergency encountered in children. most common symptom is pain., vomiting and low - grade fever. Here, nurses play an important role in managing the problem before the doctor arrives. so read this out and it will help you in the future.
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An anal fistula is a small channel that develops between the end of the bowel and the skin near the anus, usually as a result of an infection near the anus causing pus to drain and leave behind a tunnel. It can be caused by an infected anal gland. Diagnosis involves physical examination where the doctor inserts a gloved finger in the anus to feel abnormal areas, and may use sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, MRI or dye tests to further examine the fistula. Treatment depends on the fistula's location and complexity but may include laying it open, setting in a plug, or glue to allow it to heal from the inside out.
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Haemorrhoids are normal anal cushions that can become symptomatic due to straining, constipation, pregnancy, obesity and other factors. They are classified based on their location relative to the dentate line. Conservative treatments are recommended for grade I/II haemorrhoids while more severe or symptomatic cases may require non-surgical procedures like rubber band ligation or surgical haemorrhoidectomy. Potential complications depend on the severity but can include pain, bleeding and infection. Differential diagnosis includes other anorectal conditions.
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This document discusses sinusitis, defined as an infection of the para nasal sinuses. It describes the different types of sinusitis, risk factors, stages of pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, potential complications, management with medications and surgery, and surgical procedures for treating sinusitis.
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This document provides an overview of cholecystitis, including:
1. It defines cholecystitis as the inflammatory condition of the gallbladder and describes the types of acute cholecystitis.
2. It outlines the clinical features of acute cholecystitis including symptoms like colicky pain and signs like Murphy's sign.
3. It discusses the treatment options for acute cholecystitis which include conservative treatment, early cholecystectomy, or emergency cholecystostomy depending on the severity of the case.
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The document provides information about appendicitis, including its definition, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It states that appendicitis is caused by obstruction of the appendix lumen, most commonly by a faecalith. It describes the progression from obstruction to infection and perforation. It outlines the typical symptoms of abdominal pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant, anorexia, vomiting, and low-grade fever. It provides details on various clinical examination signs used in diagnosis like rebound tenderness and McBurney's point tenderness.
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Fissure in ano is an elongated ulcer in the lower anal canal, most commonly located in the midline posteriorly. It is caused by pressure from hard stool during bowel movements tearing the anal tissues. It can also be caused by inflammation or ischemia. An acute fissure is a deep tear in the anal skin, while a chronic fissure has inflamed, indurated edges and scar tissue at the base. Symptoms include pain with defecation and sometimes bleeding. Treatment aims to relax the internal sphincter and includes topical nitrates, dilatation, and lateral sphincterotomy. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus can be caused by radiation, HPV, or inflammation. It presents
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This document discusses renal abscesses, including defining it as a collection of pus around the kidney caused by infection. It lists the etiology as bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and risk factors as diabetes, pregnancy, elderly age, and autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include fever, chills, loin pain, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated white blood cells and hemoglobin changes, urine tests, ultrasound identifying enlarged kidney size or abscess, and CT/MRI distinguishing intra-renal from extra-renal abscesses. Treatment consists of antibiotics administered orally or intravenously, percutaneous drainage of large abscesses, and nephrectomy in some cases
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Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
Appendicitis
This document provides information on appendicitis including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It begins with the anatomy of the appendix and describes appendicitis as an inflammation of the appendix. The main causes are obstructive causes like fecaliths blocking the appendix or non-obstructive causes like infections. The symptoms include pain localized to the lower right abdomen. Diagnosis involves physical exams looking for tenderness and signs. Treatment involves antibiotics initially but surgery to remove the appendix if infected. Laparoscopic removal has benefits over open surgery.
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This document summarizes different types of kidney diseases including nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and bladder cancer. It discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for various forms of nephritis such as interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis. It also covers nephrotic syndrome and its pathophysiology. Finally, it provides an overview of bladder cancer including risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and various surgical and non-surgical management options.
Anal fissures
An anal fissure is a small tear in the anal lining that causes severe pain and bleeding during bowel movements. It is often caused by passing hard stool or straining during bowel movements. Symptoms include pain during and after bowel movements, bleeding, and visible cracks. Diagnosis involves visual examination, and treatment focuses on pain relief, increasing blood flow to promote healing, and surgery if it becomes chronic.
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This document defines and classifies rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic. It discusses the causes of rhinitis including viruses, allergens, and medications. The clinical features and treatment options are also outlined. Rhinitis presents with symptoms like sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge that typically resolve within a week without treatment but may require decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
Carbuncle
Carbuncle is a skin infection caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. It results in a painful, swollen lump under the skin that may contain pus and can develop in hairy areas. Carbuncles occur when hair follicles are infected by bacteria and involve a group of follicles. They are diagnosed through visual examination and sometimes tested fluid or blood samples. Treatment involves antibiotics, draining the carbuncle, and home remedies like warm compresses and cleaning with antibacterial soap.
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AIDS stands for: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS is a medical condition. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune system is too weak to fight off infections.
Since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, an unprecedented number of people have been affected by the global AIDS epidemic. Today, there are an estimated 33.3 million people living with HIV and AIDS worldwide.
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1_TUBERCULOSIS_2.pdf
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations, types, treatment regimens, and relationship to HIV/AIDS. TB is caused by mycobacteria, commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can affect any organ but typically affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets from someone with active pulmonary TB. Primary infection may result in latent TB or active TB, depending on immune response. Symptoms vary based on location of infection. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum smear, and Mantoux test. Treatment involves a combination of bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs. Multi-drug resistant TB can develop if treatment is not completed
Aids
This document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a spherical virus that contains two copies of RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme. It infects CD4+ lymphocytes.
- HIV infection progresses from acute infection to asymptomatic infection to symptomatic infection characterized by opportunistic infections.
- Common opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, Candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy using combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors can control HIV replication and symptoms. However, no effective vaccine currently exists due to high mutation rates of the virus.
AIDS
This document provides information on the management of patients with AIDS. It defines AIDS and describes the history and spread of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the virus itself, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in the different stages of infection. It also covers diagnosis, opportunistic infections, treatment goals, antiretroviral therapy and the management of HIV/AIDS patients.
Secondary Immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Reference: Included in Slides
Include causes of secondary immunodeficiency including AIDS and other viral infections
14.HIV and periodontium.pptx
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HIV & AIDs.pptx
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
ch 20 ppt HIV.ppt
1. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4 T cells, progressively weakening the immune system.
2. There is currently no vaccine for HIV. Treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that target different parts of the virus's life cycle.
3. Prevention through education is the most effective strategy, particularly for high-risk groups where transmission is more likely to occur through sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Regular testing and treatment can also help prevent further spread.
TUBERCULOSIS pharmacology notes types cure
The document summarizes tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs and is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Factors like malnutrition, poverty, and HIV increase risk. The bacterium is transmitted via airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or speak. It can spread locally or via the bloodstream and lymphatics to other organs. Primary TB occurs in those never exposed, while secondary TB is a reactivation of a previous infection. Untreated, it can cause serious lung damage or spread.
General principles of cns infections
This document provides information on infections of the nervous system, including:
1. Inflammation vs infection, routes of infection like hematogenous spread, and terminology for infections in different compartments like meningitis and encephalitis.
2. Common causes of different infections are described, like bacteria being the most common cause of meningitis and viruses often causing encephalitis.
3. The pathological changes, clinical manifestations, and complications of various infections are outlined, for examples like purulent exudate and neutrophils in bacterial meningitis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates in viral encephalitis.
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Lymphadenopathy / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy
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LYMPHADENITIS.pptx
- 1. LYMPHADENITIS DNE – IUIU –SNM.
- 2. Learning objectives. i. Define lymphadenitis ii. Causes of lymphadenitis iii. Signs and symptoms of lymphadenitis iv. Diagnosis/investigation v. Treatment of lymphadenitis vi. Complications of lymphadenitis.
- 3. Definition. • Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph nodes, resulting in lymph node swelling and tenderness. The lymph node , also called lymph glands, are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. Lymph nodes produce cells that help the body fight infections.
- 4. Cont. • Inflammation of the lymph nodes can arise due to infections or to non- infectious causes. Infectious causes include both viral infections, such as HIV or upper respiratory viruses, and bacterial infections. Less commonly, fungal or parasitic.
- 5. Cont. i) Bacterial infections: staphylococcus, streptococcus, mycobacterium in Tuberculosis ii) Viral infections: HIV Epstein-Barr virus
- 6. Cont. Noninfectious causes of lymphadenitis include: iii) Lymphoma (Cancer of the lymph nodes). In lymphadenitis, the nodes will swell near the site of an underlying infection , inflammation , or tumor
- 7. Signs and symptoms. i. Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes ii. Itchy skin iii. Redness, warmth or swelling iv. High grade fever v. pain
- 8. Diagnosis/ investigations. i. Physical exam will reveal the swelling ii. Blood test – CBC iii. CT scans for tumor iv. X-ray v. Lymph node biopsy
- 9. Treatment. • Antibiotics if bacterial caused e.g cephalexin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, clindamycin • Pain killer such as ibuprofen to control pain and fever • Anti inflammatory to reduce the swelling • Surgery to drain pus • If the cause is cancer; surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.